Supplementary material for Wilf et al. (May 15, 2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.111069498
Table 4.
Insect damage types, revised from ref. 8 with five additions, as indicatedDamage type no. | Description |
External feeding | |
25 | Constant width, elongate, and branching |
26 | Free feeding |
27 | Linear, >2 mm in length, (sub)parallel to primary vein* |
29 | Window feeding, generalized |
30 | Window feeding, polylobate* |
31 | Window feeding, with reaction rim, round to subround* |
Hole feeding | |
1 | Small, (<1 mm maximum diameter) (formerly "small, ovoidal or circular")† |
2 | Medium (1 to 5 mm maximum diameter) (formerly "generalized, unpatterned" and 1-5 mm range of "elliptical")† |
3 | Medium (1 to 5 mm maximum diameter), polylobate (formerly "small, polylobate") (Fig. 5 b and d)† |
4 | Large, (>5 mm maximum diameter) (formerly "large, ovoidal or circular" and >5 mm range of "elliptical")† |
5 | Large, (>5 mm maximum diameter), polylobate |
6 | Bud feeding |
7 | Curvilinear |
8 | Elongated slot (length > 2.5 ´ width) |
9 | Polymorphic, generally ellipses >2 mm maximum diameter |
10 | Ring |
11 | Thick rim of necrotic tissue |
Margin feeding | |
12 | Generalized, usually cuspate |
13 | Of leaf apex |
14 | To primary vein |
15 | Trenched or otherwise deeply incised (Fig. 5a) |
Skeletonization | |
16 | General, reaction rim weakly developed |
17 | General, reaction rim well developed (Fig. 5a) |
19 | Broad, with rectangular pattern |
20 | Curvilinear |
22 | Linear (formerly "linear pattern") |
23 | Multiple, subparallel, curvilinear tracks |
24 | Ovoidal, adjacent to midvein |
Mining | |
35 | Blotch, with a central chamber |
36 | Blotch, large (>2 cm diameter), no central chamber (Fig. 5d) |
37 | Blotch, with serpentine frass trail (Fig. 5b)* |
38 | Circular, with case |
41 | Serpentine A; length long, undulatory, frass particulate |
42 | Serpentine B; length medium, width rapidly increasing, margin irregular |
43 | Serpentine C; length short, frass trail solid |
44 | Serpentine D; length long, frass tightly sinusoidal, confined to median 1/4 of mine or less |
Galling | |
32 | On blade, other than primary or secondary veins (Fig. 5d) |
33 | On primary vein(s) only |
34 | On secondary vein(s) only |
55 | On petiole (Fig. 5c)* |
Piercing and sucking | |
46 | Scale or puncture (<2 mm diameter), with circular depression |
Damage type numbers are not sequential in order to retain consistency with another study (1).
*Damage type not reported in ref. 2. That paper included damage types both from quantitative (field censusing of dicots) and from qualitative collecting (on all host plants), whereas the present report uses quantitative data from dicots only. Therefore, four damage types from ref. 2 are not included here. Damage type 55 only occurred on an unidentified leaf and so is excluded from all analyses except for the comparison of absolute numbers of gall types (Table 1, first row only).
†
Substantive revision of damage type and/or description given in ref. 2. The earlier description is provided in quotations. Other descriptions are the same as in ref. 2 or are only slightly revised here.1. Labandeira, C. C., Johnson, K. R. & Lang, P. (2001) in The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Record of the End of the Cretaceous, eds. Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J., in press.
2. Wilf, P. & Labandeira, C. C. (1999) Science 284, 2153-2156.