Jarvis et al. 10.1073/pnas.0800607105. |
Table 6. Site descriptions
Country | Community | "Community" composition (in local terms) | Latitude Longitude | Eleva-tion | Mean PPT | Temp range | Environ-ment | Farming system | Target crop |
Burkina Faso | Pobe | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 13˚35' N 2˚24'W | 330 m | 300-600 mm | 17-39°C | Arid to semi-arid | Rain fed | Bean, okra, peanut, pearl millet, sorghum |
Burkina Faso | Thiougou | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 11˚29' N 0˚74'W | 287 m | 850-1000 mm | 19-36°C | Semi-arid | Rain fed | Bean, okra, peanut, pearl millet, sorghum |
Burkina Faso | Tougouri | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 13˚19' N 0˚31'W | 280 m | <700 mm | 16-40°C | Semi-arid | Rain fed | Bean, okra, peanut, pearl millet, sorghum |
Ethiopia | Ankober | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 9˚32' N 39˚42' E | 1650-3400 | 2100 mm | 4-35 °C | Tropical highland | Rainfed | Barley |
Ethiopia | Mojanawadera | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 9˚5' N 39˚34' E | 1459-3172 | 1320 mm | 4-25°C | Tropical highland | Rainfed | Barley |
Ethiopia | Tarmaber | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 10˚0' N 39˚43' E | 1200-3700 | 1950 mm | 4-30 °C | Tropical highland | Rainfed | Barley |
Hungary | Dévaványa | Geographical micro-region | 47˚01' N 20˚58'E | 84 m | 550-650 mm | (-3)-25°C | Temperate continental | Home garden | Bean |
Hungary | Őrség | Geographical micro-region | 47˚16' N 16˚55'E | 180 m | 700-950 mm | (-3) -26°C | Temperate continental | Home garden | Bean |
Hungary | Szatmár-Bereg | Geographical micro-region | 47˚46' N 22˚11'E | 150 m | 550-600 mm | (-1.3)-23.2°C | Temperate continental | Home garden | Bean |
Mexico | Ichmul | A central village with surrounding farms | 20˚10' N 88˚34'W | 37 m | 1190 mm | 8.9 - 38.9°C | Tropical lowlands | Shifting cultivation | Bean, chili, maize, squash |
Mexico | Sahcaba | A central village with surrounding farms | 20˚46' N 89˚12'W | 9 m | 850 mm | 10.8- 40.3°C | Tropical lowlands | Shifting cultivation | Bean, chili, maize, squash |
Mexico | Yaxcaba | A central village with surrounding farms | 20˚31' N 88˚49'W | 27 m | 1200 mm | 6.9 - 40.5°C | Tropical lowlands | Shifting cultivation | Bean, chili, maize, squash |
Morocco | Bouhrazen | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 31˚55' N 6˚49'E | 1076 m | 750 mm | 5 - 27°C | Mountain semi-arid | Rainfed | Barley |
Morocco | Ourzagh | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 34˚32' N 4˚55'E | 148 m | 500 mm | 10 - 31°C | Mountain semi-arid | Rainfed | Barley, durum wheat, faba bean |
Morocco | Rich | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 32˚15' N 4˚30'E | 1327 m | 160 mm | 7 - 34°C | Oasis | Irrigated (Oasis system) | Durum wheat |
Morocco | Ghafsai | Administrative district composed of a set of villages | 34˚37' N 4˚55'E | 440 m | 800 mm | 7 - 29°C | Mountain semi-arid | Rain-fed | Faba Bean |
Nepal | Jumla | Watershed areas within an agroecological region | 29˚12'N 82˚05' E | 2500 m | 860 mm | (-4.4)-21˚C | Subtropical high mountain | Irrigated and rainfed | Barley, finger millet, rice |
Nepal | Kaski | Watershed areas within an agroecological region | 26˚52' N 84˚06'E | 1000 m | 3980 mm | 7-30.5˚C | Subtropical to temperate | Irrigated and rainfed (squash - home garden) | Finger Millet, rice, squash, taro |
Nepal | Bara | Watershed areas within an agroecological region | 26˚52' N 85˚08'E | 84 m | 1500 mm | 8.5-35.4˚C | Subtropical | Irrigated and rainfed (squash - home garden) | Finger Millet, rice, squash, taro |
Peru | Aguaytia Valley | A set of villages within a river valley | 8°23´ S 74°56´ W | 153 m | 1900 mm | 24 °C | Amazon tropical lowland | Shifting cultivation (chili - home garden) | Beans, cassava, chili, maize, peanut |
Peru | Ucayali Valley | A set of villages within a river valley | 9°04´ S 74°28´ W | 175 m | 2500 mm | 23 - 25.7 °C | Amazon tropical lowland | Shifting cultivation (chili - home garden) | Beans, cassava, chili, maize, peanut |
Peru | Pichis-Pachitea Valley | A set of villages within a river valley | 9°40´ S 74°53´ W | 240 m | 3000 mm | 18.5 - 25.6 °C | Amazon tropical lowland | Shifting cultivation (chili - home garden) | Beans, cassava, chili, maize, peanut |
Vietnam | Dabac | Watershed areas within an agroecological region | 20˚56' N 105˚02'E | 650 m | 1750 mm | 9-31 ˚C | Subtropical hills | Rainfed | Rice, taro |
Vietnam | Nhoquan | Watershed areas within an agroecological region | 20˚23' N 105˚42'E | 70 m | 1950 mm | 14-32 ˚C | Subtropical lowland | Irrigated and rainfed | Rice, taro |
Vietnam | Nghiahung | Watershed areas within an agroecological region | 20˚5' N 106˚5'E | 1 m | 1550 mm | 14-33˚C | Subropical lowlands | Irrigated | Rice, taro |
SI Text
The table below provides a list of references to individual studies on traditional variety identity discussed in the paper. From the different crop case studies listed below, step-by-step guidelines for farmer group discussions to arrive at basic diversity units were developed (1). The guidelines lead the researcher to collect and process information from farmer groups and individual farmers on landrace identity and descriptions in a standardize way. Further steps guide the researcher in processing the farmer group data and individual information into statistically comparable information within in and among communities for analysis (1). After processing and analysis of data from the farmer discussions, agromorphological, and in some case biochemical and molecular, characterization of the diversity units identified by the farmers is carried out, described in Sadiki et al. (2).
Discussions | Grouping | Crop | Country |
Discussion with farmers show that names are consistent with the diversity units managed by farmers | A. Farmers consistent in names across the community. | Barley (Hordeum vulgare) | Ethiopia (2), Nepal (3) |
Rice (Oryza sativa) | Nepal (4-7) Vietnam (8, 9) | ||
Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) | Nepal (10-12) | ||
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatis, Vigna unguiculata) | Burkina Faso (13, 14), Mexico (15-18), Peru (19) | ||
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) | Burkina Faso (12, 17), Peru (19) | ||
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) | Burkina Faso (13) | ||
Squash (Cucurbita maxima, C. mixta, C. moschata,C. Pepo, Luffa cylindrca) | Mexico (2, 15, 20), Nepal (21) | ||
Chili (Capsicum annuum, C. chinense ,C. baccatum, C. pubescens, C. frutescens) | Peru (19), Mexico (18, 20, 22) | ||
Taro (Colocasia esculenta, Xanthosoma spp.) | Nepal (2, 23, 24), Vietnam (25, 26) | ||
Discussions with farmers revealed agreed subclasses or morphotypes that are recognized, but not named, and have potential to be managed differently and have different evolutionary futures | B. Names under-estimate the units farmers are using to manage diversity | Barley (Hordeum vulgare) | Morocco (2, 27, 28) |
Durum Wheat (Triticum durum) | Morocco (2, 28, 29) | ||
Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) | Burkina Faso (13, 30) | ||
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) | Hungary (2, 31) | ||
Discussions with farmers revealed (i) agreed subclasses or morphotypes that are recognized and have potential to be managed differently; and (ii) the identification of duplicates or differently named varieties described as identical materials | C. Names both over estimate (different names for the same variety) for some varieties and underestimate (same name for different varieties) for others | Maize (Zea mays) | Mexico (17, 32-35) Peru (19) |
Sorghum (Sorgum bicolor) | Burkina Faso (2, 13) | ||
Faba bean (Vicia faba) | Morocco (2, 28, 36, 37) | ||
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) | Peru (19) |
1. Jarvis DI, Campilan DM (2006) Crop genetic diversity to reduce pests and diseases on-farm: Participatory diagnosis guidelines. Version I. Bioversity Technical Bulletin No. 12 (Bioversity International, Rome).
2. Sadiki M, et al. (2007) in Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems, eds Jarvis DI, Padoch C, Cooper HD (Columbia Univ. Press, New York), pp 34-76.
3. Gupta SR, et al. (2003) in On-Farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal Proceedings of National Workshop, 24-26 April 2001, Lumle, Nepal, eds Sthapit RB, Upadhyay MP, Baniya BK, Subedi A, Joshi BK (NARD, LiBird and IPGRI, Kathmandu), pp 37-41.
4. Bajracharya J, Steele KA, Jarvis DI, Sthapit BR, Witcomb JR (2004) Rice landrace diversity in Nepal. Variability of agro-morphological traits and ssr markers in landraces from a high altitude site. Field Crop Res 95:327-335.
5. Bajracharya J (2003) PhD thesis (University of Wales, Bangor).
6. Rana RB (2004) PhD thesis (International and Rural Development Department, University of Reading, Reading, UK).
7. Amgain RB, et al. (2005) in On-Farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Volume I. Assessing the amount and distribution of genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop, 25-27 August 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal, eds Sthapit BR, Upadhyay MP, Shrestha PK, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 54-63.
8. Canh NT, et al. (2005) in In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-Farm: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications. Proceedings of Vietnamese National Workshop, 30 March-1 April 2004, Hanoi, Vietnam, eds Hue NTN, Tuyen TV, Canh NT, Hien PV, Chuong PV, Sthapit BR, Jarvis D (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 11-24.
9. Tuyen TV, et al. (2005) in In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-Farm: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications. Proceedings of Vietnamese National Workshop, 30 March-1 April 2004, Hanoi, Vietnam, eds Nguyen eds Hue NTN, Tuyen TV, Canh NT, Hien PV, Chuong PV, Sthapit BR, Jarvis D (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 25-38.
10. Joshi BK, et al. (2005) in On-Farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Volume I. Assessing the amount and distribution of genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop, 25-27 August 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal, eds Sthapit BR, Upadhyay MP, Shrestha PK, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 73-83.
11. Amgain RB, et al. (2005) in On-Farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Volume I. Assessing the amount and distribution of genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop, 25-27 August 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal, eds Sthapit BR, Upadhyay MP, Shrestha PK, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 84-95.
12. Tiwari RK, et al. (2005) in On-Farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Volume I. Assessing the amount and distribution of genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop, 25-27 August 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal, eds Sthapit BR, Upadhyay MP, Shrestha PK, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 96-102.
13. Sawadogo M, Ouedraogo JT, Zangre RG, Balma D (2005) in La Gestion de la Diversité des Plantes Agricoles dans les Agro-ecosystemes. Compte-rendu des travaux d'un atelier abrite par cnrst, Burkina Faso et International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, December 27-28, 2002, eds Balma D, Dossou B, Sawadogo M, Zangre RG, Ouedraogo JT, and Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 52-64.
14. Ouedraogo JT, Drabo I, Sawadogo M, Balma D (2005) in La Gestion de la Diversité des Plantes Agricoles dans les Agro-ecosystemes. Compte-rendu des travaux d'un atelier abrite par cnrst, Burkina Faso et International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, December 27-28, 2002, eds Balma D, Dossou B, Sawadogo M, Zangre RG, Ouedraogo JT, and Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 88-95.
15. Lope D (2004) MS thesis (Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands).
16. Cazarez-Sanchez, E (2004) MS thesis (Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillos, Texcoco, Mexico).
17. Arias L, et al. (2004) in Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales, eds Chavez-Servia J-L, Tuxill J, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Cali, Colombia), pp 36-46.
18. Cazarez-Sanchez E, Duch-Gary J (2004) in Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales, eds Chavez-Servia J-L, Tuxill J, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Cali, Colombia), pp 250-255.
19. Collado LA, Arroyo M, Riesco A, Chavez-Servia JL (2004) in Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales, eds Chavez-Servia J-L, Tuxill J, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Cali, Colombia), pp 188-189.
20. Gomez-Lopez M, et al. (2004) in Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales, eds Chavez-Servia J-L, Tuxill J, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Cali, Colombia), pp 150-156.
21. Pandey YR, Rijal DK, Upadhyay MP, Sthapit BR, Joshi KB (2003) in On-Farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal: Proceedings of a national workshop, April 24-26, 2001, Lumle, Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal, eds Sthapit BR, Upadhyaya MP, Baniya BK, Subedi A, and Joshi BK, (NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI, Kathmandu), pp 63-70.
22. Martinez-Vazquez R (2000) MS thesis (Institute Tecnologico Agropecuario No. 2, Conkal, Yucatan).
23. Rijal D (2005) in On-Farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Volume I. Assessing the amount and distribution of genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop, 25-27 August 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal, eds Sthapit BR, Upadhyay MP, Shrestha PK, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 148-160.
24. Rijal DK, Sthapit BR, Rana RB, Jarvis DI (2003) in On-Farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Proceedings of a national workshop, April 24-26, 2001, Lumle, Nepal, eds Sthapit BR, Upadhyaya MP, Baniya BK, Subedi A, Joshi BK, (NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI, Kathmandu), pp 29-36.
25. Hue NTN, et al. (2005) in In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-Farm: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications. Proceedings of Vietnamese National Workshop, 30 March-1 April 2004, Hanoi, Vietnam, eds Hue NTN, Tuyen TV, Canh NT, Hien PV, Chuong PV, Sthapit BR, Jarvis D (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy), pp 39-48.
26. Hue, NN, Trinh LN, Ha N, Sthapit BR, Jarvis DI (2003) in On-Farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Vietnam. Proceedings of a symposium, December 6-12, 2001, Hanoi, Vietnam, eds Tuan HD, Hue NN, Sthapit BR, Jarvis DI, (International Plant Genetic Resource Institute, Rome), pp 58-62.
27. Rh'rib, K, Amri A, Sadiki M (2002) in La Conservation in Situ de la Biodiversité Agricole: Un défi pour une agriculture durable, eds Birouk A, Sadiki M, Nassif F, Saidi S, Mellas H, Bammoune A, Jarvis D (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 286-294.
28. Sadiki M, et al. (2002) in La Conservation in Situ de la Biodiversité Agricole: Un défi pour une agriculture durable, eds Birouk A, Sadiki M, Nassif F, Saidi S, Mellas H, Bammoune A, Jarvis D, (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 37-117.
29. Taghouti M, Saidi S (2002) in La Conservation in Situ de la Biodiversité Agricole: Un défi pour une agriculture durable, eds Birouk A, Sadiki M, Nassif F, Saidi S, Mellas H, Bammoune A, Jarvis D (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 275-279.
30. Zangre RG, Ouedraogo M, Sawadogo M, Balma D (2005) in La Gestion de la Diversité des Plantes Agricoles dans les Agro-ecosystemes. Compte-rendu des travaux d'un atelier abrite par cnrst, Burkina Faso et International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, December 27-28, 2002, eds Balma D, Dossou B, Sawadogo M, Zangre RG, Ouedraogo JT, and Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 76-87.
31. Már I, Gyovai Á, Bela Gy, Holly L (2004) in Seed Systems and Crop Genetic Diversity On-Farm. Proceedings of a Workshop, 16-20 September 2003, Pucallpa, Peru, eds Jarvis DI, Sevilla-Panizo R, Chavez-Servia J-L, Hodgkin T (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome), pp 56-62.
32. Arias L (2004) PhD thesis (Instituto Tecnologico de Merida, Yucatán).
33. Burgos-May LA, Chavez-Servia J-L, Ortiz-Cereceres J (2004) in Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales, eds Chavez-Servia J-L, Tuxill J, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Cali, Colombia), pp 58-66.
34. Camacho-Villa C, Chavez-Servia J-L (2004) in Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales, eds Chavez-Servia J-L, Tuxill J, Jarvis DI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Cali, Colombia), pp 47-57.
35. Latournerie Moreno L, et al. (2004) Biodiv Conserv 15:1771-1795.
36. Belqadi L (2003) PhD thesis (Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco).
37. Benchekchou Z (2004) Analyse de la Structure de la Diversité Génétique de la Fève in Situ en Relation avec sa Gestion à la Ferme: Contribution au développement des bases scientifiques pour la conservation in situ de la fève au Maroc. Mémoire de 3ème cycle du diplôme d'ingénieur d'état en Agronomie, Option: Amélioration Génétique des Plantes (Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco).