Simulated annealing reveals the kinetic activity of SGLT1, a member of the LeuT structural family

Video 1.
The video depicts the co-transport mechanism of SGLT1 in the presence of 0.5 mM αMG
90 mM [Na⁺]_o, and a membrane potential of −50 mV. The cartoon represents a true simulation of 210 ms made with the seven-state model and the parameters given in Table 1. Each transition from one state to the other is depicted as a continuous displacement arbitrarily set to last 2 ms, which is the resolution limit of our experimental results. The steps corresponding to intracellular Na⁺ and glucose release are depicted with a hatched co-transporter contour to signify that they have been lumped in a single step in this zero-trans model.