Table 2.

Age, gender, localization preferences, and essential diagnostic criteria of odontogenic tumors, modified from the 2022 WHO classification (1).

Odontogenic Tumors	Age/Gender/Localization	Essential Diagnostic Criteria
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor ( Figure 1 )	- 2nd-3rd decades - Female - Anterior maxilla - Pericoronal	- Site in alveolar processes of jaws - Epithelial nodular structure - Rosettes of spindled to columnar epithelial cells - Duct-like structures - Minimal stroma
Squamous odontogenic tumor	- Mean age at diagnosis is 34.8 - No gender predilection - Anterior maxilla and posterior mandible	- Site in tooth bearing areas of jaw - Closely packed islands of cytologically bland epithelium - Uniform squamous differentiation without significant keratinization - No peripheral palisading and stellate reticulum
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor ( Figure 2 )	- 4th decade - No gender predilection - Body of the mandible	-Tooth-bearing areas of the jaws - Sheets, islands and cords of polyhedral cells with distinct cell borders - Very few or no mitoses - Amyloid present
Ameloblastoma, unicystic	- 2nd decade - Slightly male - Posterior body of mandible and ramus	- Single cyst - Ameloblastoma-like epithelial lining
Ameloblastoma, extraosseous	- 5th-7th decades - Slightly male - Soft tissue of mandibular premolar and maxillary molar regions	- Site in gingiva or edentulous alveolar mucosa - No intraosseous component - Histopathologic features as conventional ameloblastoma
Ameloblastoma, conventional ( Figure 3 )	- 4th-5th decades - No gender predilection - Posterior molar site of mandible	- Islands/strands of odontogenic epithelium bounded by cuboidal/columnar cells with palisaded, hyperchromatic nuclei - Reverse polarity - Loose central epithelium resembling stellate reticulum
Adenoid ameloblastoma ( Figure 4 )	- 4th decade - Slightly male - No site predilection	- Ameloblastoma-like component; duct-like structures - Whorls/morules - Cribriform architecture
Metastasizing ameloblastoma	- A mean age 45 years - Slightly male - Primary tumor site: mandible - Metastatic site: lung	Both in primary tumor and metastatic tumor: - Benign conventional ameloblastoma - No cytological atypia or features of malignancy
Odontoma  -Complex (CxO)  -Compound (CdO)	- 2nd-3th decades - No gender predilection - Posterior body of the mandible for CxO - Anterior maxilla for CdOs	CxO: - Conglomerate mass of enamel and dentin CdO: - Multiple, small tooth-like structures
Primordial odontogenic tumor	- 1st-2nd decades - Slightly male - Posterior mandible	- Mass of myxoid dental papilla-like tissue - Entire periphery covered by columnar or cuboidal enamel epithelium
Ameloblastic fibroma	- 1st-2nd decades - Slightly male - Posterior mandible	- A well-defined and corticated radiolucency - Bland hypercellular, dental papilla-like mesenchyme - Dispersed bilaminar strands of cuboidal or columnar odontogenic epithelium
Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor	- 3rd- 5th decades - Male - Almost equally in the maxilla and mandible (posterior regions in both jaws)	- Solid tumor - Conventional ameloblastoma-like epithelium - Ghost cells - Dentinoid
Odontogenic fibroma	- A mean age of 34 years - Female - Slightly maxilla (anterior to the first molar)	- Site in tooth bearing segments of the jaws - A well-defined lesion radiologically - Bland fibrous connective tissue of varying cellularity - Varying amounts of odontogenic epithelium
Cementoblastoma	- 2nd-3rd decades - No gender predilection - Posterior mandible (the apical third of permanent first molar)	- Mass fused to a tooth root - Densely mineralized - Radiating peripheral matrix - Plump cementoblasts - No fibro-osseous component
Cemento-ossifying fibroma ( Figure 5 )	- 3rd -4th decades - Female - Premolar and molar region of mandible	- Site in tooth bearing region of jaws - Benign fibro-osseous histology - Well demarcated
Odontogenic myxoma ( Figure 6 A-B)	- 2nd-3rd decades - Female - Premolar or molar region of mandible	- Site in tooth-bearing segments of jaws - Myxoid stroma with variable collagenization - Sparse stellate or spindle shaped cells
Sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma	- 5th-7th decades - Slightly female - Posterior mandible	- A poorly defined radiolucency - Thin cords and nests of epithelium - A dense, fibrocollagenous sclerotic stroma
Ameloblastic carcinoma ( Figure 7 )	- A median age of 49 years - Male - Posterior mandible	- A poorly defined lesion radiologically - Histological resemblance to ameloblastoma with cytological atypia - Features of malignancy
Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma	- A mean age: 53 years - Female - Mandible (posterior body-lower ramus)	- Site in jaws and ill-defined radiolucency - Prominent clear cell phenotype - Infiltrative margin - Exclusion of metastatic disease
Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma	- 4th-7th decades - Male - Maxilla	- Poorly demarcated lesion radiologically - Ameloblastoma-like epithelium - Prominent ghost cells - Cytological evidence of malignancy
Primary intraosseous carcinoma, NOS ( Figure 8 )	- The mean age: 55-60 years - Male - Mandible (posterior body and ramus)	- Destructive central jaw lesion - Absence of a communication with the surface mucosa or antrum - Exclusion of metastatic disease
Odontogenic carcinosarcoma	- No age incidence - Male - Posterior mandible	- Poorly demarcated lesion in tooth bearing segment - Carcinoma and sarcoma components - Significant cytologic atypia in both components - Exclusion of spindle cell carcinoma.
Odontogenic sarcomas	- The average age: upper 3rd decade - Male - Posterior mandible	- Origin in tooth bearing segment of jaws - Mixed odontogenic neoplasm - Cytologically bland epithelial component - Cytologically malignant ectomesenchymal component