Table 6.
Bivariate and multivariable analysis for factors associated with severity of DFU in selected referral hospitals in Uganda, November 2021 to January 2022 ( n= 117)
| Variable | DFU | Bivariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Less severe n (%) |
Severe n (%) |
c.PRR (95%CI) | p-value | a.PRR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Age | 47 (40.2) | 70 (59.8) | 1.01(1.01–1.02) | 0.003 | 1.02(1.01–1.03) | 0.001 |
| Age group in years | ||||||
| 18–39 | 10 (21.3) | 4 (5.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 40–49 | 7 (14.9) | 8 (11.4) | 1.87(0.72–4.87) | 0.202 | 2.5(0.91–6.91) | 0.076 |
| 50–59 | 13 (27.7) | 26 (37.1) | 2.33 (0.99–5.52) | 0.054 | 1.43(0.63–3.26) | 0.397 |
| 60–69 | 12 (25.5) | 13 (18.6) | 1.82 (0.73–4.54) | 0.199 | 1.67 (0.72–3.91) | 0.234 |
| 70–95 | 5 (10.6) | 19 (27.1) | 2.77 (1.18–6.53) | 0.020 | 3.023 (1.28–7.17) | 0.012 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 28 (59.6) | 44 (62.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Male | 19 (40.4) | 26 (37.1) | 0.95 (0.69–1.29) | 0.724 | - | - |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 34 (72.3) | 53 (75.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Urban | 13 (27.7) | 17 (24.3) | 0.95 (0.69–1.29) | 0.724 | - | - |
| Profession | ||||||
| Peasant farmer | 28 (59.6) | 42 (60.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Business/self employed | 11 (23.4) | 13 (18.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.37) | 0.630 | 0.84 (0.43–1.66) | 0.621 |
| Non employed | 7 (14.9) | 9 (12.9) | 0.94 (0.58–1.51) | 0.790 | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) | 0.939 |
| Formerly employed | 1 (2.1) | 6 (8.6) | 1.43 (1–2.05) | 0.052 | 1.13 (0.5–2.53) | 0.773 |
| Level of education | ||||||
| No formal | 3 (6.4) | 12 (17.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 29 (61.7) | 40 (57.1) | 0.73 (0.52–1) | 0.052 | 0.58 (0.38–0.89) | 0.011 |
| Secondary | 14 (29.8) | 14 (20.0) | 0.63 (0.4–0.98) | 0.041 | 0.53 (0.29–0.97) | 0.039 |
| Tertiary | 1 (2.1) | 4 (5.7) | 1 (0.6–1.66) | 1.000 | 0.45 (0.18–1.17) | 0.102 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Muslim | 4 (8.5) | 9 (12.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Christian | 43 (91.5) | 61 (87.1) | 0.8 (0.52–1.38) | 0.506 | 0.9 (0.54–1.45) | 0.629 |
| Average monthly income in UgShs | ||||||
| < 10,000 | 15 (31.9) | 21 (30.0) | 0.73 (0.43–1.23) | 0.234 | 0.42 (0.13–1.33) | 0.142 |
| 10,000-100,000 | 16 (34.0) | 14 (20.0) | 0.58 (0.33–1.05) | 0.071 | 0.39 (0.12–1.31) | 0.128 |
| 100,001-500,000 | 14 (29.8) | 22 (31.4) | 0.76 (0.46–1.28) | 0.303 | 0.47 (0.16–1.42) | 0.181 |
| 500,001–1,000,000 | 1 (2.1) | 9 (12.9) | 1.13 (0.69–1.83) | 0.635 | 0.8 (0.3–2.14) | 0.650 |
| Above 1 M | 1 (2.1) | 4 (5.7) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non smoker | 44 (93.6) | 56 (80.0) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Ever smoked | 3 (6.4) | 14 (20.0) | 1.47 (1.11–1.95) | 0.007 | 1.08 (0.68–1.71) | 0.751 |
| Vegetables | ||||||
| Rarely | 15(0.1) | 29(0.2) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Daily | 26(0.2) | 32(0.3) | 0.69 (0.20–2.37) | 0.558 | 4.50 (0.68–1.68) | 0.118 |
| Usually | 4(0.03) | 1(0.01) | 0.13 (0.01–1.26) | 0.078 | 0.06 (0.00-0.86) | 0.038 |
| Occasionally | 2(0.02) | 8(0.1) | 0.85 (0.38–1.88) | 0.685 | 0.69 (0.28–3.06) | 0.430 |
| Carbohydrates | ||||||
| Rarely | 6(0.1) | 10(0.1) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Daily | 33(0.3) | 56(0.5) | 0.15 (0.01–1.68) | 0.123 | 0.18 (0.01–2.40) | 0.193 |
| Usually | 4(0.03) | 3(0.03) | 0.45 (0.07–2.74) | 0.386 | 1.08 (0.11–10.30) | 0.946 |
| Occasionally | 4(0.03) | 1(0.01) | 1.02 (0.34–3.06) | 0.974 | 1.43 (0.40–5.09) | 0.581 |
| Dorsum | ||||||
| No | 26 (55.3) | 27 (38.6) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Yes | 21 (44.7) | 43 (61.4) | 1.32 (0.96–1.81) | 0.086 | 1.32 (0.88–1.98) | 0.176 |
| Plantar | ||||||
| No | 33 (70.2) | 32 (45.7) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Yes | 14 (29.8) | 38 (54.3) | 1.48 (1.1–2) | 0.009 | 1.46 (0.89–2.38) | 0.135 |
| Number of locations for one Ulcer | ||||||
| 1 | 29 (61.7) | 30 (42.9) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| 2 | 14 (29.8) | 15 (21.4) | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) | 0.938 | 0.52 (0.32–0.86) | 0.011 |
| 3 | 4 (8.5) | 22 (31.4) | 1.66 (1.23–2.25) | 0.001 | 0.57 (0.27–1.21) | 0.145 |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.3) | 1.97 (1.53–2.53) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.33–1.6) | 0.421 |
| Visual loss | ||||||
| Normal | 8 (17.0) | 18 (25.7) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Mild | 7 (14.9) | 14 (20.0) | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | 0.853 | 0.55 (0.28–1.08) | 0.084 |
| Moderate | 15 (31.9) | 23 (32.9) | 0.87 (0.61–1.26) | 0.470 | 0.48 (0.29–0.78) | 0.003 |
| Severe | 17 (36.2) | 15 (21.4) | 0.68 (0.43–1.06) | 0.090 | 0.31 (0.17–0.54) | < 0.001 |
| Neuropathy | ||||||
| Normal | 16 (34.0) | 8 (11.4) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Mild | 3 (6.4) | 8 (11.4) | 2.18 (1.11–4.28) | 0.023 | 3.4 (1.51–7.63) | 0.003 |
| Moderate | 18 (38.3) | 26 (37.1) | 1.77 (0.95–3.29) | 0.070 | 2.65 (1.34–5.23) | 0.005 |
| Severe | 10 (21.3) | 28 (40.0) | 2.21 (1.21–4.03) | 0.009 | 2.06 (0.96–4.43) | 0.063 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | ||||||
| No disease | 35 (74.5) | 41 (58.6) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Claudication | 10 (21.3) | 19 (27.1) | 1.21 (0.87–1.7) | 0.259 | 1.39 (0.88–2.2) | 0.162 |
| Gangrene | 0 (0.0) | 7 (10.0) | 1.85 (1.51–2.28) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (0.71–2.24) | 0.424 |
| DVT | 2 (4.3) | 3 (4.3) | 1.11 (0.53–2.35) | 0.781 | 1.74 (0.44–6.89) | 0.433 |
| Hba1C 6.5%, n (%) | ||||||
| Less than 6.5% | 14 (29.8) | 13 (18.6) | 1 | . | ||
| 6.5 and above | 33 (70.2) | 57 (81.4) | 1.32 (0.86–2.01) | 0.205 | - | - |
| Blood Pressure class | ||||||
| Normal | 19 (40.4) | 28 (40.0) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| Hypertension | 28 (59.6) | 41 (58.6) | 1 (0.73–1.36) | 0.987 | 1.05 (0.64–1.73) | 0.851 |
| Hypotension | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1.68 (1.33–2.13) | < 0.001 | 1.93 (0.56–6.64) | 0.296 |
| Size of DFU in cm | ||||||
| 1 to 5 | 34 (72.3) | 22 (31.4) | 1 | . | 1 | . |
| 5 to 10 | 13 (27.7) | 29 (41.4) | 1.76 (1.2–2.58) | 0.004 | 1.51 (1.01–2.27) | 0.047 |
| Over 10 | 0 (0.0) | 19 (27.1) | 2.55 (1.84–3.53) | < 0.001 | 2.46 (1.38–4.39) | 0.002 |
UgShs: Ugandan shillings; 1US dollar ($) = 3800ugShs (01, September, 2022); M: million; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis, CPPR: crude prevalence risk ratio, APPR: adjusted prevalence risk ratio