Fig. 1.

Percentage of patients with little or no pain (VRS pain score < 2) after beginning infusion of saline, ketamine, or nefopam. Pain scores were significantly less in Nefopam and Ketamine groups than in the Control group after 30 and 45 elapsed minutes (*P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the Ketamine and Nefopam groups at any times.