Ismail et al. 10.1073/pnas.0508318102. |
Fig. 4. Effects of pilocarpine treatment on the central complex. The effects of pilocarpine and foraging experience are selective for the mushroom body, because there was no effect of volume on another protocerebral neuropil, the central complex. Estimates on the volume of the neuropils associated with the central complex were made for three groups from a single colony, caged controls, two-week foragers, and pilocarpine (Pilo)-treated bees, to determine specificity of treatment. Statistical analysis of these data used a ANOVA model and Tukey post hoc analysis (P = 0.360). Sample sizes are given in each bar.
Table 2. Details of the experimental groups
Colony | Group | Age at collection, d | Foraging experience, d | No. of bees used for volume estimation |
A | One-day forager | 11–14 | 1 | 11 |
One-week forager | 18–21 | 6–8 | 10 | |
Caged control | 25–28 | 6–8 | 6 | |
Two-week forager | 25–28 | 13–15 | 6 | |
B | Caged control | 24–25 | 6–8 | 7 |
Hive-bound | 24–25 | 6–8 | 6 | |
Two-week forager | 24–25 | 13–15 | 7 | |
C | Caged control | 25–26 | 6–8 | 7 |
Hive-bound | 25–26 | 6–8 | 9 | |
Two-week forager | 25–26 | 13–15 | 7 | |
D | Caged control | 25–26 | 6–8 | 6 |
Hive-bound | 25–26 | 6–8 | 6 | |
Two-week forager | 25–26 | 13–15 | 6 | |
E | Pilocarpine 10–6 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 8 |
Pilocarpine 10–8 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 10 | |
Caged control | 25–26 | 6–8 | 14 | |
Two-week forager | 25–26 | 13–15 | 12 | |
F | Pilocarpine 10–6 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 13 |
Nicotine 10–4 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 10 | |
Caged control | 25–26 | 6–8 | 16 | |
Two-week forager | 25–26 | 13–15 | 11 | |
G | Pilocarpine 10–6 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 7 |
Nicotine 10–4 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 6 | |
Caged control | 25–26 | 6–8 | 10 | |
Two-week forager | 25–26 | 13–15 | 12 | |
H | Pilocarpine 10–6 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 13 |
Pilocarpine 10–6 M + Scopolamine 10–3 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 15 | |
One-week foragers | 18–19 | 6–8 | 8 | |
Caged control | 25–26 | 6–8 | 9 | |
Two-week forager | 25–26 | 13–15 | 11 | |
I | Pilocarpine 10–6 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 10 |
Pilocarpine 10–6 M + Scopolamine 10–3 M | 25–26 | 6–8 | 7 | |
One-week foragers | 18–19 | 6–8 | 8 | |
Caged control | 25–26 | 6–8 | 8 | |
Two-week forager | 25–26 | 13–15 | 7 |