Table 2.

Morphine Titration.

	Nefopam (n = 22)	Ketamine (n = 22)	Control (n = 21)
Supplemental morphine (mg)	10 ± 5*	9 ± 5**	17 ± 10
Morphine-to-VRS Score ≥ 2 Interval (min)	153 ± 112	166 ± 135	122 ± 101
Morphine analgesia failure (n)	0#	0#	4

Supplemental morphine is that given after administration of the test drug. VRS is a five-point verbal rating scale for pain. Patients in the Control group required more supplemental morphine than those in the treatment groups:

^*P < 0.005 and

^**P < 0.001 vs. Control. Furthermore, morphine titration failed more often in the Control patients:

^#P < 0.05 vs. Control.