Thompson et al. 10.1073/pnas.0502548102. |
Fig. 7. Correlation maps. For validation purposes, here we show that (as expected) no positive correlations are detected between cortical thickness and diagnosis (a), no negative correlations are detected between cortical thickness and impairment (b), and no negative correlations are found between cortical thickness and CD4+ T cell count (c) . The correlations in the opposite directions were all significant and are presented in the main text.
Table 1. Neuropsychological test scores in AIDS patients and controls
Controls | AIDS patients | |||||||
Unimpaired | Impaired | Unimpaired | Impaired | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Psychomotor speed (NPZ score)* | 0.236 | 0.446 | –0.115 | 0.079 | –0.288 | 0.901 | –1.560 | 1.840 |
Estimated IQ (1) | 119.03 | 7.20 | 100.32 | 14.80 | 117.42 | 7.49 | 104.98 | 17.53 |
Wechsler adult intelligence scale–revised (2) | ||||||||
Vocabulary | 12.38 | 3.29 | 8.00 | 2.00 | 11.88 | 3.46 | 7.20 | 4.71 |
Information | 11.33 | 2.60 | 7.00 | 2.00 | 11.79 | 2.15 | 6.80 | 4.15 |
Comprehension | 10.50 | 1.93 | 8.67 | 2.52 | 11.00 | 2.40 | 6.25 | 3.10 |
Block Design Test | 12.63 | 2.50 | 8.00 | 2.65 | 11.72 | 3.03 | 7.75 | 2.99 |
Digit-Symbol Substitution Test | 11.67 | 2.00 | 8.33 | 1.53 | 11.16 | 2.97 | 8.67 | 4.76 |
Digit-Symbol Substitution Test recall | 7.11 | 1.69 | 6.00 | 2.65 | 6.21 | 2.99 | 4.00 | 2.10 |
Word generation | ||||||||
Category | 24.56 | 4.50 | 19.67 | 3.79 | 22.47 | 3.24 | 15.67 | 5.54 |
Letter | 50.44 | 18.30 | 32.00 | 16.64 | 47.32 | 11.79 | 26.83 | 13.38 |
Boston Naming Test | 38.63 | 3.16 | 31.33 | 8.02 | 39.53 | 3.20 | 27.60 | 9.71 |
Rey–Osterreith Complex Figure Test | ||||||||
Copy | 35.44 | 0.88 | 33.67 | 2.08 | 33.50 | 2.75 | 26.17 | 7.39 |
Immediate recall | 25.44 | 4.25 | 12.33 | 1.61 | 23.14 | 6.88 | 10.33 | 5.44 |
Delayed recall | 25.22 | 3.83 | 15.00 | 2.29 | 22.17 | 7.79 | 10.83 | 4.88 |
California verbal learning test | ||||||||
Trial 1 | 6.88 | 2.42 | 6.67 | 2.52 | 6.82 | 1.81 | 4.40 | 1.82 |
Trial 5 | 13.63 | 2.67 | 13.67 | 2.52 | 12.59 | 2.79 | 11.00 | 1.87 |
Delayed recall | 13.00 | 2.67 | 13.67 | 2.08 | 12.06 | 2.88 | 7.80 | 0.84 |
Grooved pegboard | ||||||||
Dominant | 61.67 | 10.17 | 80.00 | 4.36 | 79.68 | 16.45 | 264.83 | 362.13 |
Nondominant | 66.22 | 12.62 | 91.67 | 18.15 | 80.84 | 27.97 | 272.00 | 357.74 |
Continuous performance task | ||||||||
K Condition | 427.94 | 42.61 | 438.50 | 6.72 | 448.50 | 32.16 | 456.75 | 13.05 |
AK Condition | 400.92 | 64.11 | 434.13 | 111.19 | 394.98 | 56.30 | 400.56 | 69.68 |
Trailmaking | ||||||||
Part A | 24.11 | 9.94 | 46.33 | 12.10 | 27.79 | 13.91 | 52.33 | 24.69 |
Part B | 49.78 | 25.86 | 120.33 | 98.90 | 63.58 | 27.77 | 157.17 | 95.09 |
This table reports the mean scores and standard deviations for a range of standard neuropsychological tests administered to the subjects in this study. Scores are presented separately for patients and controls who were designated as impaired and unimpaired, based on a comprehensive review of the cognitive data by a neuropsychologist (J.T.B.) blinded to information on whether each subject was HIV-positive or HIV-negative.
*The NPZ score is a commonly reported summary variable (defined in the main text) based on certain specific tests of psychomotor speed (pegboard, digit-symbol, trailmaking, and simple reaction time). On this score, the patients show significant impairment relative to the controls (P < 0.022). For NPZ, we report adjusted scores after subtracting mean values that would be predicted in healthy subjects (based on age, education, and sex). In the Continuous Performance Task, subjects must press a button when a target letter (but not a distractor) appears on the screen (the "K Condition"); this test measures vigilance and concentration. The total score is the mean reaction time (in ms) over three trials of 12 blocks each. The Contingent Continuous Performance Task requires subjects to press a button only when two target letters are presented in sequence (the "AK Condition"). This test is sensitive to speed of information processing; total score is the mean reaction time (in ms) over two trials of 12 blocks each.
1. Wechsler, D. (1981) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Revised Manual (The Psychological Corporation, New York).
2. Spreen, O. & Strauss, E. (1998) A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests (Oxford Univ. Press, New York), 2nd Ed.