Supplementary material for Janis et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (14), 7899-7904.
Note on data used. "Cf. taxa" were included in the count unless there was another species of that genus present at that locality. AMNH, American Museum of Natural History.
Early Hemingfordian
1. Running Water Formation, Aletomeryx Quarry, Nebraska:
Refs. 1 and 2.
A. Brachydont (5):
Tayassuidae: Hesperhys sp.
Moschidae: Blastomeryx marshi
Camelidae: Oxydactylus longirostris
Equidae: Archaeohippus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Menoceras barbouri
B. Sub-Mesodont (3):
Merycoidodontidae:
Merychyus elegans
Merychyus arenarum
Equidae: Parahippus sp.
C. Mesodont (1):
Dromomerycidae: Aletomeryx gracilis
2. Batesland Formation, Flint Hill Local Fauna, South Dakota:
Refs. 3 and 4.
A. Brachydont (14):
Entelodontidae: Dinohyus hollandi
Anthracotheriidae: Arretotherium fricki
Leptochoeridae: cf. Stibarus sp.
Tayassuidae: Hesperhys pinensis
Leptomerycidae: Pseudoparablastomeryx galushi
Protoceratidae: Lambdoceras hessei
Camelidae: ? Oxydactylus sp.
Moschidae:
Problastomeryx sp.
cf. Parablastomeryx advena
Dromomerycidae: ? Barbouromeryx sp.
Equidae:
cf. Archaeohippus blackbergi
cf. Kalobatippus agatensis
Rhinocerotidae: Menoceras barbouri
Chalicotheriidae: Moropus sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus elegans
Equidae: cf. Parahippus cognatus
3. Martin Canyon Beds, University of Kansas Quarry A, Colorado:
Ref. 5.
A. Brachydont (7):
Tayassuidae: ? Hesperhys sp.
Camelidae: Oxydactylus sp.
Merycoidodontidae: Merycochoerus magnus
Moschidae:
cf. Blastomeryx elegans
cf. Blastomeryx medius
Rhinocerotidae: Peraceras profectum
Chalicotheriidae: Moropus sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus minimus
Equidae: Parahippus pawniensis
C. Mesodont (1):
Equidae: Merychippus sp.
1. Sheep Creek Formation, Thompson Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref.6, plus AMNH collections.
A. Brachydont (10):
Tayassuidae: cf. Hesperhys sp.
Protoceratidae: Lambdoceras sp.
Moschidae: Blastomeryx medius
Dromomerycidae:
Sinclairomeryx riparius
Subdromomeryx scotti
Bouromeryx milleri
Equidae:
Archaeohippus penultimatus
Kalobatippus sp.
Chalicotheriidae: Tylocephalonyx skinneri
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops megalodus
B. Sub-Mesodont (3):
Merycoidodontidae:
Merychyus relictus
Brachycrus laticeps
Camelidae: "Aepycamelus" priscus
C. Mesodont (12):
Camelidae:
Protolabis sp.
Michenia sp.
Homocamelus sp.
Paramiolabis tenuis
Antilocapridae:
Paracosoryx wilsoni
Paracosoryx minor serpentinus
Paracosoryx alticornis
Merycodus sabuloris
Equidae:
Merychippus primus
Merychippus tertius
Merychippus sp. (large)
Rhinocerotidae: Brachypotherium americanum
2. Box Butte Formation, Foley Quarry, Nebraska :
Ref. 7.
A. Brachydont (8):
Camelidae: Oxydactylus longirostris
Dromomerycidae:
Barbourmeryx sp.
cf. Sinclairomeryx tedi
cf. Bouromeryx submilleri
Equidae:
Archaeohippus sp.
Kalobatippus sp.
Hypohippus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: New acerathine genus
B. Sub-Mesodont (1):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus smithi
C. Mesodont (4):
Camelidae: Michenia sp.
Antilocapridae: Paracosoryx dawesensis
Equidae:
cf. Merychippus primus
Merychippus tertius
3. Sheep Creek Formation Equivalent, Ginn Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 7; contributors to ref. 8.
A. Brachydont (8):
Moschidae:
Problastomeryx sp.
Blastomeryx sp.
Dromomerycidae:
Sinclairomeryx tedi
Sinclairomeryx sp.
Rakomeryx sp.
Dromomeryx sp.
Equidae: Kalobatippus sp.
Chalicotheriidae: Tylocephalonyx skinneri
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae:
Merychyus relictus
Brachycrus sweetwaterensis
C. Mesodont (3):
Dromomerycidae: Aletomeryx sp.
Antilocapridae:
Paracosoryx dawesensis
Submeryceros minor
1. Olcott Formation, Echo Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 6, plus AMNH collections.
A. Brachydont (10):
Tayassuidae: "Prosthennops" xiphodonticus
Protoceratidae: Lambdoceras siouxensis
Moschidae: Blastomeryx elegans
Dromomerycidae:
Dromomeryx whitfordi
Bouromeryx americanus
Rakomeryx sp.
Equidae:
Kalobatippus sp.
Hypohippus equinus
Chalicotheriidae: Moropus merriami
Rhinocerotidae:Aphelops megalodus
B. Sub-Mesodont (5):
Merycoidodontidae:
Ticholeptus zygomaticus
Brachycrus vaughani
Camelidae:
Miolabis princetonianus
Aepycamelus proceras
Equidae: Desmatippus integer
C. Mesodont (10):
Camelidae:
Homocamelus sp.
Paramiolabis singularis
Protolabis sp.
Procamelus sp.
Antilocapridae:
Paracosoryx minor serpentinus
Merycodus sabuloris
Equidae:
Merychippus insignis
Merychippus intermontanus
Merychippus isonesus
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras medicornutum
2. Olcott Formation, Humbug Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 6, plus AMNH collections.
A. Brachydont (8):
Tayassuidae: Hesperhys sp.
Leptomerycidae: Pseudoparablastomeryx scotti
Moschidae: Blastomeryx elegans
Dromomerycidae:
Dromomeryx whitfordi
Bouromeryx americanus
Rakomeryx sp.
Equidae: Hypohippus wardi
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops megalodus
B. Sub-Mesodont (4):
Merycoidodontidae:
Ticholeptus zygomaticus
Brachycrus vaughani
Camelidae:
Miolabis princetonianus
Aepycamelus proceras
C. Mesodont (11):
Camelidae:
Homocamelus sp.
Paramiolabis singularis
Protolabis sp.
Procamelus sp.
Antilocapridae:
Merriamoceras coronatus
Ramoceros sp.
Merycodus sabuloris
Equidae:
Merychippus insignis
Merychippus intermontanus
Merychippus isonesus
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras medicornutum
3. Sand Canyon Beds, Observation Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 9.
A. Brachydont (13):
Tayassuidae: "Prosthennops" xiphodonticus
Protoceratidae: Lambdoceras siouxensis
Leptomerycidae: Pseudoparablastomeryx scotti
Moschidae: Blastomeryx elegans
Dromomerycidae:
Rakomeryx sp.
Bouromeryx supernebraskensis
Bouromeryx pseudonebraskensis
Dromomeryx borealis
Dromomeryx whitfordi
Drepanomeryx matthewi
Equidae:
Kalobatippus sp.
Hypohippus sp.
Chalicotheriidae: Moropus merriami
B. Sub-Mesodont (3):
Merycoidodontidae:
Ticholeptus zygomaticus
Merychyus relictus
Brachycrus siouense
4. Pawnee Creek Formation, Eubanks Fauna, Colorado:
Ref. 5, plus University of California, Berkeley
collections.
A. Brachydont (7):
Tayassuidae: "Prosthennops" xiphidonticus
Dromomerycidae: Bouromeryx pawniensis
Equidae:
Hypohippus osborni
Megahippus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops megalodus
Chalicotheriidae: ? Moropus matthewi
Proboscidea: Proboscidean indet.
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae: Brachycrus siouense
Equidae: Parahippus paniensis
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae: Protolabis heterodontus
Equidae:
Merychippus sejunctus
Merychippus coloradense
1. Pawnee Creek Formation, Horse and Mastodon Quarry, Colorado:
Ref. 9.
A. Brachydont (2):
Dromomerycidae: Dromomeryx pawniensis
Proboscidea: Zygolophodon sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus medius
Proboscidea: Gomphotherium sp.
C. Mesodont (4):
Antilocapridae:
Paracosoryx sp.
Merycodus nectatus
Meryceros warreni
Equidae: Merychippus sejunctus
D. Hypsodont (2):
Equidae: Pliohippus mirabilis
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras medicornutum
2. Valentine Formation, Cornell Dam Member, Norden Bridge Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (14):
Tayassuidae:("Prosthennops" xiphodonticus)
Camelidae: Miolabis sp.
Leptomerycidae: Pseudoparablastomeryx sp.
Moschidae: Blastomeryx gemmifer
Dromomerycidae:
cf. Bouromeryx americanus
Dromomeryx borealis
Equidae:
Archaeohippus sp.
Hypohippus osborni
Megahippus mckennai
Tapiridae: Tapirid indet.
Rhinocerotidae:
Aphelops megalodus
Peraceras superciliosum
Chalicotheriidae: Chalicotheriid indet.
Proboscidea: Zygolophodon sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (5):
Merycoidodontidae:
Ticholeptus sp.
Merychyus medius
Camelidae: Aepycamelus robustus
Equidae: Parahippus cognatus
Proboscidea: Gomphotherium sp.
C. Mesodont (7):
Camelidae:
Protolabis sp.
Procamelus occidentalis
Antilocapridae:
cf. Ramoceros kansanus
Merycodus nectatus
Submeryceros minor
Equidae:
Merychippus republicanus
Merychippus insignis
D. Hypsodont (3):
Equidae:
Calippus proplacidus
Protohippus perditus
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras medicornutum
3. Valentine Formation, Cornell Dam Mbr, Carrot Top Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (6):
Tayassuidae: Tayassuid indet.
Camelidae: Miolabis sp.
Moschidae: Blastomeryx gemmifer
Equidae: Hypohippus osborni
Rhinocerotidae:
Aphelops megalodus
Peraceras superciliosum
B. Sub-Mesodont (3):
Camelidae: Aepycamelus sp.
Equidae: Parahippus cognatus
Proboscidea:Gomphotherium sp.
C. Mesodont (4):
Camelidae: Procamelus sp.
Antilocapridae: Merycodus nectatus
Equidae:
Merychippus insignis
Merychippus republicanus
D. Hypsodont (3):
Equidae:
Calippus proplacidus
Protohippus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras medicornutum
1. Valentine Formation, Crookston Bridge Mbr, Myers Farm, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (9):
Tayassuidae: "Prosthennops" xiphodonticus
Protoceratidae: Lambdoceras sp.
Leptomerycidae: Pseudoparaglastomeryx francescita
Dromomerycidae: Procranioceras skinneri
Equidae:
Kalobatippus sp.
Hypohippus osborni
Tapiriidae: Tapiravus polkensis
Rhinocerotidae: Peraceras superciliosum
Proboscidea: Zygolophodon sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (4):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus medius
Moschidae: Longirostromeryx blicki
Equidae: Parahippus cognatus
Proboscidea: Gomphotherium sp.
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae: Procamelus occidentalis
Antilocapridae: Ramoceras kansanus
Equidae: Merychippus republicanus
D. Hypsodont (2):
Equidae: Calippus placidus
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras medicornutum
2. Ogallala Formation, Kennesaw Fauna, Colorado:
Ref. 5.
A. Brachydont (4):
Camelidae: Miolabis longiceps
Dromomerycidae: Dromomeryx pawniensis
Equidae: Hypohippus osborni
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus medius
Proboscidea: Gomphotherium sp.
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae: Procamelus leptocolon
Antilocapridae:
Meryceros warreni
Cosoryx sp.
D. Hypsodont (2):
Equidae:
Calippus sp.
Cormohipparion sphenodus
3. Trail Creek Quarry Local Fauna, Ash Hollow Formation, Wyoming:
Ref. 11.
A. Brachydont (2):
Equidae: Hypohippus affinus
Proboscidea: Zygolophodon proavus
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus medius
Camelidae: Aepycamelus sp.
C. Mesodont (5):
Camelidae: Procamelus leptocolon
Antilocapridae:
Ramoceros sp.
cf. Cosoryx furcatus
Equidae:
Merychippus coloradense
Merychippus sp.
D. Hypsodont (2):
Equidae: Pseudhipparion retrusum
Rhinocerotidae: cf. Teleoceras sp.
1. Ash Hollow Formation, Cap Rock Mbr, Little Beaver B Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (5):
Tayassuidae: "Prosthennops" niobrarensis
Dromomerycidae: Cranioceras unicornis
Equidae:
Hypohippus affinus
Megahippus matthewi
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (4):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychus novomexicanus
Moschidae: Longirostromeryx wellsi
Proboscidea:
Gomphotherium sp.
Eubelodon morrili
C. Mesodont (6):
Camelidae:
Protolabis heterodontus
Procamelus grandis
Megatylopus sp.
Antilocapridae:
Cosoryx furcatus
Proantilocapra platycornea
Equidae: cf. Merychippus insignis
D. Hypsodont (5):
Equidae:
Calippus placidus
Pseudhipparion gratum
Cormohipparion occidentale
Pliohippus pernix
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras major
2. Ash Hollow Formation, Big Spring Canyon, South Dakota:
Ref. 12.
A. Brachydont (3):
Tayassuidae: Prosthennops sp.
Dromomerycidae: Cranioceras sp.
Equidae: Hypohippus affinus
B. Sub-Mesodont (3):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychus novomexicanus
Moschidae: Longirostromeryx wellsi
Proboscidea: Gomphothere indet.
C. Mesodont (4):
Camelidae:
Pliauchenia magnifontis
Procamelus grandis
Megatylopus sp.
Antilocapridae: Cosoryx furcatus
D. Hypsodont (7):
Equidae:
Calippus martini
Pseudhipparion gratum
Nannippus sp.
Cormohipparion occidentale
cf. Pliohippus pernix
Pliohippus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras major
3. Ogallala Formation, Wakeeny Fauna, Kansas:
Contributors to ref. 8.
A. Brachydont (2):
Tayassuidae: Prosthennops serus
Equidae: Hypohippus sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus medius
Proboscidea: Torynobelodon campester
C. Mesodont (2):
Antilocapridae: Ramoceras kansanus
Camelidae: Procamelus sp.
D. Hypsodont (4):
Equidae:
Calippus martini
Nannippus sp.
Cormohipparion occidentale
Neohipparion affine
1. Ash Hollow Formation, Merrit Dam Member, Blue Jay Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (3):
Camelidae: Miolabis sp.
Dromomerycidae: Cranioceras unicornis
Equidae: Hypohippus sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (3):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychus major
Equidae: Parahippus sp.
Proboscidea: Serbelodon barbouri
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae:
Procamelus grandis
Megatylopus primaevus
Pliauchenia magnifontis
D. Hypsodont (5):
Equidae:
Calippus sp.
Pseudhipparion gratum
Cormohipparion occidentale
Protohippus supremus
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras sp.
2. Snake Creek Formation, Olcott Quarry, Laucomber Member, Nebraska:
Ref. 2; contributors to ref. 8.
A. Brachydont (4):
Tayassuidae: Tayassuid indet.
Dromomerycidae: Cranioceras unicornis
Equidae: Hypohippus sp.
Chalicotheriidae: Chalicothere indet.
B. Sub-Mesodont (4):
Merycoidodontidae:
Merychus major
Merychus novomexicanus
Moschidae: Longirostromeryx wellsi
Proboscidea: Gomphotherium sp.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae: Megatylopus sp.
Antilocapridae: Cosoryx sp.
D. Hypsodont (6):
Equidae:
Pseudhipparion gratum
Hipparion forcei
Nannippus sp.
Cormohipparion occidentale
Protohippus supremus
Neohipparion affine
1. Ash Hollow Formation, Feltz Ranch Fauna, Lemoyne Quarry, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (3):
Tayassuidae: Prosthennops serus
Dromomerycidae Yumaceras sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops malacorhinus
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Gelocidae: Pseudoceras sp.
Proboscidea: Amebelodon sp.
C. Mesodont (4):
Camelidae:
?Hemiauchenia sp.
? Alforjas sp.
Megatylopus gigas
Antilocapridae: cf. Plioceros sp.
D. Hypsodont (5):
Equidae:
Calippus sp.
Nannippus sp.
Neohipparion eurystyle
Pliohippus nobilis
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras fossiger
2. Snake Creek Formation (Johnson Mbr), Aphelops Draw Fauna, Nebraska:
Ref. 6, plus AMNH collections
A. Brachydont (2):
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops mutilis
Proboscidea: Mammut matthewi
B. Sub-Mesodont (3):
Merycoidodontidae: Merychyus sp.
Dromomerycidae: Pediomeryx sp.
Proboscidea: Gomphotherium sp.
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae:
Procamelus sp.
Megatylopus sp.
Bovidae: Neotragocerus improvisus
D. Hypsodont (5):
Antilocapridae: Texoceros altidens
Equidae:
Nannippus ingenuus
Dinohippus leidyanus
Neohipparion eurystyle
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras sp.
1. Ash Hollow Formation, Cambridge Ft 40 Fauna, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (4):
Tayassuidae: Prosthennops serus
Dromomerycidae:Yumaceras figginsi
Tapiridae: Tapirus simpsoni
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops mutilis
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Gelocidae: Pseudoceras sp.
Proboscidea: Amebelodon britti
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia vera
Alforjas sp.
Megatylopus sp.
D. Hypsodont (7):
Antilocapridae: cf. Texoceros guymonensis
Equidae:
Calippus sp.
Hipparion forcei
Nannippus ingenuus
Dinohippus leidyanus
Neohipparion leptode
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras fossiger
2. Wray Fauna, Ogallala Group, Colorado:
Refs.9 and 13.
A. Brachydont (3):
Tayassuidae: cf. Prosthennops serus
Dromomerycidae: Yumaceras figginsi
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (1):
Proboscidea: Amebelodon floridanus
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae: Megatylopus gigas
Bovidae: ? Neotragocerus sp.
D. Hypsodont (7):
Antilocapridae: Texoceros vaughani
Equidae:
cf. Dinohippus interpolatus
Cormohipparion occidentale
Neohipparion sp.
Protohippus gidleyi
Pliohippus mirabile
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras hicksi
3. Ash Hollow Formation, Minium Quarry, Kansas:
Ref. 14.
A. Brachydont (2):
Tayassuidae: Tayassuid indet.
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (1):
Proboscidea: Torynobelodon loomisi
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia vera
Procamelus sp.
Megatylopus sp.
D. Hypsodont (5):
Equidae:
Calippus sp.
Cormohipparion occidentale
cf. Neohipparion trampasense
Protohippus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras fossiger
1. Ash Hollow Formation, Mailbox Fauna, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (2):
Tayassuidae: Tayassuid indet.
Tapiridae:Tapirus sp.
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Dromomerycidae: cf. Pediomeryx sp.
Proboscidea: Gomphothere indet.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia vera
Megatylopus gigas
D. Hypsodont (5):
Antilocapridae: Antilocaprid indet.
Equidae:
Nannippus sp.
Dinohippus leidyanus
Neohipparion leptode
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras fossiger
2. Ash Hollow Formation, Honey Creek Fauna, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (1):
Tayassuidae: Tayassuid indet.
B. Sub-Mesodont (1):
Proboscidea: Gomphothere indet.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia vera
Megatylopus gigas
D. Hypsodont (4):
Equidae:
Nannippus sp.
Dinohippus leidyanus
Neohipparion leptode
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras fossiger
3. Ogallala Formation, Edson Quarry Fauna, Kansas:
Ref. 15.
A. Brachydont (3):
Tayassuidae:
Platygonus Edson sp.
Tayassuid indet.
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops mutilis
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Dromomerycidae: Pediomeryx hemphilliensis
Proboscidea: Amebelodon britti
C. Mesodont (3):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia vera
Alforjas taylori
Megatylopus gigas
D. Hypsodont (5):
Antilocapridae: cf. Texoceros guymonensis
Equidae:
Nannippus sp.
Dinohippus interpolatus
Neohipparion eurystyle
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras new sp.
1. Ash Hollow Formation, Devil’s Nest Airstrip Local Fauna, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (4):
Tayassuidae: Platygonus sp.
Cervidae: Cervid indet.
Tapiridae: Tapirus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops mutilis
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Dromomerycidae: Pediomeryx sp.
Proboscidea: Gomphothere indet.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia vera
Megacamelus merriami
D. Hypsodont (5):
Antilocapridae: Antilocaprid indet.
Equidae:
Nannippus ingenuus
Dinohippus sp.
Neohipparion eurystyle
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras sp.
2. Ash Hollow Formation, Santee Local Fauna, Nebraska:
Ref. 10.
A. Brachydont (2):
Tayassuidae: Platygonus sp.
Rhinocerotidae: Aphelops mutilis
B. Sub-Mesodont (2):
Dromomerycidae: Pediomeryx sp.
Proboscidea: Gomphothere indet.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia vera
Megacamelus merriami
D. Hypsodont (4):
Equidae:
Nannippus ingenuus
Dinohippus sp.
Neohipparion eurystyle
Rhinocerotidae: Teleoceras sp.
1. Rexroad Local Fauna, Rexroad Formation, Kansas:
Refs. 16 and 17.
A. Brachydont (4):
Tayassuidae: Platygonus sp.
Cervidae:
Odocoileus brachyodontus
Odocoileus sp.
Proboscidea: Mammut sp.
C. Mesodont (1):
Camelidae: Hemiauchenia blancoensis
D. Hypsodont (4):
Antilocapridae: Antilocaprid indet.
Equidae:
Nannippus peninsulatus
Equus simplicidens
Proboscidea: Stegomastodon primitivus
2. Broadwater Local Fauna, Broadwater Formation, Nebraska:
Ref. 18.
A. Brachydont (1):
Tayassuidae: Platygonus sp.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae:
Camelops sp.
Gigantocamelus spatula
D. Hypsodont (3):
Antilocapridae: Capromeryx arizonensis
Equidae: Equus simplicidens
Proboscidea: Stegomastodon mirificus
3. Deer Park Local Fauna, Deer Park Formation, Kansas:
Refs. 16 and 19.
A. Brachydont (1):
Tayassuidae: Platygonus sp.
C. Mesodont (1):
Camelidae: Camelops sp.
D. Hypsodont (4):
Equidae:
Nannippus peninsulatus
Equus simplicidens
Proboscidea:
Stegomastodon mirificus
Rhyncotherium sp.
1. White Rock Local Fauna, Belville Formation, Kansas:
Ref. 20.
A. Brachydont (1):
Tayassuidae: Platygonus sp.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia blancoensis
Gigantocamelus sp.
D. Hypsodont (3):
Antilocapridae: Capromeryx sp.
Equidae: Equus simplicidens
Proboscidea: Stegomastodon mirificus
2. Sand Draw Local Fauna, Kiem Formation, Nebraska:
Refs. 18, 21, and 22.
A. Brachydont (1):
Tayassuidae: Platygonus sp.
C. Mesodont (2):
Camelidae:
Camelops sp.
Gigantocamelus spatula
D. Hypsodont (4):
Antilocapridae: cf. Capromeryx tauntonensis
Equidae:
Nannippus minor
Equus simplicidens
Proboscidea: Stegomastodon primitivus
3. Big Springs Local Fauna, Long Pine Formation, Nebraska:
Refs. 23.
A. Brachydont (2):
Tapiridae: Tapirus sp.
Proboscidea: Mammut sp.
C. Mesodont (4):
Camelidae:
Hemiauchenia sp.
Camelops sp.
Gigantocamelus spatula
Titanotylopus nebraskensis
D. Hypsodont (3):
Antilocapridae: Capromeryx sp.
Equidae: Equus sp.
Proboscidea: Stegomastodon sp.
A. Brachydont (3):
Cervidae:
Odocoileus virginianus
Odocoileus hemionus
Alces alces
C. Mesodont (1):
Cervidae: Cervus canadensis
D. Hypsodont (3):
Antilocapridae: Antilocapra americana
Bovidae:
Ovis canadensis
Bison bison
1. Hunt, R. M., Jr. (1981) Natl. Geogr. Soc. Rep. 13, 263-85.
2. Skinner, M. F., & Johnson, F. W. (1984) Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. 178, 215-368.
3. Harksen, J. C. & Macdonald, J. R. (1967) S. Dakota Geol. Surv. Rep. Invest. 96, 1-10.
4. Macdonald, J. R. (1970) Bull. Los Angeles County Museum Nat. Hist. Sci. 8, 1-82.
5. Galbreath, E. C. (1953) Paleontol. Contr. 4, 1-120.
6. Skinner, M. F., Skinner, S. M. & Gooris, R. J. (1977) Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. 158, 265-371.
7. Galusha, T. (1975) Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. 56, 1-68.
8. Janis, C. M., Scott, K. M. & Jacobs, L. L. (1998) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.).
9. Tedford, R. H., Skinner, M. S., Fields, R. S., Rensberger, J. M., Whistler, D. P., Galusha, T., Taylor, B. E., Macdonald, J. R. & Webb, S. D. (1987) in Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy, ed. M. O. Woodburne (University of California Press, Berkeley), pp. 153-210.
10. Voorhies, M. R. (1990) in Geologic Framework and Regional Hydrology: Upper Cenozoic Blackwater Draw and Ogallala Formations, Great Plains, ed. T. C. Gustavson (Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin), pp. 115-51.
11. Forstén, A. (1970) Contr. Geol. Univ. Wyoming 9, 39-51.
12. Gregory, J. T. (1942) Univ. California Pub. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci. 26, 307-446.
13. Cook, H. J. (1922) Proc. Colorado Museum Nat. Hist. 4, 1-29.
14. Thomasson, J. R., Zakrzewski, J. R., Lagarry, H. E. & Mergen, D. C. (1990) Natl. Geogr. Res. 6, 231-344.
15. Harrison, J. A. (1983) Smithsonian Contr. Paleontol. 54, 1-42.
16. Hibbard, C. W. (1950) Contr. Museum Paleontol. Univ. Michigan 8, 113-92.
17. Dalquest, W. W. (1978) J. Mammal. 59, 269-98.
18. Hager, M. W. (1974) Contr. Geol. Univ. Wyoming Special Paper 2, 2-62.
19. Skinner, M. F. & Hibbard, C. W. (1972) Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. 148, 1-148.
20. Eshelman, R. E. (1975) Papers Paleontol. Museum Paleontol. Univ. Michigan 13, Claude Hibbard Memorial Vol. 4, 1-60.
21. Voorhies, M. R. & Corner, R. G. (1986) J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 6, 65-75.
22. Morgan, J. K. & Morgan, N. H. (1995) J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 15, 160-70.
23. Voorhies, M. R. (1987) Southwestern Naturalist, 32, 237-43.