Supporting Figures

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Fig. 6. Alloxan and steptozotocin induced insulin-dependent diabetes in mice. Fasted mice received a single injection of either alloxan or STZ. Blood glucose levels were measured at 3 and 10 days after injection or at an equivalent time in mock-injected mice.

Fig. 7. Quantification of the JNK kinase assays shown in Fig. 1B.

Fig. 8. Quantification of the PI3K assays shown in Fig. 2B

Fig. 9. JNK1 is required for PA-induced insulin resistance in primary hepatocytes. (A) Primary hepatocytes from from Jnk1^-/- mice were left uninfected, or were infected with either a GFP-expressing lentivirus, or a JNK1-expressing lentivirus. After 3 days, the cells were treated for 2 h with PA before addition of insulin as indicated. After 10 min, IRS1 Ser-307 and Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation were examined by immunoblotting. (B) Primary hepatocytes were treated as above, and PI3K activity was measured in immunocomplexes isolated with phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies.

Fig. 10. PA induces sustained JNK activation in primary pancreatic islets. Primary islets were incubated for 12 h with palmitate (0.5 mM) in the presence of either 5.5 or 16.7 mM glucose, and JNK activity was measured.

Fig. 11. PA induces IRS1 Ser-307 phosphorylation in b-cells. Primary pancreatic islets were incubated for 12 h with PA (0.5 mM) with or without D-JNKi. IRS1 Ser-307 phosphorylation was analyzed by immunoblotting.