van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus Wesmael, 1837Note.

The majority of the Vietnamese Therophilus species previously were considered to belong to the genera Agathis Latreille and later to Bassus Fabricius. The genus Therophilus Wesmael is rather heterogeneous (e.g., Figs 224, 232, 250, 270, 282) and probably will be divided into several genera or subgenera in the future.

Key to Vietnamese species of the genus <tp:taxon-name>Therophilus</tp:taxon-name> Wesmael
1.Scutellum densely rugose, rugulose or rugulose-punctate, largely without distinct smooth interspaces; marginal cell of fore wing comparatively wide (Figs 297, 305); area below precoxal sulcus very densely punctate; basal area of second tergite moderately wide (Figs 298, 299, 304)2
Scutellum punctate and with distinct interspaces or largely smooth; marginal cell of fore wing usually narrower (Figs 223, 233, 242) and area below precoxal sulcus moderately punctate; if densely punctate and marginal cell rather wide then basal area of second tergite strongly transverse (Fig. 282: Therophilus javanus)3
2.Lateral lobes of mesoscutum rugose-striate posteriorly; notauli fused posteriorly, forming deep groove near scutellar sulcus (Fig. 303); second metasomal tergite smooth or superficially finely striate (Fig. 304)Therophilus marucae sp. n.
Lateral lobes of mesoscutum finely punctate posteriorly; notauli connected posteriorly, forming a curved crenulate groove, area near scutellar sulcus flat; second tergite smooth or anterior half more or less superficially obliquely striate (Figs 298, 299)Therophilus marshi (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) comb. n.
3.Frons deeply depressed and in front of anterior ocellus with a distinctly protruding lamella (Figs 264, 266); precoxal sulcus coarsely crenulate and area below it coarsely punctate and anteriorly reticulate; hind tibia black, except for a more or less developed white (N Vietnam) or pale brown (S Vietnam) basal band (Fig. 256); hind femur densely and coarsely rugose-striate; wing membrane dark brown (N Vietnam; Fig. 260)) to yellowish-brown (S Vietnam); [head black]Therophilus depressiferus sp. n.
Frons at most moderately depressed and in front of anterior ocellus without a distinctly protruding lamella (Figs 227, 236, 254); precoxal sulcus finely crenulate and area below it and anteriorly finely punctate; hind tibia usuall y whitish except black apical third (Figs 229, 238, 277, 283, 285); hind femur at most densely punctate; wing membrane subhyaline or slightly infuscate4
4.Body completely pale yellowish or brownish-yellow, with base of first tergite and second tergite more or less ivory (Fig. 310); frons rather depressed (Fig. 307); length of ovipositor sheath 0.6–0.7 times fore wing; [malar space about 3.3 times as long as basal width of mandible; first metasomal tergite 1.3 times as long as its apical width; hind leg yellow]Therophilus mellisoma sp. n.
Body at least partly black or dark brown (Figs 220, 229, 238); frons hardly or not depressed (Figs 227, 235, 354); length of ovipositor sheath variable5
5.First metasomal tergite 2.5–2.7 times as long as its apical width (Figs 270, 359); mesosoma (Figs 267, 268, 356) and second metasomal tergite elongate (Figs 270, 359); base of second tergite ivory6
First tergite 1.0–1.7 times as long as its apical width (Figs 224, 232, 241); mesosoma (Fig. 229, 238, 276) and usually second tergite (Figs 250, 259, 278) comparatively short; colour of base of second tergite variable7
6.Head and mesosoma brownish-yellow (Fig. 267); base of first tergite narrowly ivory (Fig. 270); mesopleuron comparatively robust (Fig. 268); mesoscutum smooth, at most somewhat punctulateTherophilus elongator sp. n.
Head, mesosoma and base of first tergite black (Figs 356, 359); mesopleuron comparatively slender (Fig. 357); mesoscutum finely punctateTherophilus punctiscutum sp. n.
7.Second metasomal tergite distinctly striate (Figs 368, 377, 386; rarely partly smooth anteriorly); hind femur weakly sculptured8 Note. If head orange brown, vertex posteriorly very finely transversely aciculate, second submarginal cell of fore wing minute but with vein r-m of fore wing distinctly developed, frons with medial ridge, second tergite with smooth convex area surrounded by striae and notauli completely and distinctly crenulate, cf. Therophilus choui (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from China.
Second tergite smooth or largely so (Figs 232, 282, 350); sculpture of hind femur variable14
8.Mesoscutum protruding over pronotum (Fig. 366); middle mesoscutal lobe comparatively short and wide (Fig. 367); second metasomal tergite elongate and subparallel-sided, ivory (Fig. 368)Therophilus robustus sp. n.
Mesoscutum not protruding anteriorly (Figs 339, 374); middle mesoscutal lobe more elongate and narrower (Figs 221, 376); second tergite transverse (Fig. 377) or narrowed anteriorly (Figs 323, 341, 386) and black (but ivory in Therophilus festivus; Fig. 278)9
9.Hind femur robust (Fig. 379); second metasomal tergite basally smooth, with a distinctly curved groove, and posteriorly striate (Fig. 377); [middle lobe of mesoscutum flat medially]Therophilus rugosiferus sp. n.
Hind femur moderately slender (Figs 225, 327, 343); second tergite basally striate, as is the remainder of tergite, and often with a less developed groove (Figs 224, 323, 341)10
10.Mesoscutum rather matt and densely micro-sculptured (Fig. 340); hind femur comparatively slender (Fig. 343); first metasomal tergite robust and comparatively wide (Fig. 341); second submarginal cell of fore wing normal (Fig. 342); [second tergite coarsely striate, comparatively wide and with a curved groove]Therophilus parasper sp. n.
Mesoscutum distinctly shiny and evenly finely punctate (Figs 221, 322); hind femur less slender (Figs 225, 327); first tergite less robust and narrower (Figs 224, 278, 323); [mesoscutum black and moderately slender; propodeum finely reticulate and often partly only coriaceous]11 Note. If the mesoscutum is orange brown and rather robust (Fig. 238), the second tergite more slender (Fig. 241) and the propodeum coarsely reticulate (Fig. 240), cf. sculptured specimens of Therophilus contrastus sp. n.
11.Second metasomal tergite finely striate, ivory anteriorly and tergite hardly narrowed anteriorly (Figs 224, 278); length of ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.3 times fore wing; second submarginal cell of fore wing medium-sized (Figs 223, 276); subbasally hind tibia white12
Second tergite rather coarsely to finely costate, black and tergite narrowed anteriorly (Figs 323, 386); length of ovipositor sheath 0.6–0.7 times fore wing; second submarginal cell of fore wing smaller (Figs 320, 387); subbasally hind tibia black to brown13
12.Basal half of hind tibia entirely white (Figs 276, 277, 280); first metasomal tergite somewhat widened apically (Fig. 278)Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953) comb. n.
Basal half of hind tibia largely dark brown, only with a subbasal white ring (Figs 220, 225); first tergite parallel-sided apically (Fig. 224)Therophilus annuliferus sp. n.
13.First metasomal tergite regularly and rather densely striate laterally (Fig. 386); scutellum angulate anteriorly and coarsely punctate (Fig. 385); subbasally hind tibia black; N VietnamTherophilus scutellatus sp. n.
First tergite sparsely, and rather irregularly striate laterally (Fig. 323); scutellum rounded anteriorly and sparsely punctate (Fig. 322); subbasally hind tibia dark brown; S VietnamTherophilus nigrolineatus sp. n. Note. Similar to Therophilus transcasperatus (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from China, but that species has the hind leg largely yellowish-brown, the hind tibia ivory (except for its apical darkened quarter), the second tergite with a distinct curved transverse impression, vein r-m of the fore wing very small, the hind femur rather slender, the antenna brown and the face largely, the pronotum ventrally and the posterior orbita pale brown or yellowish-brown. If the basal 0.4 of the hind tibia is pale yellowish (with only a faintly indicated darker subbasal band), cf. the male holotype of Therophilus fujianicus (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from China. [fore and middle legs and hind trochanter and trochantellus yellowish-brown; prepectal carina rather weakly developed; vein r-m of fore wing in only one wing reduced; surroundings of vein M+CU1 of fore wing sparsely setose; middle mesoscutal lobe rather convex, somewhat more convex than lateral lobes]. If similar but notauli distinctly crenulate, ovipositor sheath about as long as fore wing (not about twice as indicated in the original description) and propodeum coarsely vermiculate-rugose, cf. Therophilus tanycoleosus (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from China.
14.Hind femur very coarsely and densely punctate ventrally (Fig. 281); area below precoxal sulcus very densely punctate; second metasomal tergite shorter than third tergite and with strongly transverse anterior part (Fig. 282); second submarginal cell of fore wing very small (Fig. 281); mesonotum orange-yellowTherophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) comb. n.
Hind femur at most moderate punctate ventrally (Fig. 234); area below precoxal sulcus spaced punctate; second tergite at least somewhat longer than third tergite and with less transverse anterior part (Figs 232, 241, 288); shape of second submarginal cell of fore wing and colour of mesonotum variable15
15.Hind femur robust, rather swollen (Figs 234, 252, 290, 352); subbasal cell of fore wing evenly setose; length of ovipositor sheath 0.5–1.0 times fore wing; second metasomal tergite comparatively short and transverse (Figs 232, 250, 288, 350), entirely black or brownish-yellow16
Hind femur moderately slender (Figs 243, 294, 334); subbasal cell of fore wing at least partly glabrous; length of ovipositor sheath 0.5–0.9 times fore wing; second tergite comparatively elongate (Figs 214, 296, 332), ivory anteriorly and dark brown or black posteriorly19
16.Length of ovipositor sheath about 0.5 times fore wing (Fig. 347); posterior half of frons flat, no triangular area in front of anterior ocellus (Fig. 354); tegulum yellowish-brown, contrasting with dark brown humeral plate (Fig. 349); hind trochanter yellowish-brown; [marginal cell of fore wing very narrow (Fig. 351); ocelli small]Therophilus planifrons sp. n.
Length of ovipositor sheath 0.8–1.0 times fore wing (Figs 229, 247, 285); posterior half of frons partly depressed and with a triangular area in front of anterior ocellus (Figs 236, 254, 293); tegulum and humeral plate similarly coloured (Figs 231, 249); hind trochanter dark brown17
17.Head and mesosoma (except propodeum) brownish-yellow (Fig. 229); vein M+CU of hind wing 1.2–1.3 times as long as vein 1-M; second metasomal tergite rather square (Fig. 232); marginal cell of fore wing narrow parallel-sided (Fig. 233); anterior ocellus smaller than posterior ocelli (Fig. 236); scutellum without distinct subposterior transverse crenulate depression (Fig. 231)Therophilus cattienensis sp. n. Note. If only apical 0.4 of metasoma is dark brown, vein M+CU of hind wing about as long as vein 1-M, hind femur very wide (at most 3 times as long as wide), notauli finely crenulate, second submarginal cell small, triangular and petiolate, marginal cell of fore wing very narrow, prepectal carina medium-sized, propodeum coarsely areolate and mesoscutum yellowish-brown (but laterally darkened), cf. Therophilus tongmuensis (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from China.
Head and mesosoma black (Figs 247, 285); vein M+CU of hind wing about as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 289); second tergite distinctly transverse (Figs 250, 288); anterior ocellus similar to posterior ocelli (Figs 254, 293); scutellum with a subposterior transverse crenulate depression (Figs 249, 287)18
18.Frons laterally rather coarsely (female) or finely (male) punctate; basal half of hind tibia largely whitish, with only a subbasal dark brown patch (Figs 285, 290); medial area of second tergite protruding medio-posteriorly (Fig. 288); propodeum coarsely reticulate-rugose and transverse carina distinctly developed (Fig. 287); [length of first tergite about 1.3 times as long as wide apically; propodeum posteriorly steep]Therophilus levisoma sp. n.
Frons laterally sparsely punctulate; basal half of hind tibia partly dark brown (Figs 247, 252); medial area of second tergite hardly or not protruding medio-posteriorly (Fig. 250); propodeum rather finely reticulate and transverse carina weakly developed (Fig. 249)Therophilus crenulisulcatus sp. n.
19.Length of ovipositor sheath 0.5–0.6 times fore wing (Fig. 294); second metasomal tergite widened apically and shorter, without a transverse groove and completely smooth (Fig. 296); mesonotum black; apical half of subbasal cell of fore wing largely sparsely setoseTherophilus lienhoachihensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n.
Length of ovipositor sheath 0.9 times fore wing (Figs 238, 328); second tergite hardly widened apically and longer, with a shallow transverse groove and with more or less superficial striae (Figs 241, 332); colour of mesonotum variable; setosity of apical half of subbasal cell of fore wing variable20
20.Mesoscutum and scutellum orange brown (Fig. 238); notauli coarsely crenulate posteriorly (Fig. 240); scutellum distinctly rugulose medio-posteriorly (Fig. 240); first metasomal tergite without superficial granulation; apical half of subbasal cell of fore wing glabrous or nearly soTherophilus contrastus sp. n.
Mesoscutum and scutellum black (Fig. 329); notauli narrowly crenulate posteriorly (Fig. 331); scutellum largely smooth medio-posteriorly (Fig. 331); first metasomal tergite with superficial granulation; apical half of subbasal cell of fore wing largely setoseTherophilus nuichuaensis sp. n.
van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus annuliferus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:15FAC037-95B4-41EB-862D-20A16AD939DF sp. n.Figs 220–228Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “C. Vietnam: Thua Thien Hué, Phong Dién N.R., nr base-camp, 15 km W. Phong My, 50–60 m, 23.iii-6.iv.2001, Mal. traps 4 + 5, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH”. Paratypes: 2 ♀ (RMNH, IEBR), “S. Vietnam: Dak Lak, Chu Yang Sin, Krong K’Mar, Mal. traps, 800–940 m, 2–10.vi.2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’07”.

Diagnosis.

Closely related to Therophilus nigrolineatus sp. n., but Therophilus annuliferus has the ovipositor sheath about as long as the fore wing (Therophilus nigrolineatus: 0.6 times) and the sculpture of the second metasomal tergite only striate (nigrolineatus: finely costate).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 5.9 mm, of fore wing 4.6 mm, ovipositor sheath 4.9 mm.

Head.

Antenna incomplete, with 31 segments remaining, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 4.0 and 2.8 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 1.1 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 227); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL= 9:5:11; face shiny and distinctly rather finely punctate; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, only laterally punctulate; frons with weak medial ridge, smooth medially and densely finely punctate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse fine punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum smooth with five carinae anteriorly, finely densely punctate dorso-posteriorly and posterior groove distinctly crenulate; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum spaced finely punctate, but densely anteriorly, medio-posteriorly lobes slightly convex; notauli complete and narrowly crenulate; scutellar sulcus 0.6 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum, shallow and with 3 carinae; scutellum shiny and with sparse rather coarse punctures, subposterior crest obsolescent (Fig. 221); precoxal sulcus deep, strongly but narrowly crenulate and anteriorly absent (Fig. 222); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus spaced finely punctate; remainder of mesopleuron shiny and largely smooth, but rather coarsely punctate below scrobe; metapleuron densely setose, spaced moderately punctate and ventrally rugose; propodeum coarsely reticulate, but smooth posteriorly (Fig. 221); propodeal spiracle rather large, 1.3 times as long as wide

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small and petiolate (Fig. 223); vein SR1 straight; vein r short, r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:26; r-m about as long as petiolus (Fig. 223); apical half of subbasal cell sparsely setose. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.2, 7.7 and 12 times their width, respectively; hind femur densely and rather coarsely punctate but with narrow smooth interspaces and with short setae (Fig. 225); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with row of 4 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite parallel-sided without distinct dorsal carinae, its length 2.3 times its apical width (Fig. 224); first and second tergites densely and moderately coarsely striate; second tergite somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 224); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 1.06 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; antenna blackish-brown; mesoscutum slightly chestnut-brown posteriorly; palpi, mandible, second tergite laterally, third tergite antero-laterally and basal half of metasoma ventrally white or ivory; fore leg (but coxa, trochanter, trochantellus, femur ventrally and partly laterally and small patch of tibia brown), middle tibia dorsally (but subbasal patch and apical fifth brown), spurs and tarsus pale yellow; remainder of middle leg dark brown; hind leg black or blackish-brown and with a white basal tibial ring (Fig. 220); tegulae, apical half of metasoma ventrally, veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Variation.

Antennal segments of female 35; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.8–0.9 times as long as vein 1-M; outer side of middle tibia with row of 4–5 pegs; length of body 5.2–5.9 mm, of fore wing 4.4–4.6 mm; length of first tergite 2.2–2.3 times as long as wide apically; length of ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.1 times fore wing.

Distribution.

S Vietnam: Dak Lak and C Vietnam: Thua Thien Hué.

Therophilus annuliferus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus annuliferus sp. n., female, holotype. 221 mesosoma dorsal 222 mesosoma lateral 223 wings 224 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 225 hind femur lateral 226 head anterior 227 head dorsal 228 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “annulus” (Latin for “ring”), and “fero” (Latin for “carry”), because of the white basal ring of the hind tibia.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus cattienensis urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C1A6A43F-2997-4075-B2D0-7C078F96D81C sp. n.Figs 229–237Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “S. Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., Mal. traps, c. 100 m, 9.iv-13.v.2007, M.P. Quy, N.T. Manh & C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’07”. Paratype: 2 ♂ (IEBR, RMNH), “S. Vietnam: Dak Lak, Chu Yang Sin N.P., n[ea]r dam, 840–940 m, 2–10.vi.2007, Mal. traps, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’07”.

Diagnosis.

The new species is close to Therophilus lanyuensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n. from China, but differs by having the precoxal sulcus weakly crenulate and narrow (Therophilus lanyuensis: distinctly crenulate and wide), the metapleuron rugose-punctate (lanyuensis: reticulate ventrally), the mesopleuron below the precoxal sulcus smooth (lanyuensis: densely punctate) and about 28 antennal segments (lanyuensis: 38–40).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.3 mm, of fore wing 2.6 mm, of ovipositor sheath 2.4 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 28, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.3 and 2.3 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.4 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 2.5 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 5.7 times temple; ocelli in high triangle (Fig. 236), POL:OD:OOL= 6:4:9; with two carinae between antennal sockets; face with distinct punctures; frons with distinct punctures laterally; vertex and temple shiny with sparse fine punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotal trough rugose, dorsally rugose-punctate; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum shiny, sparsely punctate and setose; notauli complete, wide and largely crenulate; scutellar sulcus 0.5 times as long as scutellum with 3 carinae; scutellum without subposterior crest (Fig. 231), sparsely but distinctly punctate; precoxal sulcus weakly crenulate and narrow; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus smooth; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus with sparse distinct punctures; metapleuron rugose-punctate; propodeum reticulate-rugose.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal medium-sized and triangular (Fig. 233); marginal cell narrow (Fig. 233); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1=2:37. Hind wing: vein M+CU 1.3 times as long as vein 1-M (22:17).

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 2.6, 5.0 and 7.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.6 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 4 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively (figs); tarsal claws with lobe.

Metasoma.

Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width (Fig. 232); first tergite coarsely longitudinally striate (rather costate); second tergite 0.9 times as long as third tergite, smooth but partly superficially granulate and with smooth transverse groove (Fig. 232); remainder of metasoma smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Brownish-yellow; propodeum, apex of hind tibia and hind tarsus, first tergite basally and third-seventh tergites largely dark brown; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation.

Antennal segments of female 28, of male 30; outer side of middle tibia with row of 1–4 pegs; length of hind femur 2.6–3.0 times as long as wide; second tergite pale yellow (♀) or largely dark brown (♂), smooth or partly superficially granulate; length of body 3.2–3.3 mm, of fore wing 4.4–4.6 mm; head dorsally, mesopleuron partly and metapleuron of males dark brown or blackish.

Distribution.

S Vietnam: Dak Lak, Dong Nai.

Therophilus cattienensis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus cattienensis sp. n., female, holotype. 230 mesosoma lateral 231 mesosoma dorsal 232 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 233 wings 234 hind femur lateral 235 head anterior 236 head dorsal 237 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

Named after the type locality: Cat Tien National Park.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus contrastus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D8721AA6-7169-45A9-B605-97DDFB9B8E58 sp. n.Figs 238–246Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “S. Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., c 100 m, 13–19.v.2007, Crocodile tr[ail], Mal. traps, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’07”. Paratypes (3 ♀): 1 ♀ (IEBR), id. but Ficus trail, 9–30.iv.2007; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “Museum Leiden, Vietnam (Dong Nai Prov.), Cat Tien N.P., Ben Cu trail, 14–20.v.2007, C. van Achterberg, R. de Vries & E. Gassó Miracle”, “mixed bamboo and wood [= deciduous] forest, by hand, 220 m, 11°26'54.8N; 107°26'30.9E; 1 ♀ (IEBR), Aga. 092, “N. Vietnam: Ha Noi, Gia Lam, orchard, MT, 20–30.iv.2001, K.D. Long”.

Diagnosis.

The new species is similar to Therophilus lienhoachihensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), but differs by having the notauli fused posteriorly, forming a large crenulate area (Therophilus lienhoachihensis:rugose); the scutellum with sparse fine punctures ( lienhoachihensis:rugose-punctate) and the mesonotum reddish yellow (lienhoachihensis:black). Bassus albifasciatus (Watanabe, 1934) is similar, but Therophilus contrastus differs by having the tarsal claws with a large lobe (Bassus albifasciatus: claws without a lobe); outer side of the middle tibia with a row of 4–5 pegs (albifasciatus: 4–10 pegs); the pronotum crenulate anteriorly (albifasciatus: with two carinae) and the head entirely black (albifasciatus: reddish-brown). The new species is also close to Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953), but differs by having the first tergite about 1.7 times as long as its apical width (Therophilus festivus: 1.8–1.9 times); pronotum and mesonotum reddish-yellow (festivus: black)and basal half of hind tibia without a dark brown basal ring (festivus: basal ring usually present).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 5.2 mm, of fore wing 3.6 mm, ovipositor sheath 3.0 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 36, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 3.1 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.3 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 2.2 times height of head; malar space 2.7 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.5 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 246); POL:OD:OOL= 9:6:11; face with densely punctate; frons rather dull and distinctly punctate laterally (Fig. 246); vertex and temple with sparse fine punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; subpronope shallow; pronotal trough largely smooth, crenulate anteriorly, dorsally with sparse fine punctures; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum with very sparse fine punctures; notauli complete and crenulate; scutellar sulcus 0.6 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 carinae; scutellum with sparse punctures, subposterior crest short (Fig. 240); precoxal sulcus complete and largely crenulate (Fig. 239); mesopleuron with sparse distinct punctures; mesopleuron rugose-punctate anteriorly, reticulate-rugose posteriorly; propodeum largely reticulate-rugose; propodeal spiracle small, as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small (Fig. 242); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1 = 3:62. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.8, 6.1 and 9.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 243); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 7 pegs; tarsal claws with a distinct lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite longitudinally striate without dorsal carinae; length of first tergite 1.7 times its apical width (Fig. 241); second tergite with weak transverse groove, slightly striate (Fig. 241); remainder of metasoma shiny and smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; mouthparts, fore and middle legs, hind trochantellus and basal half of hind tibia pale yellow; pronotum, mesonotum, mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus orange brown; second tergite basally, first-second tergites laterally ivory; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation.

Antenna with 33–36 segments; first tergite 1.7–1.9 times as long as its apical width; second tergite weakly longitudinally striate or smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.8–0.9 times as long as fore wing; length of body 4.9–5.2 mm and of fore wing 3.6–3.8 mm.

Distribution.

NE Vietnam: Ha Noi and S Vietnam: Dong Nai.

Therophilus contrastus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus contrastus sp. n., female, holotype. 239 mesosoma lateral 240 mesosoma dorsal 241 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 242 wings 243 hind femur lateral 244 head lateral 245 head anterior 246 head dorsal.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “contra” (Latin for “opposite”), because of the contrasting orange and black body colour.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus crenulisulcatus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:69A1A1CF-E8EA-4BAB-8A5A-0B32E4559A6D sp. n.Figs 247–255Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH) “NW Vietnam: Tonkin, Hoang Lien N.R., 15 km W Sa Pa, c 1900 m, 15–21.x.1999, Malaise traps, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’99”.

Diagnosis.

Therophilus daanyuanensis (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from Fujian (China) is similar but Therophilus daanyuanensis has no medio-posterior groove of the mesoscutum, the tegulae, the mesopleuron and the metapleuron partly orange brown, the first tergite distinctly longitudinally striate, the second tergite striate and with a wide curved transverse depression, the fore coxa and trochanter and trochantellus brownish-yellow and the middle tibia completely ivory.

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.3 mm, of fore wing 3.1 mm, ovipositor sheath 2.5 mm.

Head.

Antenna with 27 segments, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.5, 3.0 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.3 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 2.1 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 254); POL:OD:OOL = 8:5:10; face shiny and punctulate, with a small narrow groove medio-dorsally; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, mainly dorsally punctulate; frons with a weak medial ridge (Fig. 254), moderately concave anteriorly, smooth medially and sparsely punctulate laterally and with an indistinct triangular area in front of anterior ocellus; vertex and temple shiny, largely smooth and sparsely punctulate.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; pronotum smooth without carinae anteriorly, rather sparsely punctate dorso-posteriorly and posterior groove finely crenulate; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum largely setose and smooth, only somewhat spaced punctulate, medio-posteriorly lobes flattened; notauli complete and narrowly crenulate, but somewhat widened posteriorly; scutellar sulcus 0.5 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum, moderately deep and with 3 carinae; scutellum shiny and smooth, subposterior crest obsolescent but with a rather wide and coarsely crenulate groove in front of it (Fig. 249) and medio-posterior depression narrow and finely crenulate; precoxal sulcus narrow, rather deep, narrowly crenulate and anteriorly absent (Fig. 248); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus smooth as remainder of mesopleuron, setose (including speculum); metapleuron densely setose, dorsally rather densely and moderately punctate and ventral half reticulate-rugose; propodeum spaced reticulate, with transverse carina and dorsal areola (Fig. 249); propodeal spiracle small, 1.5 times as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small and petiolate (Fig. 251); vein SR1 bent towards pterostigma; r:3-SR+SR1 = 3:43; r-m about twice as long as petiolus (Fig. 251); apical half of subbasal cell densely setose. Hind wing: vein M+CU as long as vein 1-M; setose near vein cu-a.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.6, 6.4 and 9 times their width, respectively; hind femur largely smooth, spaced punctulate and with medium-sized setae (Fig. 252); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia both 0.45 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 minute pegs and 2 minute pegs apically; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite widened posteriorly, sparsely and weakly striate, with dorsal carinae weakly developed, its length 1.5 times its apical width (Fig. 250); second tergite smooth, somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 250); remainder of metasoma (including weakly impressed second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.81 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; palpi pale yellowish; middle and hind spurs white; antenna, legs (but fore tibia brown and fore femur partly yellowish-brown, hind and middle basitarsi basally, hind tibia with a narrow basal and a wide submedial band white or ivory), tegulae, metasoma (but baso-ventrally pale brown), veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Distribution.

NW Vietnam: Lao Cai.

Therophilus crenulisulcatus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus crenulisulcatus sp. n., female, holotype. 248 mesosoma lateral 249 mesosoma dorsal 250 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 251 wings 252 hind femur lateral 253 head anterior 254 head dorsal 255 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “crenulatus” (Latin for “finely notched”), and “sulcus” (Latin for “groove”), because of the crenulate posterior groove of the pronotum.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus depressiferus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7E491474-C571-4B5B-A1D6-5F2DF2A2D022 sp. n.Figs 256–266Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N. Vietnam: Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P., n[ea]r centre, c 225 m, 29.vi-18.vii.2000, Mai Phu Quy, RMNH’01”. Paratypes (2 ♀): 1♀ (IEBR), same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “S. Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., Mal. traps, c 100 m, 9.iv.2007–13.v.2007, M.P. Quy, N.T. Manh & C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’07”.

Diagnosis.

The new species is similar to Therophilus rudimentarius (Enderlein, 1920) comb. n., but differs by having POL half as long as OOL (Therophilus rudimentarius:0.7 times); the pronotal trough crenulate medially, rugose-punctate ventrally and sparsely finely punctate dorsally (rudimentarius:entirely punctate); the mesosoma 1.8 times as long as high (rudimentarius:1.4 times); the first tergite 1.5 times as long wide apically (rudimentarius:1.6 times). The new species is similar to Bassus albifasciatus (Watanabe, 1934), but differs by having the tarsal claws with a distinct lobe (Bassus albifasciatus:simple); the first tergite 1.5 times as long as wide apically (albifasciatus:1.8 times) and the second tergite entirely black (albifasciatus: basal 0.6 reddish-brown to black).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 8.5 mm, of fore wing 7.4 mm, of ovipositor sheath 7.2 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 45; length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.8, 2.5 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of apical segment 2.3 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 2.4 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.8 times temple; ocelli in low triangle (Fig. 264), POL:OD:OOL= 7:6:13; face densely punctate (Fig. 263); frons smooth, laterally densely punctate and concave near antennal sockets (Fig. 264); vertex and temple shiny with sparse punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.8 times its height; pronotum shiny with rugae ventrally, dorsally pronotum with dense fine punctures (Fig. 257); area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; lateral lobes of mesoscutum shiny, sparsely punctate, slightly flat posteriorly; middle lobe of mesoscutum with dense punctures medially, smooth laterally and apically; notauli deep and crenulate, united posteriorly forming short groove near scutellar sulcus; scutellar sulcus 0.7 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 4 carinae; scutellum convex with sparse distinct punctures, subposterior crest transverse, interrupted medially (Fig. 258); precoxal sulcus wide, strongly crenulate (Fig. 257); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus areolate-rugose anteriorly, rugose-punctate posteriorly; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus largely smooth medially, distinctly punctate posteriorly; metapleuron reticulate-punctate dorsally, ventrally setose and largely rugose; propodeum largely areolate-rugose with 5 transverse carinae medially; propodeal spiracle medium-sized, 1.7 times as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell medium-sized triangular (Fig. 260); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1=7:78. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.7, 6.7 and 8.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 261); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 1 peg and a cluster of 5 pegs at apex; hind tibia distinctly narrowed basally and widened apically (Fig. 256); length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer side of hind tibia with a cluster of 12 pegs (figs); hind coxa distinctly punctate; hind femur reticulate-punctate; tarsal claws with a large lobe (Fig. 262).

Metasoma.

First tergite distinctly depressed laterally; length of first tergite 1.5 times its apical width (Fig. 259); dorsal carinae developed, intermingled with striae at apical third; first tergite longitudinally rugose-striate, coriaceous apically, area between striae granulate; second tergite with weak rugose transverse groove; basal area of second tergite with sparse setae and punctures (Fig. 259); ovipositor sheath 0.97 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; mouthparts, fore leg and middle tibia and tarsus yellow; medial round area of face, malar space and temple partly, mesoscutum, tegula reddish yellow; hind tibia (but basal pale yellow ring and yellow spurs) and tarsus brown; first-second metasomal tergites ivory ventrally; wing membrane dark brown, with pale band extending from vein 2-SR+M to vein 3-CU1.

Variation.

Length of body 8.2–9.3 mm, of fore wing 7.0–7.4 mm, vein M+CU 0.7–0.8 times vein 1-M, outer side of middle tibia with 2–12 pegs; second tergite without weak transverse groove; large reddish-yellow medial area of face may be fused with clypeus; entirely malar space and temple may be reddish-yellow; length of ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.1 times fore wing; wing membrane dark brown or yellowish-brown; basal ring of hind tibia white or pale brownish.

Distribution.

N Vietnam: Ninh Binh and S Vietnam: Dong Nai.

Therophilus depressiferus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus depressiferus sp. n., female, holotype. 257 mesosoma lateral 258 mesosoma dorsal 259 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 260 wings 261 hind femur lateral 262 hind tarsus lateral 263 head anterior 264 head dorsal 265 head lateral 266 frons dorso-lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “depressus” (Latin for “pressed down”), and “fero” (Latin for “carry”), because of the depressed frons.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus elongator urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:10E7D393-F094-4F44-8C90-B0A206129883 sp. n.Figs 267–275Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “C. Vietnam: Ha Tinh, Vu Quang N.P., 97 m, 18°19'43N; 105°26'29E, 23.ix.-5.x.2009, Mal[aise] trap 21, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’09”.

Diagnosis.

Close to Therophilus punctiscutum sp. n. and differs mainly by its pale colour (cf. Figs 267, 356) and more robust mesopleuron (cf. Figs 268, 357).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 4.6 mm, of fore wing 3.7 mm, ovipositor sheath 4.3 mm.

Head.

Antenna with 35 segments, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.0 and 1.7 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 275); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL= 8:5:11; face shiny, largely smooth and punctulate; clypeus largely smooth and moderately convex; frons with obsolete medial ridge, with wide flattened triangular area in front of anterior ocellus, weakly depressed behind antennal sockets, smooth but sparsely punctulate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and smooth, but temple with sparse punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotum largely smooth, but with three carinae anteriorly, with some punctures dorso-posteriorly and posterior groove finely crenulate; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum indistinctly crenulate; mesoscutum spaced punctulate, medio-posteriorly lobes flattened posteriorly; notauli complete and narrowly crenulate, ending distinctly in front of scutellar sulcus; scutellar sulcus half as long as dorsal face of scutellum, shallow, curved and with 3 short carinae; scutellum shiny and smooth (except for some punctures), subposterior crest absent (Fig. 269) and medio-posterior depression narrow, small and smooth; mesopleuron comparatively robust (Fig. 268); precoxal sulcus narrow, rather deep, narrowly crenulate and anteriorly absent (Fig. 268); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus spaced punctulate; remainder of mesopleuron shiny and largely smooth, but distinctly punctate below scrobe; metapleuron moderately densely setose, dorsally rather coarsely punctate and ventrally rugose; dorsal face of propodeum elongate, moderately rugose, without median carina, and with a small incomplete areola posteriorly (Fig. 269); propodeal spiracle rather small and round.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell medium-sized and petiolate, petiolus 0.7 times vein r-m and sides of cell curved (Fig. 271); vein SR1 straight; vein 1-R1 distinctly shorter than vein 2-R1; vein r very short, r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:52; apical half of subbasal cell moderately setose. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.6 times as long as vein 1-M; surroundings of vein cu-a largely glabrous.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.8, 8.9 and 9 times their width, respectively; hind femur finely pimply or punctulate and with short setae (Fig. 272); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.2 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite subparallel-sided, with distinct dorsal carinae in its basal half, its length 2.5 times its apical width and rather coarsely longitudinally striate (Fig. 270); second tergite elongate and anteriorly slightly narrowed (Fig. 270), densely and moderately coarsely striate and with a distinct transverse groove; remainder of metasoma (including shallow second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 1.18 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Yellowish-brown; antenna blackish-brown; tegulae, middle coxa, base of middle femur and hind spurs brown; malar space, base of first tergite, basal half of second tergite, ventral half of metasoma and basal ring of hind tibia white; remainder of metasoma and of hind leg dark brown; mandible ivory; palpi, fore leg and remainder of middle leg brownish-yellow; veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline but slightly infuscate apically.

Distribution.

C Vietnam: Ha Tinh.

Therophilus elongator sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus elongator sp. n., female, holotype. 268 mesosoma lateral 269 mesosoma dorsal 270 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 271 wings 272 hind femur lateral 273 head anterior 274 head lateral 275 head dorsal.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “elongatus” (Latin for “prolonged”), because of the elongated first metasomal tergite.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953)comb. n.Figs 276–280Distribution.

NE Vietnam: Ha Giang, Hoa Binh, Vinh Phuc; NW Vietnam: Lao Cai; C Vietnam: Quang Tri and S Vietnam: Dong Nai. Outside Vietnam known from China (Jiangsu; Shandong; Shanghai; Taiwan; Zhejiang); India; Japan (including Okinawa); Korea; Nepal; Philippines (Mindoro); Russia (Far East). Introduced into U.S.A.

Biology.

Recorded as a parasitoid of Tortricidae, Pyralidae, Blastobasidae, Carposinidae, Noctuidae, Gelechiidae and Cossidae, but no reared material seen by us and such a wide host range seems most improbable.

Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck), female, Cat Tien National Park, including pale form (277). 276, 277 habitus lateral 278 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 279 head anterior 280 hind femur lateral.

Note.

One female from Cat Tien N.P. (Ficus trail, 9–30.iv.2007) is a pale form with the pronotum, the mesopleuron dorsally and the mesoscutum orange brown (Fig. 277); normally the mesosoma is completely black (Fig. 276). The basal cell of the fore wing is densely or sparsely setose.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977)comb. n.Figs 281–284Distribution.

N Vietnam: Bac Ninh, Ha Noi, C Vietnam: Quang Nam and S Vietnam: Lam Dong. Outside Vietnam known from Indonesia (Java) and Malaysia.

Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta), female, Quang Nam. 281 habitus lateral 282 propodeum and first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 283 hind femur lateral 284 head anterior.

Biology.

Parasitoid of Pyralidae.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus levisoma urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6ED66F41-7206-46DA-A155-366BF0BEA25D sp. n.Figs 285–293Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH) “NW Vietnam: Tonkin, Hoang Lien N.R., 15 km W Sa Pa, c 1900 m, 15–21.x.1999, Malaise traps, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’99”. Paratypes: 2 ♀ + 2 ♂, (RMNH, IEBR), same data as holotype.

Diagnosis.

The new species is similar to Therophilus sungkangensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n., but differs by having the propodeum with a strong transverse carina dividing propodeum in anterior and posterior areas and its posterior half steep (Therophilus sungkangensis: without transverse carina and posteriorly convex); precoxal sulcus narrow, largely crenulate (sungkangensis: rather wide and anterior 0.4 absent); notauli strongly crenulate (sungkangensis: weakly crenulate); the new species is also similar to Therophilus rugosiferus sp. n., but differs by having the apical half of the second tergite smooth (Therophilus rugosiferus: apical half striate; vein M+CU of the hind wing as long as vein 1-M (rugosiferus: 0.8 times) and the outer and inner spurs of the middle tibia subequal (rugosiferus: inner spur 1.7 times longer than outer spur). The new species is similar to Therophilus daanyuanensis (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from Fujian (China), because of the coarsely crenulate notauli and the absence of a medio-posterior groove of the mesoscutum. However, Therophilus daanyuanensis has the frons largely smooth (only punctulate), the tegulae, the mesopleuron and the metapleuron partly orange brown, the marginal cell of the fore wing comparatively narrow basally, the first tergite distinctly longitudinally striate, the second tergite striate and with a wide curved transverse depression, the fore coxa and trochanter and trochantellus brownish-yellow and the middle tibia completely ivory. Bassus canaliculatus Chen & Yang, 2006, from China, is superficially similar, but has a distinct medio-posterior groove of mesoscutum and finely crenulate notauli, head and mesosoma completely black, pronotum ventrally and fore coxa blackish; simple tarsal claws and depression of second tergite distinctly sinuate. Therophilus tonghuaensis (Chen & Yang, 2006) comb. n. from China belongs also here and differs from Bassus canaliculatus by having the fore coxa pale yellowish, vein r-m of the fore wing short, resulting in a minute second submarginal cell, hind femur brownish and less robust and the transverse depression of the second tergite is nearly straight.

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 4.1 mm, of fore wing 4.0 mm, ovipositor sheath 3.1 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 32, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.0, 4.0 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.5 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 2.7 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 293); ocelli in high triangle, POL:OD:OOL= 8:4:10; face distinctly punctate laterally, rugose-punctate medially; frons densely punctate; vertex and temple shiny with very sparse minute punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum largely smooth, ventrally punctate, dorsally with distinct punctures; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum shiny, sparsely punctate and setose; middle lobe of mesoscutum shiny and punctate; notauli narrow anteriorly, widened posteriorly, largely crenulate (Fig. 287); scutellar sulcus about as long as dorsal part of scutellum and with 4 carinae; scutellum largely smooth with very sparse fine punctures, subposteriorly with a transverse elevation (Fig. 287); precoxal sulcus short, narrow and largely crenulate; mesopleuron shiny with very sparse fine punctures, area near precoxal sulcus smooth; metapleuron densely setose, rugose-punctate; propodeum irregularly rugose and divided in two areas by a transverse carina (Fig. 287), apical half rather steep; propodeal spiracle small, as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small and petiolate (Fig. 289); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1=3:63. Hind wing: vein M+CU as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 5.4 and 9.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae; outer and inner spurs of middle tibia subequal and 0.5 times as long as middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 4 pegs; hind tibia compressed basally and distinctly widened apically; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 9 pegs; tarsal claws with lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite slightly depressed laterally, 1.3 times as long as its apical width (Fig. 288), shiny with some longitudinal striae, smooth apically; second tergite with V-shape transverse groove (Fig. 288); remainder of metasoma shiny and smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; fore leg brown (but coxa, trochanter, trochantellus and largely femur dark brown); basal ring of middle tibia and one third of middle basitarsus, two thirds of hind tibia (except small patch (Figs 285, 290), one third of hind basitarsus and spurs ivory; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane infuscate.

Variation.

Antennal segments of male 30 and of female 28–32; length of body of female 3.3–4.1 mm and of male 3.7 mm; length of fore wing of female 2.6–4.0 mm and of male 3.9 mm; face entirely punctate or partly rugose-punctate; apical antennal segment 1.2 times as long as penultimate segment; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs; fore leg yellow or largely dark brown and brown; frons smooth to punctate laterally.

Distribution.

NW Vietnam: Lao Cai.

Therophilus levisoma sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus levisoma sp. n., female, holotype. 286 mesosoma lateral 287 mesosoma dorsal 288 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 289 wings 290 hind femur lateral 291 head anterior 292 head lateral 293 head dorsal.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “levis” (Latin for “smooth”), and “soma” (Greek for “body”), because of the smooth body.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus lienhuachihensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989)comb. n.Figs 294–296Distribution.

NE Vietnam: Ha Giang, Vinh Phuc and NC Vietnam: Ha Tinh. Outside Vietnam known from China (Taiwan).

Therophilus lienhuachihensis (Chou & Sharkey), female, Thanh Son. 294 habitus lateral 295 head anterior 296 propodeum and first-third metasomal tergites dorsal.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus marshi (Bhat & Gupta, 1977)comb. n.Figs 297–300Distribution.

NE Vietnam: Ha Giang; NC Vietnam: Ha Tinh and S Vietnam: Dong Nai. Outside Vietnam known from East Malaysia (Sabah).

Therophilus marshi (Bhat & Gupta), female (but 299 of dark male), Cat Tien National Park. 297 habitus lateral 298, 299 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 300 head anterior.

Note.

The females have the humeral plate pale yellow and distinctly contrasting with the dark brown tegulum; males have the humeral plate partly dark brown and less contrasting.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus marucae urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:077EC951-CD21-4C5D-872B-AF622F50E878 sp. n.Figs 301–309Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), Aga. 309, “NE Vietnam: Ha Noi, Tu Liem, ex Maruca vitrata, [on black] bean, 27.v.2007, D.Th. Hoa”. Paratypes (2 ♀ + 8 ♂ + 1 unknown): 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (IEBR), Aga.131 and Aga.132, id., but 10–20.v.2003, D.Th. Dung; 1 ♂, (IEBR), Aga. 334, id., but 20.vii.2007, K.D. Long; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH), Aga. 102, Aga. 107, “S. Vietnam: Lam Dong, Duc Trong, 1000 m, [on] black bean, 28.vii.2002, K.D. Long; 1 ♂ + 1 unknown (IEBR, RMNH), Aga. 003 (missing apex of metasoma; ex Maruca vitrata) and Aga. 019, “NE Vietnam: Bac Ninh, Tien Son, [on] soybean, 25.v.1995, K.D. Long”; 1 ♂ (IEBR), Aga. 011 and 1 ♂ (RMNH), Aga. 027, id., but Minh Dao, on black bean, 1.vi.1995, K.D. Long; 2 ♂ (IEBR, RMNH), Aga. 245 and Aga. 245a, “N. Vietnam: Ha Noi, Soc Son, beans + peanut, 26.v.2004, K.D. Long”.

Diagnosis.

The new species is similar to Therophilus asper (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n., but differs by having the malar space 3.4 times as long as basal width of the mandible (Therophilus asper: 2.7 times); the first tergite with distinct dorsal carinae (asper: dorsal carinae indistinct); the precoxal sulcus punctate anteriorly (asper: absent anteriorly); the mesoscutum rugose-striate apically (asper: rugose); the outer side of the middle tibia with 2 rows of 2 pegs at apex (asper: with 7 pegs). The new species is close to Therophilus luzonicus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) comb. n., but differs by having mesoscutum densely rugose-punctate and rugose-striate apically (Therophilus luzonicus: sparsely punctate); the scutellar sulcus with 3 carinae (luzonicus: with 1 carina) and the scutellum rugose-punctate (luzonicus: sparsely punctate). The new species is also similar to Therophilus muesebecki (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) comb. n., but differs by having ; the transverse groove on the second tergite present (Therophilus muesebecki: absent); the scutellum dull and rugose-punctate (muesebecki: sparsely finely punctate) and the areola of the propodeum with 4 transverse carinae (Therophilus muesebecki: with 2 carinae).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 4.6 mm, of fore wing 3.6 mm, ovipositor sheath 3.1 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 37, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.5, 2.0 and 1.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment twice as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; malar space 3.4 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 308); POL:OD:OOL = 10:6:14; face with dense distinct punctures; frons, vertex and temple shiny and smooth.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; pronotum smooth with sparse fine punctures dorsally, crenulate posteriorly; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; lateral and middle lobes of mesoscutum densely rugose-punctate, rugose-striate apically; notauli deep and crenulate, fused with scutellar sulcus posteriorly forming a groove; scutellar sulcus 0.6 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 carinae; scutellum convex, slightly narrowed, rugose-punctate, subposterior crest sinuate (Fig. 303); precoxal sulcus wide, largely punctate anteriorly and crenulate posteriorly (Fig. 302); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with dense distinct punctures; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus shiny and smooth medially, sparsely finely punctate anteriorly, densely moderately punctate posteriorly; metapleuron setose, reticulate-rugose dorsally, ventrally with strong rugae; propodeum with large areola and costulae developed, area of areola with 4 transverse carinae (Fig. 303); propodeal spiracle large, 1.5 times as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small and petiolate (Fig. 305); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1 = 5:18. Hind wing: vein M+CU slightly longer vein 1-M (17:16).

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.4, 5.4 and 9.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae and coarsely punctate (Fig. 306); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 2 rows of 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; hind tibia with cluster of 7 pegs; tarsal claws with lobe.

Metasoma.

Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width (Fig. 304), with a short carina medially, dorsal carinae developed, intermingled with striae apically; first tergite shiny, strongly depressed and smooth basally, moderately striate apically; second tergite with transverse groove, shiny and smooth basally, weakly striate apically (Fig. 304), ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; antenna light brown (but scapus dark brown); tegulae dark brown; fore and middle legs pale yellow; fore and middle coxae brown; hind tibia and tarsus dark yellow; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation.

Antennal segments of both sexes 35–37; length of body of female 4.2–5.0 mm, and of male 4.3–4.6 mm, length of fore wing of female 3.6–4.2 mm, of male 3.7–4.2 mm, apical antennal segment 1.4–2.0 times as long as penultimate segment; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.9–1.1 times as long as vein 1-M; length of first tergite (both sexes) 1.0–1.1 times as long as its apical width; basal area of second tergite weakly rugose or smooth.

Distribution.

NE Vietnam: Bac Ninh, Ha Noi; CN Vietnam: Quang Binh and S Vietnam: Lam Dong.

Therophilus marucae sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus marucae sp. n., female, holotype. 302 mesosoma lateral 303 mesosoma dorsal 304 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 305 wings 306 hind femur lateral 307 head anterior 308 head dorsal 309 head lateral.

Biology.

According to the label data parasitoid of the pod bean borers Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) and Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) (Pyralidae) on soybean (Glycine max (Linnaeus)) and black bean (Dumasia villosa DC.), but no host remains are preserved.

Etymology.

Named after the generic name of one of its hosts: Maruca.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus mellisoma urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B7153BF0-476E-4C91-9F05-FF25DCFE22BA sp. n.Figs 310–319Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), Aga. 152, “NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh, Yen Thuy, orchard, MT, 20–30.x.2002, K.D. Long”. Paratypes (2 ♀): 1 ♀ (IEBR), Aga. 153, same data as holotype; 1 ♀ (RMNH), Aga. 294, “CN Vietnam: Nghe An, Con Cuong, Pu Mat N.P., 13.iv.2006, P.Th. Nhi”.

Diagnosis.

The new species is similar to Therophilus similis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) comb. n., but differs by having the malar space 3.3 times as long as basal width of the mandible (Therophilus similis: 2.3–2.6 times) and the mesoscutum rugose-punctate anteriorly, sparsely punctate posteriorly (similis: sparsely minutely punctate). The new species is also similar to Therophilus rudimentarius (Enderlein, 1920) comb. n., but differs by having the malar space 3.3 times as long as the basal width of the mandible (Therophilus rudimentarius: 2.2–2.6 times); the pronotum smooth (rudimentarius: minutely punctate and trough crenulate) and the first tergite 1.3 times as long as its apical width (rudimentarius: 1.6–1.7 times).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 4.1 mm, of fore wing 3.4 mm, of ovipositor sheath 1.9 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 31, length of third segment 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.8, 3.4 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; malar space 3.3 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; ocelli in high triangle (Fig. 307), POL:OD:OOL = 8:4:11; face distinctly finely punctate medially, slightly rugose-punctate medially; frons smooth; vertex and temple smooth with very sparse minute punctate.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum smooth, crenulate anteriorly; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum sparsely crenulate; mesoscutum rugose-punctate anteriorly, sparsely punctate posteriorly; middle lobe of mesoscutum with distinct longitudinal elevation medially; notauli complete, sparsely crenulate; scutellar sulcus 0.5 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 carinae; scutellum with sparse distinct punctures with rugose subposterior carina (Fig. 312); precoxal sulcus complete and crenulate (Fig. 311); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with distinct punctures; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus smooth, near precoxal sulcus punctate; metapleuron distinctly punctate, rugose ventrally; propodeum largely reticulate-rugose; propodeal spiracle medium-sized, 1.3 times as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell obsolescent and with long petiolus (Figs 314, 319); vein SR1 curved, r:3-SR+SR1 = 3:47. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.3, 5.4 and 8.6 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 315); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 4 pegs and 3 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.

Metasoma.

Length of first tergite 1.3 times its apical width (Fig. 313), its surface weakly striate, smooth apically; second tergite 0.5 times as long as its apical width and 0.8 times as long as third tergite medially (Fig. 313); remainder of metasoma smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.6 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Brownish-yellow; antenna, vein SC+C+R, pterostigma, 1-SR1, apex of hind tibia apically, hind tarsus and ovipositor sheath dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation.

Antenna with 31 segments; length of body 3.6–4.1 mm, length of fore wing 3.3–3.4 mm; vein M+CU of hind wing 0.8–0.9 times as long as vein 1-M; length of first tergite 1.3–1.5 times its apical width.

Distribution.

NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh and CN Vietnam: Nghe An.

Therophilus mellisoma sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus mellisoma sp. n., female, holotype. 311 mesosoma lateral 312 mesosoma dorsal 313 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 314 wings 315 hind femur lateral 316 head anterior 317 head dorsal 318 head lateral 319 detail second submarginal cell of fore wing.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “mellitus” (Latin for “pertaining to honey”), and “soma” (Greek for “body”), because of the honey coloured body.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus nigrolineatus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:66B5CD51-B754-4EDE-8FA9-016C6864EA30 sp. n.Figs 320–328Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “S. Vietnam: Dong Nai, Cat Tien N.P., Crocodile tr[ail], Mal. traps, c 100 m, 13–19.v.2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’07”. Paratypes (15 ♀ + 4 ♂): 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH, IEBR), same data as holotype; 7 ♀ (RMNH, IEBR), id., but 10–30.iv.2007, M.P. Quy & N.T. Manh; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id., but 9–26.iv.2007; 2 ♀ (RMNH, IEBR), id., but 9.iv-13.v.2007, M.P. Quy, N.T. Manh & C. v. Achterberg; 2 ♀ + 3 ♂, id., but bird trail, Malaise traps 30–35, 15–20.v.2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries. 2 ♀ (RMNH, IEBR), id., but Dong trail, 9–30.iv.2007, M.P. Quy & N.T. Manh, RMNH’07”.

Diagnosis.

The new species is close to Therophilus annulus (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n., from China (Taiwan) but differs by having the pronotum smooth (Therophilus annulus: sparsely minutely punctate along margins and trough with 3 carinae), the propodeum with a large areola-like median area with irregular transverse carinae (annulus: rugose and with 2 median carinae), the ovipositor sheath 0.6 times as long as the fore wing (annulus: 1.3 times) and the first tergite 2.2 times as long as wide apically (annulus: 1.5–1.6 times).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 5.5 mm, of fore wing 5.3 mm, ovipositor sheath 3.1 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 38, length of third segment 1.8 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 2.2 and 1.3 times their width, respectively; apical antennal segment 1.5 times as long as penultimate segment; length of maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 1.9 times as long as basal width of mandible; temple short, in dorsal view length of eye 3.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 325); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 10:6:13; face shiny, distinctly and finely punctate; frons with medial ridge, smooth; vertex and temple shiny, largely smooth, but sparsely punctulate.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; pronotum smooth with two carinae anteriorly and fine punctures dorsally; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; latelal and middle lobes of mesoscutum with close distinct punctures anteriorly, medio-posteriorly slightly convex and smooth; notauli complete crenulate, narrower anteriorly and wider posteriorly (Fig. 322); scutellar sulcus 0.7 times as long as dorsal part of scutellum and with 3 carinae; scutellum distinctly narrowed posteriorly, shiny with sparse fine punctures, subposterior crest short and curved (Fig. 322); precoxal sulcus deep, strongly crenulate (Fig. 321); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with dense distinct punctures; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus shiny and largely smooth, sparsely finely punctate posteriorly; metapleuron densely setose, rugose-punctate; propodeum with large areola-like area with irregular transverse carinae (Fig. 322); propodeal spiracle rather large, 1.7 times as long as wide

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small and petiolate (Fig. 320); vein SR1 sinuate; r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:33. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.7 times as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.6, 7.5 and 10.0 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 320); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite parallel-sided without dorsal carinae, its length 2.2 times its apical width (Fig. 323); first and second tergites coarsely striate; second tergite with transverse curved groove (Fig. 323); remainder of metasoma smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.6 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; antenna dark brown but paler apically; fore leg (but coxa brown), middle tibia and tarsus yellow; hind leg black or blackish-brown; wing membrane infuscate apically and subhyaline basally (Figs 320, 328); first and second tergites white laterally.

Variation.

Antennal segments of females 39–40, of male 36; vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M; scutellum rugose-punctate or sparsely punctate; outer side of middle tibia with row of 2–3 pegs; length of body 4.0–5.5 mm, of fore wing 3.9–5.3 mm.

Distribution.

S Vietnam: Dong Nai.

Therophilus nigrolineatus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus nigrolineatus sp. n., female, holotype. 321 mesosoma lateral 322 mesosoma dorsal 323 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 324 head lateral 325 head anterior 326 head dorsal 327 hind femur lateral 328 wings.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “nigro” (Latin for “black”), and “linea” (Latin for “line”), because of the black linear middle part of the first and second metasomal tergites.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus nuichuaensis urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:62D30014-5267-43BA-9E4C-4D5DAF86B4FD sp. n.Figs 329–337Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “Vietnam: Ninh Thuân, Núi Chúa N.P., dry south part, Mal. traps, 100–180 m, 22–29.v.2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’07”. Paratypes: 1 ♀ + 4 ♂ (IEBR, RMNH), same data.

Diagnosis.

Runs in the key by Chen & Yang (2006) to Therophilus tayulingensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) from China (Taiwan), but that species has only the apical fifth of the hind tibia dark brown, vein SR1 of the fore wing curved and resulting in a very narrow marginal cell anteriorly, vein cu-a of the fore wing oblique, the posterior ocelli comparatively large, larger than the anterior ocellus, the scutellar sulcus with three carinae, the first tergite costate and the second tergite distinctly transverse. It runs in Chou & Sharkey (1989) because of the nearly square second tergite to Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953), but that species has the scutellar sulcus with three carinae, the first tergite costate, the second tergite rather costate to nearly smooth, the median area of the second tergite weakly differentiated and the first tergite less robust, 1.6–1.9 times as long as wide apically.

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.2 mm, of fore wing 2.5 mm, ovipositor sheath 2.2 mm.

Head.

Antenna incomplete, with 21 segments remaining, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 3.0 and 2.4 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.6 times height of head; malar space 2.4 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.2 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 336); ocelli in moderately high triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 9:5:10; face moderately shiny and densely punctulate; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, punctulate; frons with sharp and distinct medial ridge, shallowly concave anteriorly, smooth and rather convex medially and moderately punctulate laterally; area in font of anterior ocellus short and with a short subparallel depression; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparsely punctulate.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; pronotum with distinct convex area antero-ventrally, with seven carinae or rugae antero-medially, finely densely punctate dorso-posteriorly and posterior groove distinctly crenulate, remainder mainly smooth; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum spaced punctulate, middle lobe with a pair of shallow longitudinal depressions, medio-posteriorly lobes slightly convex; notauli complete and narrowly crenulate; scutellar sulcus half as long as dorsal face of scutellum, moderately deep and with one carina; scutellum shiny, rather flattened and with sparse rather coarse punctures, subposterior crest obsolescent, but with a narrow crenulate transverse groove (Fig. 331), medio-posterior depression obsolescent; precoxal sulcus deep, moderately and narrowly crenulate, but anteriorly absent (Fig. 330); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus spaced punctulate and superficially coriaceous; remainder of mesopleuron spaced finely punctate and partly superficially coriaceous; metapleuron densely setose, spaced moderately punctate and ventrally rugose; propodeum coarsely rugose-reticulate, but smooth posteriorly (Fig. 331); propodeal spiracle small and round.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small and petiolate (Fig. 333); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:26; r-m about slightly longer than petiolus (Fig. 333); apical half of subbasal cell moderately setose; 2-R1 about as long as 1-R1 (Fig. 333). Hind wing: vein M+CU as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.6, 6.6 and 7.6 times their width, respectively; hind femur largely smooth, finely pimply and with short setae (Fig. 334); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.4 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite mainly superficially granulate intermingled with rugulae, parallel-sided without distinct dorsal carinae, its length 1.4 times its apical width (Fig. 332); second and third tergites smooth, second tergite slightly narrowed anteriorly and with an obsolescent curved transverse groove (Fig. 332); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.90 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; pedicellus brown and distinctly paler than scapus and flagellar segments mainly brown with dark medial band or largely dark brown; mandible, palpi, malar space ventrally, tegulae, basal 0.6 of hind tibia (but with an indistinct subbasal brown patch), largely hind trochanter and trochantellus, apex and base of first tergite narrowly, second tergite, third tergite laterally and ventral half of metasoma ivory or pale yellowish; pronotum antero-medially, fore leg (but coxa largely dark brown), middle leg (but coxa dark brown and tarsus brown), scutellum laterally, metanotum, remainder of metasoma, pterostigma and veins dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation.

Antennal segments of female 30, of male 29–32; vein M+CU 0.7–1.1 times as long as vein 1-M; outer side of middle tibia with row of 3–6 pegs; apex of first tergite narrowly (♀) or widely (♂) ivory; posterior half of second tergite dark brown (♀) or ivory (♂);length of body 3.2–3.9 mm, of fore wing 2.5–3.3 mm.

Distribution.

S Vietnam: Ninh Thuân.

Therophilus nuichuaensis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus nuichuaensis sp. n., female, holotype. 330 mesosoma lateral 331 mesosoma dorsal 332 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 333 wings 334 hind femur lateral 335 head anterior 336 head dorsal 337 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

Named after the type locality: Núi Chúa National Park.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus parasper urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E8CE7AB5-4FDB-4196-B216-BA959B8B2D6F sp. n.Figs 338–346Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N.W. Vietnam: Tonkin, Hoang Lien N.P., 10 km SW Sa Pa, c. 1550 m, 22–29.x.1999, Malaise traps, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’99”.

Diagnosis.

The new species is similar to Therophilus asper (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) comb. n., but differs by having the hind femur 5 times as long as wide (Therophilus asper: 4 times); the propodeum with a pentagonal areola (asper: without distinct areola); the first tergite 1.7 times as long as its apical width (asper: 1.3 times ) ; the second tergite striate (asper: almost completely smooth) ; the outer side of the middle tibia with 3 pegs (asper: with 7 pegs) and hind tibia with a yellowish basal ring (asper: without pale basal ring).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 6.6 mm, of fore wing 6.3 mm, of ovipositor sheath 5.0 mm.

Head.

Antennal segments 37, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.1, 3.0 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of apical antennal segment 1.2 times as long as penultimate segment; maxillary palp 0.8 times height of head; malar space 2.5 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.4 times temple; temples gradually narrowed (Fig. 345); POL:OD:OOL = 6:4:10; face distinctly punctate with short medial groove and rugose-punctate medially; frons coriaceous with fine faint rugae laterally; vertex and temple smooth with very sparse minute punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height; pronotum shiny smooth medially, crenulate anteriorly, pronotal trough rugose-punctate, dorsally with dense punctures; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum densely crenulate; mesoscutum rugose-punctate, slightly flat posterior with sparse punctures; notauli complete, crenulate; scutellar sulcus 0.6 times as long as dorsal part of scutellum and with one carinae; scutellum largely rugose-punctate with transverse subposterior crest (Fig. 340); precoxal sulcus crenulate, extending 0.9 of mesopleuron (Fig. 339); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with sparse fine punctures; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus shiny with very sparse minute punctures; metapleuron densely setose, rugose-punctate; propodeum with pentagonal areola basally with transverse rugae medio-apically; propodeal spiracle small, as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell medium-sized (Fig. 342); vein SR1 distinctly curved; r:3-SR+SR1 = 3:73. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 as long as vein 1-M (25:30).

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.0, 8.1 and 10.7 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 343); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 3 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite with short medial carina, slightly depressed laterally, its length 1.7 times its apical width (Fig. 341); first tergite sparsely striate medially, densely rugose-striate apically; second tergite with transverse groove, striate with medial striae convergent (Fig. 341); ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; palpi, fore legs, middle tibia and tarsus yellow; middle femur yellowish brown; hind tibia with a pale yellowish basal ring (Fig. 343); first-second tergites whitish ventrally; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane infuscate apically and subhyaline basally (Fig. 342).

Distribution.

NW Vietnam: Lao Cai.

Therophilus parasper sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus parasper sp. n., female, holotype. 339 mesosoma lateral 340 mesosoma dorsal 341 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 342 wings 343 hind femur lateral 344 head anterior 345 head dorsal 346 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “para” (Greek for “near”), and the specific name “asper”, because of its similarity to that species.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus planifrons urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AAFD7DFA-8057-4755-9790-6BC6F6E0FFCF sp. n.Figs 347–355Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “NW. Vietnam: Tonkin, Hoang Lien N.P., 15 km SW Sa Pa, c 1900 m, 15–21.x.1999, Malaise traps, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’99”.

Diagnosis.

Differs from other known species by the combination of the flattened frons, the less transverse head, the comparatively short ovipositor sheath (about 0.5 times fore wing), the lack of a triangular area in front of the anterior ocellus and the tegulum paler than the humeral plate.

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.4 mm, of fore wing 3.0 mm, ovipositor sheath 1.3 mm.

Head.

Antenna with 28 segments, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.7, 3.0 and 2.0 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.8 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 354); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 9:5:11; face shiny and distinctly punctulate; clypeus smooth medially, remainder finely punctate and rather weakly convex; frons flattened posteriorly, without a medial ridge or triangular area, but with a short groove medio-anteriorly, smooth medially and distinctly punctulate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse punctulation.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotum smooth, with distinct epomial and deep subpronope anteriorly, finely sparsely punctate dorso-posteriorly and posterior groove indistinctly crenulate ventrally; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum spaced punctulate but finely punctate near notauli, medio-posteriorly lobes flattened; notauli complete and narrowly crenulate anteriorly and becoming wider posteriorly, coalescent part rather widely crenulate; scutellar sulcus half as long as dorsal face of scutellum, shallow and with one short carina; scutellum shiny and with a few punctures, subposterior crest obsolescent but with distinctly crenulate groove and medio-posteriorly with semi-circular crenulate depression (Fig. 349); precoxal sulcus rather shallow, weakly and narrowly crenulate and anteriorly absent (Fig. 348); remainder of mesopleuron spaced punctulate; metapleuron rather densely setose, spaced finely punctate dorsally and antero-ventrally rugose; propodeum coarsely areolate dorsally and rather finely reticulate posteriorly, with a coarse transverse carina, a triangular areola and a short median carina dorsally, partly smooth anteriorly (Fig. 349); propodeal spiracle rather small, round.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell medium-sized and petiolate (Fig. 351); vein SR1 distinctly bent towards pterostigma and close to it (Fig. 351); pterostigma wide and vein r short, r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:21; r-m slightly longer than petiolus (Fig. 351); apical half of subbasal cell densely setose. Hind wing: vein M+CU as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 2.9, 6.1 and 7.4 times their width, respectively; hind femur shiny, largely smooth and with rather short setae (Fig. 352); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.35 and 0.45 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.35 and 0.50 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite widened posteriorly, largely smooth, with a few striae laterally, its basal half with weak dorsal carinae, its length 1.4 times its apical width (Fig. 350); second and following tergites (including second suture) smooth; second tergite somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 350); ovipositor sheath 0.42 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; antenna, humeral plate, fore coxa basally, fore and middle tarsi largely, middle coxa largely, hind femur, apical third of hind tibia, hind tarsus (except whitish basal third of basitarsus), metasoma apically and ventrally (but antero-ventrally largely pale yellowish), ovipositor sheath, veins and pterostigma dark brown; palpi and mandible pale yellowish; remainder of fore and middle legs, hind trochanter and trochantellus, subbasal patch of hind tibia and tegulum brownish-yellow; spurs and remainder of hind tibia whitish; wing membrane slightly infuscate (Fig. 351).

Distribution.

NW Vietnam: Lao Cai.

Therophilus planifrons sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus planifrons sp. n., female, holotype. 348 mesosoma lateral 349 mesosoma dorsal 350 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 351 wings 352 hind femur lateral 353 head anterior 354 head dorsal 355 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “planus” (Latin for “flat”), and “frons” (Latin for “fore part”), because of the flat frons.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus punctiscutum urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E1471131-90B7-485B-815A-A089593A9FB0 sp. n.Figs 356–364Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N. Vietnam: Hoa Binh, Pa Co Hang Kia N.R., 1321 m, 20°44'36N; 104°53'44E, 10–24.x.2009, Mal. tr. 8, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’09”.

Diagnosis.

Recognizable by its slender basal tergites of the metasoma and the slender mesosoma (including a slender mesopleuron), combined with a black head and mesosoma.

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 4.9 mm, of fore wing 3.7 mm, ovipositor sheath 4.6 mm.

Head.

Antenna with 32 segments, length of third segment 1.4 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.2, 3.0 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 2.2 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 3.8 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 363); ocelli in rather high triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:8; face rather shiny and distinctly rather densely and finely punctate; clypeus sparsely finely punctate and moderately convex; frons flat and finely punctate between antennal sockets and without a medial ridge, no triangular area posteriorly, but in front of anterior ocellus with a narrow groove, smooth medially and rather densely finely punctate laterally; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse punctulation.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotum smooth with three weak carinae and double distinct epomial anteriorly, subpronope rather shallow, finely densely punctate and densely setose dorso-posteriorly and posterior groove narrowly crenulate; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum moderately coarsely punctate, with distinct smooth interspaces, medio-posteriorly lobes slightly convex; notauli complete and narrowly crenulate; scutellar sulcus 0.4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum, moderately deep and with one carina; scutellum flat, shiny and with sparse rather coarse punctures, subposterior crest weakly protruding and in front shallowly crenulate (Fig. 358), medio-posteriorly rather steep in front of protruding medial area of pronotum; precoxal sulcus narrow, rather deep, largely smooth and anteriorly absent (Fig. 357); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus; remainder of mesopleuron shiny and spaced finely punctate, scrobe round and deep, isolated from pleural sulcus; metapleuron densely setose, rather dense but superficially punctate and ventrally rugose; propodeum rather coarsely densely vermiculate-reticulate (Fig. 358); propodeal spiracle medium-sized, 1.4 times as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell medium-sized and petiolate (Fig. 360); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:17; r-m about half as long as petiolus; apical half of subbasal cell largely sparsely setose. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 360); vein 2-CU distinct.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.3, 8.2 and 9.2 times their width, respectively; hind femur spaced finely punctate and with short setae (Fig. 361); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.35 and 0.50 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large obtuse lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite parallel-sided, rather irregularly and densely longitudinally striate and 2.5 times as long as its apical width, with rather weak dorsal carinae in basal 0.6 of tergite (Fig. 359); second tergite irregularly longitudinally rugulose-striate, but basal 0.4 with nearly round convexity superficially micro-sculptured; second tergite somewhat narrowed anteriorly and with obsolete curved transverse groove (Fig. 359); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 1.24 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; antenna, tegulae, fore and middle coxae, apical half of hind tibia and small subbasal patch, hind tarsus, metasoma apically and ventrally (but antero-ventrally largely ivory), ovipositor sheath, hind spurs, veins and pterostigma dark brown; malar space, palpi, mandible, fore trochanter, basal half of middle tibia (except brownish patch subbasally), middle spurs and middle basitarsus largely, remainder of hind tibia, basal third of second tergite and its lateral margin ivory or white; middle trochanter, base of middle femur, apical half of middle tibia and telotarsus brown; remainder of fore and middle legs brownish-yellow; and remainder of hind tibia whitish; wing membrane subhyaline.

Distribution.

NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh.

Therophilus punctiscutum sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus punctiscutum sp. n., female, holotype. 357 mesosoma lateral 358 mesosoma dorsal 359 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 360 wings 361 hind femur lateral 362 head anterior 363 head dorsal 364 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “punctum” (Latin for “small hole, spot”), and “scutum” (Latin for “shield”), because of the punctate mesoscutum.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus robustus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0BC020B8-F33D-4628-AA4C-223B735A76AB sp. n.Figs 365–373Type material.

Holotype, ♂ (RMNH), “N. Vietnam: Ha Noi, Gia Lam, soya bean field, ex O[miodes] indicata, 24.iii.1995, Ha”, “Aga 004”.

Diagnosis.

Recognizable by the unique feature of the mesoscutum protruding over the pronotum anteriorly; in addition the middle lobe of the mesoscutum is comparatively short and wide.

Description.

Holotype, ♂, length of body 5.1 mm, of fore wing 4.2 mm.

Head.

Antenna with 35 segments, length of third segment 1.5 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.4, 3.0 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.6 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view length of eye 4.8 times temple; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 373); ocelli in low triangle, POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:7; face flattened but medio-dorsally widely depressed, shiny and spaced finely punctate; clypeus largely smooth and weakly convex, only dorsally punctulate; frons with a short medial ridge, smooth medially and spaced coarsely punctate laterally, in front of anterior ocellus with a somewhat depressed large elongate triangular area and strongly depressed behind antennal sockets; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; pronotum smooth but coarsely crenulate antero-medially and posterior groove distinctly crenulate ventrally; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum finely crenulate; anteriorly mesoscutum porches over pronotum (Fig. 366); mesoscutum robust, very sparsely finely punctate, but rather densely on middle lobe, medio-posteriorly lobes convex and with deep crenulate groove in between; notauli complete and narrowly crenulate; scutellar sulcus 0.7 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum, rather deep and with 5 long carinae; scutellum shiny, weakly convex and with sparse punctulation, subposterior crest distinct and finely crenulate (Fig. 367), medio-posterior depression absent but steep posterior slope rugulose; precoxal sulcus rather deep, distinctly crenulate and anteriorly absent (Fig. 366); remainder of mesopleuron shiny and smooth; mesosternal sulcus largely smooth; metapleuron short setose, superficially punctate but ventrally rugose; propodeum very coarsely reticulate-rugose (Fig. 367); propodeal spiracle rather large (Fig. 367), 1.2 times as long as wide.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell rather small and petiolate (Fig. 369); vein SR1 straight; r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:13; r-m about half as long as petiolus; apical half of subbasal cell nearly completely glabrous. Hind wing: vein M+CU as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.5, 6.1 and 7 times their width, respectively; hind femur smooth (only slightly pimply) and with medium-sized setae (Fig. 370); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.5 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with row of 3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.35 and 0.55 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large lobe; hind coxa superficially granulate.

Metasoma.

First tergite somewhat widened apically, 1.4 times as long as its apical width, longitudinally costate, with dorsal carinae nearly complete but similar to surrounding sculpture (Fig. 368); second tergite rather costate, subparallel-sided, its basal 0.6 with a semicircular convexity and with a curved transverse groove (Fig. 368); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth.

Colour.

Black; pronotum (but ventrally yellowish), mesoscutum, scutellum (but laterally dark brown) and mesopleuron antero-dorsally orange brown, scapus, pedicellus, clypeus ventrally, tegulum, fore and middle legs, propleural flange, hind trochanter and trochantellus, spurs, hind tarsus (but somewhat infuscate) and narrowly apex of metasoma brownish-yellow; humeral plate yellow; remainder of antenna brown to rather dark brown; malar space, metanotum and pterostigma dark brown; palpi, mandible, basal 0.6 of hind tibia (and without dark patch), apex of first tergite, second tergite, third tergite narrowly antero-medially and basal half of metasoma ventrally white or ivory; veins largely brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Distribution.

N Vietnam: Ha Noi.

Therophilus robustus sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus robustus sp. n., male, holotype. 366 mesosoma lateral 367 mesosoma dorsal 368 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 369 wings 370 hind femur lateral 371 head anterior 372 head lateral 373 head dorsal.

Biology.

The holotype was reared from Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae) on soybean (Glycine max (Linnaeus)) according to the label data. It is the first record of a species of Agathidinae as parasitoid of this species.

Etymology.

From “robustus” (Latin for “strong”), because of the robust body.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus rugosiferus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5379C380-F549-4271-9C35-9C3771989C82 sp. n.Figs 374–382Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “NW. Vietnam: Tonkin, Hoang Lien N.P., 10 km SW Sa Pa, c 1550 m, 22–29.x.1999, Malaise traps, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’99”. Paratype: 1 ♂ + 1 ♀ (IEBR, RMNH), “NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh, Mai Chau, Pa Co N.P., 1100 m, 21.iv.2001, K.D. Long”.

Diagnosis.

Easily recognizable because of the large reticulate-rugose area on the mesoscutum subapically. The new species is similar to the Palaearctic Therophilus cingulipes (Nees, 1812) comb. n. (described as Bassus nantouensis Chou & Sharkey, 1989, from China and synonymized by Sharkey, 1996), but differs by having the pronotal trough rugose (Therophilus cingulipes: weakly crenulate), the notauli widened posteriorly (cingulipes: narrow posteriorly) and the propodeum with a transverse carina dividing the propodeum into two areas (cingulipes: without a distinct transverse carina).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.8 mm, of fore wing 3.2 mm.

Head.

Antenna broken, length of third segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.5, 3.5 times their width, respectively; maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 3.6 times as long as basal width of mandible; in dorsal view, length of eye 7.0 times temple; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly; ocelli in high triangle (Fig. 381), POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:11; face densely setose with dense distinct punctures; frons with distinct fine punctures; vertex and temple shiny with sparse fine punctures; area near lateral ocelli densely punctate.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum setose and rugose-punctate ventrally and dorsally, smooth medially; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate; mesoscutum shiny almost coriaceous with very sparse minute punctures anteriorly, slightly flat and smooth posteriorly; notauli complete, crenulate and widened posteriorly, forming a large reticulate-rugose area (Fig. 376); scutellar sulcus 0.4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 6 carinae; scutellum convex, shiny with very sparse minute punctures, subposterior crest curved (Fig. 376); precoxal sulcus narrow, short and crenulate (Fig. 375); mesopleuron shiny with sparse fine punctures; metapleuron densely setose with distinct punctures anteriorly, rugose posteriorly; propodeum areolate-rugose, with a transverse carina dividing the propodeum into two areas (Fig. 376); propodeal spiracle small, as long as wide

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell small and petiolate (Fig. 378); vein SR1 curved; r:3-SR+SR1 = 3:42. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Hind femur robust; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 2.6, 5.0 and 9.5 times their width, respectively; hind femur (as remainder of legs) with short setae (Fig. 379); length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with 2 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 13 pegs; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.4 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with lobe.

Metasoma.

Length of first metasomal tergite 1.4 times its apical width (Fig. 377); first tergite with dense longitudinal striae; second tergite with striate transverse groove, large basal area of second tergite smooth, apical half striate medially and smooth laterally (Fig. 377); remainder of metasoma shiny smooth; length of ovipositor 1.1 times fore wing, its sheath missing.

Colour.

Black; clypeus, mouthparts, fore legs (but reddish yellow trochantellus and basal half of tibia); middle legs light brown or infuscate (but yellow femur apically, tibia and hind basitarsus basally); hind spurs, basal two thirds of hind tibia and basal half of hind basitarsus yellowish; pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Variation.

Antenna with 33 segments (female); vein M+CU of hind wing 0.8–0.9 times as long as vein 1-M; POL:OD:OOL = 6:5:8 (male); outer side of middle tibia with 2–3 pegs and 2 pegs at apex; length of body 3.8–4.2 mm, of fore wing 3.0–3.5 mm.

Distribution.

NW Vietnam: Lao Cai and NE Vietnam: Hoa Binh.

Therophilus rugosiferus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus rugosiferus sp. n., female, holotype. 375 mesosoma lateral 376 mesosoma dorsal 377 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 378 fore wing 379 hind femur lateral 380 head anterior 381 head dorsal 382 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “rugosus” (Latin for “wrinkled”), and “fero” (Latin for “carry”), because of the rugose part of the mesoscutum.

van AchterbergCornelisLongKhuat DangRevision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new generaZookeys0992010201054118410.3897/zookeys.54.475 Therophilus scutellatus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4FF9F64E-6E9D-436C-807B-F68E2E77B1B6 sp. n.Figs 383–391Type material.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N. Vietnam: Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong N.P., n[ea]r centre, c. 225 m, 20.xii.1999–10.ii.2000, Mai Phu Quy, RMNH’00”.

Diagnosis.

Closely related to Therophilus nigrolineatus sp. n. from South Vietnam, from which it differs mainly by the shape and sculpture of the scutellum (angulate anteriorly and coarsely punctate; Therophilus nigrolineatus: rounded anteriorly and sparsely punctate) and the colour of the hind tibia (black subbasally; Therophilus nigrolineatus: dark brown subbasally).

Description.

Holotype, ♀, length of body 5.8 mm, of fore wing 5.5 mm, ovipositor sheath 4.0 mm.

Head.

Antenna with 38 segments, length of third segment 1.3 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.2 and 1.5 times their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.7 times height of head; malar space 1.4 times as long as basal width of mandible, rectangularly protruding backwards; in dorsal view length of eye 4.8 times temple; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly; ocelli in rather high triangle (Fig. 390), POL:OD:OOL = 5:5:8; face shiny and rather densely finely punctate; clypeus spaced finally punctate and weakly convex; frons with sharp medial ridge anteriorly and with medium-sized triangular depression in front of anterior ocellus, smooth medially and spaced punctate laterally, behind antennal sockets distinctly depressed; vertex and temple shiny and largely smooth, with sparse fine punctures.

Mesosoma.

Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height; pronotum smooth, with long epomial carina and behind it some striae and a long sinuate oblique carina, with large and deep subpronope, finely densely punctate dorso-posteriorly and ventral half of posterior groove distinctly crenulate, remainder largely smooth and narrow; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum finely crenulate; mesoscutum densely and rather coarsely punctate, but sparsely medio-posteriorly, medio-posteriorly lobes slightly convex, with some weak striae near elongate depression at end of notauli; notauli complete and moderately crenulate anteriorly and more widely so posteriorly; scutellar sulcus 0.6 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum, shallow and with 1 long and 4 short carinae; scutellum angulate anteriorly and with several coarse punctures, shiny, subposterior crest obsolescent and finely crenulate in front of it (Fig. 385) and behind it a strongly shiny, flat, oblique and largely smooth area, without medio-posterior depression; area behind prepectal carina and pleural sulcus coarsely crenulate; precoxal sulcus rather deep, distinctly but narrowly crenulate and anteriorly absent (Fig. 384); mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus spaced finely punctate (ventrally becoming denser); remainder of mesopleuron shiny and largely smooth, but rather coarsely spaced punctate anteriorly and below scrobe; metapleuron densely setose, spaced coarsely punctate (interspaces about equal to diameter of punctures) and ventrally vermiculate-rugose; propodeum coarsely reticulate, with irregular median crest anteriorly (Fig. 385); propodeal spiracle rather large, nearly round.

Wings.

Fore wing: second submarginal cell rather small and petiolate, petiolus widened (Fig. 387); vein SR1 nearly straight; r:3-SR+SR1 = 1:17; r-m about 1.5 times as long as petiolus; apical half of subbasal cell glabrous but apical fifth sparsely setose. Hind wing: vein M+CU 0.8 times as long as vein 1-M.

Legs.

Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.4, 7.8 and 11.4 times their width, respectively; hind femur densely and rather coarsely punctate but with narrow smooth interspaces and with rather short setae; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0.4 and 0.7 times middle basitarsus, respectively; outer side of middle tibia with a row of 2 pegs and 1 peg at apex; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0.3 and 0.5 times hind basitarsus, respectively; tarsal claws with large obtuse lobe.

Metasoma.

First tergite longitudinally costate, distinctly narrowed behind spiracles without distinct dorsal carinae, its length 2.8 times its apical width (Fig. 386); second tergite distinctly narrowed anteriorly, antero-laterally distinctly depressed and remainder longitudinally costate (but somewhat curved anteriorly), without curved transverse groove (Fig. 386); remainder of metasoma (including second suture) smooth; ovipositor sheath 0.73 times as long as fore wing.

Colour.

Black; antenna blackish-brown; mesoscutum slightly chestnut-brown posteriorly; palpi, mandible apically (remainder rather dark brown), first and second tergites laterally, third tergite antero-laterally, middle spurs and basal half of metasoma ventrally white or ivory; fore leg (but coxa, trochanter, trochantellus, femur largely) and middle tarsus pale yellow; tegulae, middle trochanter, trochantellus and femur, apical half of metasoma ventrally, ovipositor sheath, veins and pterostigma dark brown; hind leg entirely black or blackish-brown, spurs brown; wing membrane rather infuscate (Fig. 387).

Distribution.

N Vietnam: Ninh Binh.

Therophilus scutellatus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Therophilus scutellatus sp. n., female, holotype. 384 mesosoma lateral 385 mesosoma dorsal 386 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 387 wings 388 hind femur lateral 389 head anterior 390 head dorsal 391 head lateral.

Biology.

Unknown.

Etymology.

From “scutellum” (Latin for “small shield”), because of the angulate and punctate scutellum.

Lytopylus romani (Shestakov), female, Hoang Lien National Park, but 217 and 219 of pale form from Pa Co Hang Kia National Park. 214 habitus lateral 215, 217 mesosoma dorsal 216219 first-third metasomal tergites dorsal 218 head anterior.