LiXi-Yingvan AchterbergCornelisTanJi-CaiRevision of the subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Hunan (China), including thirty-six new species and two new generaZookeys13220132013268118610.3897/zookeys.268.4071 Opiinae Blanchard, 1845Opiites Blanchard, 1845: 157.Opioidae Foerster, 1862: 258.Baeocentrini Fahringer, 1928: 8.Ademonini Fischer, 1964: 207.Biosterina Fischer, 1970: 85.Coleopiina Fischer, 1970: 85.Pokomandyina Fischer, 1970: 87.Desmiostomatini Fischer, 1972b: 59.Bitomina Fischer, 1982: 29 (unavailable name).Diagnosis.

Prepectal carina absent (but partly developed in Ademon); posterior flange of propleuron present; maxillary palp with 6 segments and labial palp with 4 segments; hypoclypeal depression present or absent, if present then shallow, medio-ventral rim of clypeus near level of upper condyli of mandible; ventral part of clypeus not part of the hypoclypeal depression; labrum flat or weakly concave and glabrous, rarely distinctly concave; occipital carina usually present laterally, but nearly always widely interrupted medio-dorsally; notauli often largely absent on mesoscutal disc, often with a medio-posterior depression (or “mid-pit”, but sometimes groove-like); pronope absent to very large, round or slit-like; vein M+CU1 of fore wing largely unsclerotized (only pigmented and not tubular); if completely tubular and fully sclerotized then laterope of first metasomal tergite distinct; fore tibia without row of pegs or spines, but sometimes bristly setose; dorsope of first metasomal tergite absent or present; first tergite with or without convex lateral parts and movably connected to second tergite; second tergite without transverse elevated area and usually with pair of oblique depressions basally and similarly or more strongly sclerotized than its epipleuron; ovipositor usually short (hardly or not protruding beyond apex of metasoma) in parasitoids of mining larvae and well protruding in parasitoids of larvae in fruits.

Biology.

Koinobiont endoparasitoids of Diptera-Cyclorrhapha: Agromyzidae (including Phytobia species in woody branches), Anthomyiidae (Pegomya species), Drosophilidae, Psilidae (Chyliza species in galls), Lonchaeidae, Ephydridae (Hydrellia species in waterplants), Scathophagidae (Chylizosoma and Cleigastra species) and Tephritidae. Some species are used for biocontrol, e.g. Psyttalia and Utetes species against Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann and Opius pallipes Wesmael against leaf miners in greenhouses, but several others have a high potential for biocontrol.

Distribution.

Cosmopolitan; frequently collected.

Key to genera and species of the subfamily <tp:taxon-name>Opiinae</tp:taxon-name> from Hunan
1Marginal cell of fore wing open apically (Fig. 96); veins m-cu and r-m of fore wing absent (Fig. 96); occipital carina largely absent (Fig. 97); genus Indiopius Fischer, 1966Indiopius chenae sp. n.
–Marginal cell of fore wing closed apically (Figs 14, 146, 364); veins m-cu and r-m of fore wing present (Figs 14, 146); occipital carina present laterally, at least behind lower half of eyes (Figs 20, 147, 149)2
2Second metasomal tergite distinctly (1.3–2.1 times) longer than third tergite and bordered posteriorly by a crenulate second metasomal suture (Fig. 421); third tergite with sharp lateral crease (Fig. 417); genus OrientopiusFischer, 1966Orientopius punctatus van Achterberg & Li, 2012
–Second tergite about as long as third tergite (Figs 16, 32, 76) and if longer then without a crenulate second metasomal suture posteriorly (cf. Fig. 76); third tergite without sharp lateral crease (Figs 73, 105)3
3Inner side of hind tibia with a more or less oblique fine carinula baso-laterally (Figs 39, 47, 59, 123, 378); propodeum often with medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly (Figs 35, 44, 55, 56, 383); [vein 3-SR of fore wing slightly curved; malar suture absent; pronotum short and vertical; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent or small; precoxal sulcus narrowly crenulate; clypeus obtuse ventrally]4
–Inner side of hind tibia without a carinula baso-laterally (Figs 186, 190); propodeum usually without medio-longitudinal carina (Figs 16, 199, 249)9
4Clypeus obtuse and slightly concave ventrally (Figs 38, 48, 58); posterior face of propodeum with areolation (Figs 44, 56); vein m-cu of fore wing slightly postfurcal (Figs 33, 43, 53); [pronope round or obsolescent, if slit-shaped then indistinctly developed; precoxal sulcus narrowly crenulate; epicnemial area smooth; medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum medium-sized]; Areotetes gen. n.5
–Clypeus thin and protruding or truncate ventrally (Figs 111, 122, 379); posterior face of propodeum without distinct areolation (Figs 108, 118, 377); vein m-cu of fore wing usually distinctly postfurcal (Figs 106, 116), sometimes nearly interstitial (Fig. 375)7
5Mesoscutum with a small medio-posterior depression (Figs 34, 55); second metasomal tergite distinctly costate striate medially (Figs 35, 56); apical third of antenna of female partly pale yellowish (Figs 36, 61); face yellowish-brown or pale yellowish (Figs 38, 58)6
–Medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 44); second tergite smooth (Fig. 45); antenna of female subapically (Fig. 46) and face dark brown or blackish (Fig. 48); [first metasomal tergite at least partly smooth and shiny (Fig. 45)]Areotetes carinuliferus sp. n.
6Vein 3-SR of fore wing about 2.5 times as long as vein 2-SR and weakly curved (Fig. 53); head dorsally (except orbita) dark brown; apical third of antenna of male dark brown; pterostigma comparatively narrow and longer (Fig. 53); [apical antennal segments of female brown (Fig. 61)]Areotetes striatiferus sp. n.
–Vein 3-SR of fore wing about 1.7 times as long as vein 2-SR and nearly straight (Fig. 33); head dorsally (except stemmaticum and its surroundings) yellow; apical third of antenna of male pale yellowish (Fig. 36); pterostigma comparatively wide and short (Fig. 33)Areotetes albiferus sp. n.
7Mandible abruptly narrowed submedially and more or less widened basally (Figs 112, 124); pronope round (Fig. 121) or slit-shaped (Fig. 107); precoxal sulcus narrowly crenulate (Fig. 105); epicnemial area smooth (Fig. 105); [carinula of hind tibia sinuate (Figs 113, 123); genus Opiognathus Fischer, 19728
–Mandible triangular, gradually narrowed apically (Figs 379, 380); pronope slit-shaped and deep (Fig. 381); precoxal sulcus widely crenulate; epicnemial area more or less crenulate; genus Utetes Foerster, 1862 sensu stricto; [vein m-cu of fore wing subinterstitial (Fig. 375); medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum complete (Fig. 377); ventral margin of clypeus truncate (Fig. 379); wing membrane subhyaline] ; genus Utetes Foerster, 1862Utetes longicarinatus sp. n.
8Mandible gradually widened basally (Fig. 112); hypoclypeal depression present (Fig. 111); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum deep (Fig. 107); first metasomal tergite sculptured and less shiny (Fig. 108); propodeum coarsely reticulate and without smooth areas (Fig. 108)Opiognathus aulaciferus sp. n.
–Mandible abruptly widened basally (Figs 122, 124); hypoclypeal depression absent (Fig. 122); medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 117); first tergite largely smooth and shiny (Fig. 118); propodeum large smooth (Fig. 118)Opiognathus brevibasalis sp. n.
9Vein 3-SR of fore wing shorter than vein 2-SR (Figs 85, 86); if up to 1.3 times longer than vein 2-SR then dorsope present (cf. Fig. 88); vein m-cu of hind wing present at least as a distinctly pigmented trace (Fig. 86); length of fore wing usually more than 3 mm10
–Vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR (Figs 14, 64, 146); if 1.3-1.4 times longer (Figs 296, 326) then dorsope absent (Figs 298, 328); vein m-cu of hind wing usually largely or completely absent (Figs 64, 74, 248, 326); length of fore wing usually less than 3 mm12
10Propleuron with short subapical oblique carina (Fig. 94); medio-ventrally postpectal carina coarsely developed (Fig. 94); frons coarsely sculptured (Fig. 92); [mandible normal basally (Fig. 93)]; genus Fopius Wharton, 1987Fopius dorsopiferus sp. n.
–Propleuron without a short subapical oblique carina; medio-ventrally postpectal carina absent; frons smooth11
11Dorsope present; second metasomal tergite smooth; mandible somewhat widened basally in addition to a short ventral carina; [vein 3-SR of fore wing 2.0-2.7 times as long as vein r; apical half of scutellum finely densely rugulose (but more smooth in male from Hunan); hind coxa yellowish basally]; genus Biosteres Foerster, 1862Biosteres pavititus Chen & Weng, 2005
–Dorsope absent; second tergite striate; mandible normal basally; genus Diachasmimorpha Viereck, 1913Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905)
12Dorsope present (Fig. 389)13
–Dorsope absent (Figs 16, 66, 129, 250, 267, 289)15
13Hypoclypeal depression present, large (Fig. 388) and medially ventral margin of clypeus (just) above upper level of condyli of mandibles (“subcyclostome condition”; Fig. 390); mandible normal ventrally (Fig. 390); notauli complete or nearly so (Fig. 386); genus Xynobius Foerster, 186214
–Hypoclypeal depression absent or narrow, and medially ventral margin of cly-peus near upper level of condyli of mandibles (“mouth closed”); mandible widened ventro-basally; notauli largely absent or only posteriorly absent; [apical third of antenna of female dark brown or blackish; second tergite smooth]; genus Opiostomus Fischer, 1971Opiostomus aureliae (Fischer, 1957) comb. n.
14Notauli completely crenulate and comparatively wide (Fig. 386); wing membrane without dark patch (Fig. 385); middle lobe of mesoscutum moderately setose (Fig. 386); apical half of antenna of female with 3-8 pale yellowish segments (Fig. 387); second metasomal tergite longitudinally costate-striate (Fig. 389)Xynobius notauliferus sp. n.
–Notauli smooth and narrow; wing membrane with conspicuous dark patch; middle lobe of mesoscutum densely setose; apical third of antenna of female dark brown; second tergite smooth; [scutellum strongly convex]Xynobius maculipennis (Enderlein, 1912) comb. n.
15Propodeum with a transverse carina subbasally (Figs 65, 66, 76) and precoxal sulcus wide and crenulate (Fig. 73); second and third metasomal tergites enlarged, longer than following segments (Figs 63, 73); lateral margin of meso-scutum crenulate (Figs 63, 65, 73, 75, 83); scutellar sulcus wide and coarsely crenulate (Figs 65, 75, 83)16
–Propodeum without a transverse carina subbasally (Figs 16, 129, 217), ifpresent (Figs 328, 336, 354) then precoxal sulcus narrow and smooth or nearly so (Figs 334, 351); second and third tergites normal, about as long as following segments or shorter (Figs 13, 157, 167, 318, 403); lateral margin of mesoscutum smooth or nearly so (Figs 15, 128, 217, 227, 366); scutellar sulcus variable, usually medium-sized or narrow (Figs 24, 128)18
16Clypeus triangularly protruding ventrally; labrum concealed; frons, vertex and mesoscutum distinctly punctate; [genus not yet found in Hunan, but Bitomus cheleutos (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n. occurs in Fujian]genus Bitomus Szépligeti, 1910
–Clypeus truncate ventrally (Figs 68, 78); labrum more or less exposed (Fig. 78); frons, vertex and mesoscutum largely smooth (Figs 63, 65); genus Coleopioides gen. n.17
17Notauli largely absent on mesoscutal disc and notaulic area smooth (Figs 66, 83); postpectal carina present (Fig. 82); second metasomal tergite granulate (Fig. 76); propleuron rugulose subposteriorly; first discal cell of fore wing comparatively transverse (Fig. 74); tegulae dark brown; antenna of female with 24–26 segments; occipital carina coarsely crenulate (Fig. 84)Coleopioides postpectalis sp. n.
–Notauli nearly complete, narrow and finely crenulate (Fig. 65); postpectal carina absent; second tergite smooth (Fig. 66); propleuron smooth subposteriorly (Fig. 63); first discal cell of fore wing less transverse (Fig. 64); tegulae pale yellowish; antenna of female with 19 segments; occipital carina finely crenulate (Fig. 69)Coleopioides diversinotum sp. n.
18Occipital carina above mandibular base curved towards and meeting (just) hypostomal carina (Figs 20, 29); vein m-cu of fore wing subinterstitial (Figs 14, 23); genus Apodesmia Foerster, 186219
–Occipital carina not or slightly curved ventrally and remain removed from hypostomal carina (Figs 132, 173, 203, 243, 292, 410); position of vein m-cu of fore wing variable, but rather frequently distinctly postfurcal (Figs 137, 146, 183, 248, 276, 287, 315, 325, 352, 364)20
19Medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum present (Fig. 24); vein m-cu of fore wing slightly antefurcal (Fig. 23); clypeus yellowish-brown ventrally (Fig. 27); mesosoma robust (Fig. 22); vein SR1 of fore wing evenly curved (Fig. 23)Apodesmia melliclypealis sp. n.
–Medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Fig. 15); vein m-cu of fore wing slightly postfurcal (Fig. 14); clypeus dark brown ventrally (Fig. 18); mesosoma slender (Fig. 13); vein SR1 of fore wing sinuate (Fig. 14)Apodesmia bruniclypealis sp. n.
20Apical half of mandible comparatively narrow and resulting in small teeth, mandible abruptly widened baso-ventrally (Figs 153, 155, 163, 172, 183, 193) and more or less tooth-like protruding basally and not only widened by a protruding carina; malar suture deep (Figs 182, 193); [medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent; mesoscutum strongly shiny (Fig. 188)]; genus Opius Wesmael, 1835 sensu stricto21
–Apical half of mandible comparatively wide and resulting in comparatively robust teeth, basally mandible not or gradually widened, at most with a carina ventrally (Figs 203, 221, 234, 253, 340, 370), without tooth-like protuberance and basally symmetrical or nearly so; if gradually widened ventro-basally (Figs 203, 212, 282) then malar suture reduced (Figs 203, 212, 282)27
21Hind femur robust (Fig. 161); third antennal segment of female about 3.4 times as long as wide (Fig. 165); area between malar suture and clypeus with some distinct punctures (Fig. 163)Opius pachymerus sp. n.
–Hind femur comparatively slender (Figs 130, 136, 140, 150, 171, 181, 190); third antennal segment of female 3.7–4.5 times as long as wide (Figs 134, 143, 145, 175, 191); area between malar suture and clypeus without distinct punctures or with irregular depressions (Figs 132, 142, 153, 193)22
22Basal cell of hind wing and second submarginal cell of fore wing comparatively wide (Fig. 137); malar suture short (Fig. 142); clypeus wide and ventral margin acute (Figs 141, 142); hypoclypeal depression deep (Fig. 141)Opius malarator sp. n.
–Basal cell of hind wing and second submarginal cell of fore wing comparatively narrow (Figs 127, 146, 178); malar suture longer (Figs 132, 173, 193) and sometimes partly absent or obsolescent; clypeus medium-sized (Figs 131, 192) and its ventral margin variable; hypoclypeal depression comparatively shallow (Figs 151, 182, 192)23
23Setose part of ovipositor sheath about 0.16 times as long as fore wing, half as long as hind tibia and 1.5 times as long as first tergite (Figs 186, 195); first tergite comparatively slender (Fig. 189)Opius zengi sp. n.
–Setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.05-0.06 times as long as fore wing, 0.2–0.3 times as long as hind tibia and about half as long as hind tibia and about half as long as first tergite (Figs 126, 133, 154, 167); first tergite comparatively robust (Figs 129, 148, 170, 180)24
24.Pronope deep and medium-sized (Fig. 176); pronotum yellowish-brown (Fig. 167); propodeum steep posteriorly (Fig. 167)Opius songi sp. n.
–Pronope absent or obsolescent (Figs 135, 152, 184); pronotum black, dark or chestnut brown (Figs 126, 145, 177); propodeum gradually lowered posteriorly (Figs 129, 145, 149, 177)25
25Clypeus flattened, comparatively large (Fig. 182) and its ventral margin slightly curved; first metasomal tergite yellowish as second tergite (Fig. 180)Opius youi sp. n.
–Clypeus convex and somewhat smaller (Figs 131, 151) and its ventral margin truncate; first tergite darker than second tergite (Figs 129, 148)26
26Oblique groove of pronotal side distinctly crenulate (Fig. 126); hind tibia comparatively wide (Fig. 130); vein m-cu of fore wing parallel to vein 1-M and slightly postfurcal (Fig. 127)Opius crenuliferus sp. n.
–Oblique groove of pronotal side largely smooth (Fig. 145); hind tibia narrow (Fig. 150); vein m-cu of fore wing converging to vein 1-M posteriorly and distinctly postfurcal (Fig. 146)Opius monilipalpis sp. n.
27Propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly (Fig. 289) and vein 1r-m of hind wing about 0.4 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 287); anterior groove of metapleuron smooth (Fig. 286)Phaedrotoma semiplanata sp. n.
–Medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum variable, if present anteriorly (Figs 317, 325, 328, 353, 366) then vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.6–1.5 times as long as vein 1-M (Figs 316, 326, 335, 343, 352) and anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate (Figs 334, 342, 351)28
28Propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly (Figs 317, 325, 328, 353, 366); vein m-cu of fore wing gradually merging into 2-CU1 and linear with vein 2-M or nearly so (Figs 287, 315, 335, 352, 364); vein 1r-m of hind wing less oblique and 0.6-1.0 times as long as vein 1-M (combined with a comparatively wide hind wing; Figs 316, 326, 334, 343, 352, 364); anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate (Figs 315, 334, 342, 351); vein CU1b of fore wing medium-sized (Figs 315, 335, 342, 343, 365); genus Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 191329
–Medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum absent anteriorly (Figs 199, 240, 249, 266, 396); vein m-cu of fore wing angled with vein 2-M (Figs 197, 206, 228, 238, 276, 395), but rarely linear then angled with vein 2-CU1 (Fig. 248); vein 1r-m of hind wing usually distinctly oblique and 0.3-0.6 times as long as vein 1-M (Figs 197, 276, 296); at least dorsal half of anterior groove of metapleuron smooth (Figs 226, 295, 304); vein CU1b of fore wing usually short or absent (Figs 258, 305, 395), but sometimes moderately long (Figs 228, 258); genus Phaedrotoma Foerster, 186234
29Medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum absent (Figs 325, 327, 336); posterior groove of pronotal side sometimes smooth (Fig. 334)30
–Medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum present (Figs 317, 344, 353, 355); ventral half of posterior groove of pronotal side crenulate (Figs 342, 351, 363)31
30First tergite elongate and with median carina (Fig. 337); propodeum largely smooth (Fig. 336); setose part of ovipositor sheath about 0.7 times length of first tergite; clypeus wide (Fig. 339); posterior groove of pronotal side smooth (Fig. 334)Rhogadopsis longuria (Chen & Weng, 1995) comb. n.
–First tergite normal and without median carina (Figs 325, 328); propodeum largely rugulose or rugose (Fig. 328); setose part of ovipositor sheath about 4 times length of first tergite (Fig. 325); clypeus comparatively narrow (Fig. 330); posterior groove of pronotal side crenulate; [setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.5 times as long as fore wing and twice as long as hind tibia]Rhogadopsis longicaudifera sp. n.
31Vein m-cu of fore wing slightly longer than vein 2-SR+M (Fig. 352); basal cell of hind wing wide and vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.8-1.0 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 352); second and third tergites smooth (Fig. 354) or superficially aciculateRhogadopsis obliqua sp. n.
–Vein m-cu of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR+M (Figs 315, 343, 364); basal cell of hind wing narrower and vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.6–0.7 times or about 1.5 times as long as vein 1-M (Figs 316, 343, 364); sculpture of second and third tergites variable32
32First tergite about 1.4 times as long as wide (Fig. 367); second and third tergites finely longitudinally rugulose-striate (Fig. 367); hind femur comparatively slender (Fig. 368); length of eye about 4 times temple in dorsal viewRhogadopsis sculpturator sp. n.
–First tergite about as long as wide (Figs 307, 334); second and third tergites smooth (Figs 307, 324); hind femur robust (Figs 323, 346); length of eye 1.5–2.8 times temple in dorsal view; [only males known]33
33Vein 1r-m of hind wing 0.6-0.7 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 343); meso-scutum slightly wider than long and with long medio-posterior depression (Fig. 344); area below pterostigma slightly infuscate (Fig. 343); length of eye about 1.5 times temple in dorsal viewRhogadopsis maculosa sp. n.
–Vein 1r-m of hind wing about 1.5 times as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 316); meso-scutum distinctly wider than long and with short medio-posterior depression (Fig. 317); area below pterostigma hyaline (Fig. 315); length of eye about 2.8 times temple in dorsal view (Fig. 322)Rhogadopsis latipennis sp. n.
34Pronotal side striate (Figs 295, 303); head strongly transverse and yellow (Fig. 302); clypeus very wide (Fig. 300); [second metasomal tergite smooth; female unknown]Phaedrotoma striatinota sp. n.
–Pronotal side largely smooth or coriaceous (Figs 196, 205, 226); head at most moderately transverse and yellow or dark brown (Fig. 254); clypeus narrower (Figs 242, 252, 270, 281), but wide in Phaedrotoma depressa (Fig. 233)35
35Vertex and mesosoma densely coriaceous; vein SR1 of fore wing about 3 times as long as vein 3-SRPhaedrotoma terga (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n.
–Vertex and mesosoma mainly smooth (Fig. 226); vein SR1 of fore wing shorter (Figs 197, 216, 238), except in Phaedrotoma depressa (Figs 228, 229)36
36Vein SR1 of fore wing 3.4-4.0 times as long as vein 3-SR (Figs 228, 229); clypeus depressed ventrally and narrow sickle-shaped (Fig. 233); mesosoma (except black mesoscutum) orange-brown or largely dark brown (Figs 225–227); second and third metasomal tergite micro-sculptured and propodeum smooth (Fig. 231)Phaedrotoma depressa nom. n.
–Vein SR1 of fore wing 1.4-3.4 times as long as vein 3-SR (Figs 197, 216, 238, 248, 276); clypeus normal ventrally and semicircular or narrow and transverse (Figs 242, 252, 270, 281); mesosoma completely or largely black (Figs 198, 207, 239, 259) or entirely pale yellow (Figs 215, 249); second and third metasomal tergite variable, if micro-sculptured then propodeum rugulose (Figs 199, 218)37
37Clypeus 3.3–4.0 times wider than high (Figs 252, 261)38
–Clypeus 2.0–3.1 times wider than high (Figs 202, 211, 220, 242, 270, 281, 309)39
38Antenna of ♂ with about 27 segments and 1.4 times as long as fore wing (Fig. 247); body brownish-yellow and head ivory (Figs 247, 249, 252); legs pale yellow (Fig. 247); vein SR1 1.9 times vein 3-SR (Fig. 248); vein 3-SR nearly twice as long as vein 2-SR (Fig. 248)Phaedrotoma flavisoma sp. n.
–Antenna of ♂ with about 21 segments and about as long as fore wing (Fig. 257); body black (Figs 257, 259, 263); legs dark brown (Fig. 257); vein SR1 of fore wing 3 times as long as vein 3-SR (Fig. 258); vein 3-SR 1.7 times as long as vein 2-SR (Fig. 258)Phaedrotoma nigrisoma sp. n.
39First metasomal tergite longitudinally costate-striate (Fig. 307); anterior groove of metapleuron smooth or finely crenulate (Fig. 304); propodeum largely vermiculate-rugose (Fig. 307); clypeus slightly protruding medially (Fig. 309); apical half of first tergite widened apically and comparatively short (Fig. 307); occipital carina remain far removed from hypostomal carina (Fig. 310)Phaedrotoma vermiculifera sp. n.
–First tergite reticulate-rugose or granulate (Figs 199, 208, 218, 240, 267, 278); anterior groove of metapleuron often crenulate (Figs 196, 403); propodeum largely rugulose, rugose or smooth (Figs 199, 207, 217, 240, 267, 278); clypeus truncate medially (Figs 202, 211, 220, 242, 270, 281, 399); apical half of first metasomal tergite subparallel-sided (Figs 199, 208, 218, 240, 267, 397, 406) or diverging and more elongate (Figs 267, 278); occipital carina comparatively close to hypostomal carina (Figs 400, 410); [malar suture partly shallowly impressed or absent]40
40Anterior groove of metanotum smooth (Fig. 205); propodeum largely smooth and shiny posteriorly (Fig. 207); hind tarsus pale yellowish as basal half of hind tibia (Figs 205, 209); [length of malar space 0.6 times basal width of mandible (Fig. 212); face mainly dark brown or brownish-yellow (Fig. 211); third antennal segment about 4.3 (female) times as long as wide; antenna 1.3 times longer than fore wing. If length of malar space 0.3 times basal width of mandible, face ivory and antenna 1.6 times longer than fore wing, cf. Phaedrotoma flavisomasp. n.]Phaedrotoma angiclypeata sp. n.
–Anterior groove of metanotum crenulate (Figs 196, 403); propodeum more or less rugulose or rugose and matt posteriorly (Figs 199, 217, 240, 267, 278); colour of hind tarsus variable, if slightly infuscate then darker than basal half of hind tibia (Fig. 237)41
41Setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.6-0.8 times as long as hind tibia (Figs 215, 218, 223, 275, 283, 284); pronotum with large round pronope (Figs 222, 285); propodeum usually largely densely rugose (Figs 217, 278); second and third metasomal tergites superficially granulate (Figs 218, 278)42
–Setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.1–0.3 times as long as hind tibia (Figs 196, 204, 237, 245, 401, 411); pronope, sculpture of propodeum and second and third tergites variable43
42Vein m-cu of fore wing postfurcal (Fig. 276); precoxal sulcus narrow, linear (Fig. 275); mesosoma dark brown or blackish laterally and ventrally (Fig. 275)Phaedrotoma rugulifera sp. n.
–Vein m-cu of fore wing slightly antefurcal (Fig. 216); precoxal sulcus somewhat wider, in elliptical depression (Fig. 215); mesosoma yellowish-brown laterally and ventrally (Fig. 215)Phaedrotoma antenervalis sp. n.
43Length of mesosoma about 1.5 times its height (Fig. 237); antenna of female about 1.3 times as long as fore wing (Fig. 237); length of eye in dorsal view about 3.5 times temple; clypeus depressed medially (Figs 242, 243); propodeum coarsely rugose (Fig. 240)Phaedrotoma depressiclypealis sp. n.
–Length of mesosoma 1.2–1.3 times its height (Figs 196, 264, 394, 403); antenna of female 1.5–1.7 times as long as fore wing (Figs 196, 403; male: 1.5–1.6 times); length of eye in dorsal view 1.5–2.8 times temple; clypeus convex medially (Figs 203, 271, 400, 410)); sculpture of propodeum variable, from superficially granulate-rugulose (Fig. 266) to rather coarsely rugose (Fig. 199)44
44Pronotal side and mesopleuron superficially granulate; precoxal sulcus wide and comparatively shallow, densely finely sculptured (Fig. 196); hind tarsus slender and pale yellowish as femur (Fig. 200); length of eye in dorsal view about 2.8 times templePhaedrotoma acuticlypeata sp. n.
–Pronotal side and mesopleuron largely smooth or nearly so; precoxal sulcus narrow and deep, sparsely finely sculptured or smooth (Figs 264, 394, 403); hind tarsus less slender and often slightly darker than femur (Figs 264, 268, 403), but sometimes similar to hind tibia (Figs 394, 398); length of eye in dorsal view about 1.5 times templePhaedrotoma protuberator sp. n.

Indiopius chenae sp. n., female, holotype. 96 Wings 97 head and mesosoma dorsal 98 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 99 hind leg 100 fore leg 101 head anterior 102 mandible 103 antenna 104 ovipositor sheath.

Apodesmia bruniclypealis sp. n., male, holotype. 14 Wings 15 mesosoma dorsal 16 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 17 hind leg 18 head anterior 19 pronope dorsal 20 head lateral 21 antennae.

Areotetes striatiferus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Rhogadopsis sculpturator sp. n., male, holotype. 364 Wings 365 detail first subdiscal cell of fore wing 366 mesosoma dorsal 367 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 368 hind leg 369 head anterior 370 mandible 371 clypeus lateral 372 pronope dorsal 373 antennae.

Opius monilipalpis sp. n., female, holotype. 146 Wings 147 mesosoma dorsal 148 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 149 mesosoma lateral 150 hind leg 151 head anterior 152 pronope dorsal 153 mandible 154 ovipositor sheath 155 labial palpi 156 antenna.

Orientopius punctatus van Achterberg & Li, female, holotype. 418 Wings 419 mesosoma lateral 420 mesosoma dorsal 421 metasoma dorsal 422 head lateral 423 base of antenna 424 head anterior 425 malar space 426 ovipositor sheath ventral 427 hind leg 428 apex of antenna.

Opius pallipes Wesmael, female, Netherlands, Waarder. 413 Wings 414 hind leg 415 head anterior 416 labial palpi anterior 417 Orientopius punctatus van Achterberg & Li, female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Areotetes albiferus sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Coleopioides postpectalis sp. n., female, holotype. 74 Wings 75 mesosoma dorsal 76 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 77 hind leg 78 head anterior 79 mandible 80 ovipositor sheath 81 antennae.

Coleopioides postpectalis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opiognathus aulaciferus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Areotetes albiferus sp. n., male, holotype. 33 Wings 34 mesosoma dorsal 35 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 36 antenna 37 hind leg 38 head anterior 39 base of hind tibia inner side 40 mandible 41 pronope dorsal.

Areotetes cariniferus sp. n., female, holotype. 43 Wings 44 mesosoma dorsal 45 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 46 antenna 47 hind leg, inner side 48 head anterior 49 ovipositor sheath 50 hind femur 51 mandible.

Areotetes striatiferus sp. n., female, holotype. 53 Fore wing 54 hind wing 55 mesosoma dorsal 56 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 57 ovipositor sheath 58 head anterior 59 base of hind tibia, inner side 60 hind leg 61 antenna 62 mandible.

Opiognathus brevibasalis sp. n., female, holotype. 116 Wings 117 mesosoma dorsal 118 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 119 antenna 120 hind leg 121 pronope dorsal 122 head anterior 123 base of hind tibia inner side 124 mandible 125 ovipositor sheath.

Utetes longicarinatus sp. n., male, holotype. 375 Wings 376 mesosoma dorsal 377 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 378 base of hind tibia inner side 379 head anterior 380 mandible 381 head dorsal 382 antenna 383 hind leg.

Opius zengi sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opius zengi sp. n., female, holotype. 187 Wings 188 mesosoma dorsal 189 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 190 hind leg 191 antennae 192 head anterior 193 mandible 194 pronope dorsal 195 ovipositor sheath.

Phaedrotoma acuticlypeata sp. n., female, holotype. 197 Wings 198 mesosoma dorsal 199 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 200 hind leg 201 antennae 202 head anterior 203 mandible 204 ovipositor sheath.

Phaedrotoma flavisoma sp. n., male, holotype. 248 Wings 249 mesosoma dorsal 250 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 251 mesosternum ventral 252 head anterior 253 mandible 254 head dorsal 255 antenna 256 hind leg.

Opiognathus aulaciferus sp. n., female, holotype. 106 Wings 107 mesosoma dorsal 108 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 109 antenna 110 hind leg 111 head anterior 112 mandible 113 base of hind tibia inner side 114 ovipositor sheath.

Fopius dorsopiferus sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Fopius dorsopiferus sp. n., male, holotype. 86 Wings 87 head and mesosoma dorsal 88 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 89 antenna 90 hind leg 91 head anterior 92 head dorsal 93 mandible 94 mesosternum ventral.

Coleopioides diversinotum sp. n., female, holotype. 64 Wings 65 mesosoma dorsal 66 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 67 hind leg 68 head anterior 69 mandible 70 pronope dorsal 71 antenna 72 ovipositor.

Phaedrotoma striatinota sp. n., male, holotype. 296 Wings 297 mesosoma dorsal 298 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 299 hind leg 300 head anterior 301 clypeus and mandible anterior 302 head dorsal 303 mesosoma lateral.

Rhogadopsis longicaudifera sp. n., female, holotype. 326 Wings 327 mesosoma dorsal 328 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 329 hind leg 330 head anterior 331 mandible 332 antennae 333 ovipositor sheath.

Xynobius notauliferus sp. n., female, holotype. 385 Wings 386 mesosoma dorsal 387 antenna 388 head anterior 389 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 390 mandible 391 base of hind tibia inner side 392 ovipositor sheath 393 hind leg.

Opius crenuliferus sp. n., female, holotype. 127 Wings 128 mesosoma dorsal 129 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 130 hind leg 131 head anterior 132 mandible 133 ovipositor sheath 134 antenna 135 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, holotype. 265 Wings 266 mesosoma dorsal 267 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 268 hind leg 269 antenna 270 head anterior 271 mandible 272 ovipositor sheath 273 clypeus lateral 274 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma semiplanata sp. n., female, holotype. 287 Wings 288 mesosoma dorsal 289 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 290 hind leg 291 head anterior 292 mandible 293 ovipositor sheath 294 antennae.

Coleopioides diversinotum sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Coleopioides postpectalis sp. n., female, holotype. 82 Postpectal carina 83 mesoscutum dorsal 84 head lateral

Phaedrotoma antenervalis sp. n., female, holotype. 216 Wings 217 mesosoma dorsal 218 propodeum and metasoma dorsal 219 hind leg 220 head anterior 221 mandible 222 pronope dorsal 223 ovipositor sheath 224 antenna.

Rhogadopsis longuria (Chen & Weng), male, Hunan, Bamaoxi. 335 Wings 336 mesosoma dorsal 337 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 338 antennae 339 head anterior 340 mandible 341 hind leg.

Figures 352–362. Rhogadopsis obliqua sp. n., female but 357 male paratype, holotype. 352 wings 353 mesosoma dorsal 354 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 355 hind leg 356, 357 antennae 358 head anterior 359 mandible 361 ovipositor sheath 362 pronope dorsal.

Rhogadopsis longuria (Chen & Weng), male, Hunan, Bamaoxi. Habitus lateral.

Rhogadopsis obliqua sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Apodesmia bruniclypealis sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opius pachymerus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opius songi sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Rhogadopsis latipennis sp. n., female, holotype. 315 Fore wing 316 hind wing 317 mesosoma dorsal 318 metasoma dorsal 319 antennae 320 head anterior 321 mandible 322 head dorsal 323 hind leg 324 ovipositor sheath.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, paratype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma depressa nom. n., female, 225 Changsha and Badagong Mts, respectively. 225–227 Habitus lateral.

Apodesmia melliclypealis sp. n., female, holotype. 23 Wings 24 mesosoma dorsal 25 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 26 hind leg 27 head anterior 28 pronope dorsal 29 head lateral 30 antennae 31 ovipositor sheath.

Opius songi sp. n., female, holotype. 168 Wings 169 mesosoma dorsal 170 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 171 hind leg 172 head anterior 173 mandible 174 ovipositor sheath 175 antenna 176 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma depressiclypealis sp. n., female, holotype. 238 Wings 239 mesosoma dorsal 240 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 241 hind leg 242 head anterior 243 mandible 244 antenna 245 ovipositor sheath 246 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, paratype. 404 Wings 405 mesosoma dorsal 406 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 407 hind leg 408 antenna 409 head anterior 410 mandible 411 ovipositor sheath 412 pronope dorsal.

Opius malarator sp. n., male, holotype. 127 Wings 128 mesosoma dorsal 139 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 140 hind leg 141 head anterior 142 mandible 143 antenna 144 pronope dorsal.

Opius youi sp. n., male, holotype. 178 Wings 179 mesosoma dorsal 180 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 181 hind leg 182 head anterior 183 mandible 184 pronope dorsal 185 antenna.

Figures 276–285. Phaedrotoma rugulifera sp. n., female, holotype. 276 Wings 277 mesosoma dorsal 278 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 279 hind leg 280 antennae 281 head anterior 282 mandible 283 ovipositor sheath lateral 284 id. dorsal 285 pronope dorsal.

Apodesmia melliclypealis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opius pachymerus sp. n., female, holotype. 158 Wings 159 mesosoma dorsal 160 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 161 hind leg 162 head anterior 163 mandible 164 ovipositor sheath 165 antenna 166 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma depressa nom. n., female, Changsha, but 229 Badagong Mts. 228, 229 Wings 230 mesosoma dorsal 231 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 232 hind leg 233 head anterior 234 mandible 235 ovipositor sheath 236 antenna.

Phaedrotoma angiclypeata sp. n., female, holotype. 206 Wings 207 mesosoma dorsal 208 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 209 hind leg 210 antennae 211 head anterior 212 mandible 213 ovipositor sheath 214 pronope dorsal.

Opius malarator sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opius monilipalpis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opius crenuliferus sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Opius youi sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma semiplanata sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Rhogadopsis longicaudifera sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Figures 343–350. Rhogadopsis maculosa sp. n., male, holotype. 343 Wings 344 mesosoma dorsal 345 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 346 hind leg 347 head anterior 348 mandible 349 mesosoma lateral 350 antenna.

Rhogadopsis maculosa sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, paratype. 395 Wings 396 mesosoma dorsal 397 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 398 hind leg 399 head anterior 400 mandible 401 ovipositor sheath 402 antennae.

Phaedrotoma striatinota sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma vermiculifera sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma nigrisoma sp. n., male, holotype. 257 Habitus lateral 258 wings 259 mesosoma dorsal 260 head anterior 261 mandible 262 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 263 temple andpronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma vermiculifera sp. n., female, holotype. 305 Wings 306 mesosoma dorsal 307 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 308 hind leg 309 head anterior 310 mandible 311 ovipositor sheath 312 antennae 313 pronope dorsal.

Rhogadopsis sculpturator sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma acuticlypeata sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma angiclypeata sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma anternervalis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma flavisoma sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma depressiclypealis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma rugulifera sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, paratype. Habitus lateral.