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Fig. 7. RT-PCR showing expression profiles of Arabidopsis RopGEFs. Rt., roots; Sl., seedlings; L., leaf; OF., open flowers; P., pollen; Pi., unpollinated pistils. ACT2 was used as internal control.

Fig. 9. The C-terminally truncated AtRopGEF12 disturbed pollen tube growth in stably transformed Arabidopsis. (A and C) Overexpression of AtRopGEF12. (B and D) Overexpression of AtRopGEF12DC. (Scale bars, 100 mm for A and B, 50 mm for C and D.)

Fig. 10. Sequence alignment reveals that PRONEs form two distinct subgroups. Asterisks highlight the residues that are distinctive in the two subgroups. PRONE12 was used as the query for TBLASTN searches of NCBI against the EST database. Sequences can be found in GenBank under accession numbers ABE82772 and ABD32835 for Medicago truncatula 1 (Mt-1) and 2 (Mt-2). The PRONE of Physcomitrella patens was retrieved from cosmoss (www.cosmoss.org/cnt/). PRONE domains were characterized using the online program Pfam (www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/).

Fig. 11. Pollen tube width in transient expression assays. 1, eYFP; 2, coexpression of AtPRK2a and eYFP; 3, coexpression of AtPRK2a and AtRopGEF12; 4, coexpression of mAtPRK2a and eYFP; 5, coexpression of mAtPRK2a and AtRopGEF12; 6, co-expression of AtPRK2a and AtRopGEF12DN. Single, double and triple asterisks indicate a significant difference from the other groups at the same data point (P < 0.05, t test). n = ~20-30 tubes. Error bars represent SD.

Table 1. Primers used in this study