LiXi-Yingvan AchterbergCornelisTanJi-CaiRevision of the subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Hunan (China), including thirty-six new species and two new generaZookeys13220132013268118610.3897/zookeys.268.4071 Phaedrotoma http://species-id.net/wiki/Phaedrotoma Foerster, 1862Figs 196–313Phaedrotoma Foerster, 1862: 260. Type species (by original designation): Phaedrotoma depeculator Foerster, 1862 [examined].Nosopoea Foerster, 1862: 260. Type species (by original designation): Opius cingulatus Wesmael, 1835 [examined]. Syn. n.Eutrichopsis Foerster, 1862: 260. Type species (by original designation): Eutrichopsis munda Foerster, 1862 [examined]. Syn. n.Tolbia Cameron, 1907: 85. Type species (by monotypy): Tolbia scaevolae Cameron, 1907. Syn. n.Brachycentrus Szépligeti, 1907: 37 (nec Taschenberg, 1865). Type species (by monotypy): Brachycentrus minutus Szépligeti, 1907 [examined]. Syn. n.Baeocentrum Schulz, 1911: 65 (new name for Brachycentrus). Type species (by implication): Brachycentrus minutus Szépligeti, 1907 [examined]. Syn. n.Hexaulax Cameron, 1910: 12. Type species (by monotypy): Hexaulax ruficeps Cameron, 1910. Syn. n.Atoreuteus; Szépligeti, 1908: 55 (not Foerster 1862).Coeloreuteus Roman, 1910: 112. Type species (by original designation): Atoreuteus africanus Szépligeti, 1908 [examined]. Syn. n.Neodiospilus Szépligeti, 1911: 415; Shenefelt 1970: 216; Wharton 1987: 63 (synonymized with Opius). Type species (designated by Brues 1926): Neodiospilus flavipes Szépligeti, 1911 [examined; not Opius flavipes Szépligeti, 1898; = Opius sepi-valfus Wharton, 1987 (superfluous new name, because Opius flavipes Szépligeti, 1898, belongs to the genus Opius Wesmael s.s.); = Aulonotus kanywareensis Fischer, 2000 [examined]. Syn. n.]Neopius Fischer, 1965: 187. Type species (by original designation): Neopius macrops Fischer, 1965 [examined; not Neopius Gahan, 1917]. Syn. n.Euopius Fischer, 1967b: 959. Type species (by original designation): Neopius macrops Fischer, 1965 [examined]. Syn. n.Gastrosema Fischer, 1972a: 353. Type species (by original designation): Opius pumilio Wesmael, 1835 [examined]. Syn. n.Gerius Fischer, 1972a: 389. Type species (by original designation): Opius fossulatus Szépligeti, 1914. Syn. n.Grimnirus Fischer, 1972b: 70. Type species (by original designation): Opius fuscicarpus Szépligeti, 1913. Syn. n.Hoenirus Fischer, 1972b: 69. Type species (by original designation): Opius punctulatus Szépligeti, 1914 [examined; vein 3-CU1 of fore wing subhorizontal and vein CU1b largely reduced]. Syn. n.Mimirus Fischer, 1972b: 70 Type species (by original designation): Opius peregrinus Szépligeti, 1914. [examined; clypeus with small medio-ventral tooth]. Syn. n.Merotrachys Fischer, 1972a: 406. Type species (by original designation): Opius laetatorius Fischer, 1958 [examined;. Syn. n.Phlebosema Fischer, 1972a: 350. Type species (by original designation): Opius discreparius Fischer, 1963. Syn. n.Neoephedrus Samanta, Tamili, Saha & Raychaudhuri,1983: 93. Type species (by original designation): Neoephedrus helichrysi Samanta, Tamili, Saha & Raychaudhuri,1983 [examined]. Syn. n.Adontopius Fischer, 1984b: 93. Type species (by original designation): Opius adentatus Fischer, 1980. Syn. n.Serius Tobias & Jakimavičius, 1986: 23. Miswriting for Gerius Fischer, 1972.Kainopaeopius Fischer, 1986: 609. Type species (by original designation): Opius crassicrus Thomson, 1895 [examined]. Syn. n.Millenniopius Fischer, 1996: 675. Type species (by original designation): Opius inflatipectus Fischer, 1996 [examined]. Syn. n.Neotropopius Fischer, 1999: 282. Type species (by original designation): Opius hirtithorax Fischer, 1963. Syn. n.Diagnosis.

Face without tubercles; in front of anterior ocellus without distinct depression; frons without pair of distinct depressions above antennal sockets, but whole frons may be depressed; occipital carina present laterally, not or slightly curved ventrally and remain removed from hypostomal carina (Figs 243, 253), near level of middle of eye straight or nearly so, without transverse carina or crest; clypeus more or less convex and comparatively high; hypoclypeal depression variable; labrum normal, without emargination ventrally; mandible normal, gradually widened basally, at most with protruding carina; scapus, fore coxa and trochanter at most weakly compressed; epistomal suture without large depressions; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum variable; pronope round or wide elliptical, or pronotum only with a shallow transverse groove; scutellar sulcus usually rather wide; propodeum usually smooth or superficially sculptured; postpectal carina completely absent; vein 2-SR of fore wing present, rarely absent; first subdiscal cell of fore wing at least partly closed by vein 3-CU1 postero-apically (Fig. 197); vein 1-M of fore wing usually straight; vein cu-a of hind wing nearly always present; vein 3-SR of fore wing distinctly longer than vein 2-SR; if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing or precoxal sulcus (almost) absent; length of fore wing usually less than 3.5 mm; second and basal half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease, if sometimes weakly developed then second tergite smooth; length of second and third tergites combined less than 0.7 times length of metasoma behind first tergite; fourth and following tergites (at least partly) exposed; ovipositor sheath more or less setose basally.

Biology.

Parasitoids of mining Agromyzidae, Tephritidae, Ephydridae, Anthomyiidae, Scathophagidae, and Drosophilidae.

Distribution.

Cosmopolitan.

Notes.

“Taxonomic dustbin” genus of the Opiinae; if there are no obvious aut-apomorphies (except for the lack of a dorsope) species are included in this genus. The species share a straight occipital carina ventrally, the symmetrical and basally gradually widened mandibles, the lack of a dorsope, the gradually widened or parallel-sided first tergite and the vein m-cu of the fore wing angled with neighbouring veins. It is most likely that this is not a monophyletic assemblage and is in need of future study.

Phaedrotoma acuticlypeata sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma acuticlypeata sp. n., female, holotype. 197 Wings 198 mesosoma dorsal 199 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 200 hind leg 201 antennae 202 head anterior 203 mandible 204 ovipositor sheath.

Phaedrotoma angiclypeata sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma angiclypeata sp. n., female, holotype. 206 Wings 207 mesosoma dorsal 208 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 209 hind leg 210 antennae 211 head anterior 212 mandible 213 ovipositor sheath 214 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma anternervalis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma antenervalis sp. n., female, holotype. 216 Wings 217 mesosoma dorsal 218 propodeum and metasoma dorsal 219 hind leg 220 head anterior 221 mandible 222 pronope dorsal 223 ovipositor sheath 224 antenna.

Phaedrotoma depressa nom. n., female, 225 Changsha and Badagong Mts, respectively. 225–227 Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma depressa nom. n., female, Changsha, but 229 Badagong Mts. 228, 229 Wings 230 mesosoma dorsal 231 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 232 hind leg 233 head anterior 234 mandible 235 ovipositor sheath 236 antenna.

Phaedrotoma depressiclypealis sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma depressiclypealis sp. n., female, holotype. 238 Wings 239 mesosoma dorsal 240 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 241 hind leg 242 head anterior 243 mandible 244 antenna 245 ovipositor sheath 246 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma flavisoma sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma flavisoma sp. n., male, holotype. 248 Wings 249 mesosoma dorsal 250 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 251 mesosternum ventral 252 head anterior 253 mandible 254 head dorsal 255 antenna 256 hind leg.

Phaedrotoma nigrisoma sp. n., male, holotype. 257 Habitus lateral 258 wings 259 mesosoma dorsal 260 head anterior 261 mandible 262 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 263 temple andpronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma protuberator sp. n., female, holotype. 265 Wings 266 mesosoma dorsal 267 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 268 hind leg 269 antenna 270 head anterior 271 mandible 272 ovipositor sheath 273 clypeus lateral 274 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma rugulifera sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Figures 276–285. Phaedrotoma rugulifera sp. n., female, holotype. 276 Wings 277 mesosoma dorsal 278 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 279 hind leg 280 antennae 281 head anterior 282 mandible 283 ovipositor sheath lateral 284 id. dorsal 285 pronope dorsal.

Phaedrotoma semiplanata sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma semiplanata sp. n., female, holotype. 287 Wings 288 mesosoma dorsal 289 propodeum and 1st-3rd metasomal tergites dorsal 290 hind leg 291 head anterior 292 mandible 293 ovipositor sheath 294 antennae.

Phaedrotoma striatinota sp. n., male, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma striatinota sp. n., male, holotype. 296 Wings 297 mesosoma dorsal 298 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 299 hind leg 300 head anterior 301 clypeus and mandible anterior 302 head dorsal 303 mesosoma lateral.

Phaedrotoma vermiculifera sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.

Phaedrotoma vermiculifera sp. n., female, holotype. 305 Wings 306 mesosoma dorsal 307 propodeum and 1st-2nd metasomal tergites dorsal 308 hind leg 309 head anterior 310 mandible 311 ovipositor sheath 312 antennae 313 pronope dorsal.

FoersterA (1862) Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconiden.Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens 19: 225-288.ShenefeltRD (1970) Braconidae, 2. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nov. ed.) 5: 177-306.WhartonRA (1987) Changes in nomenclature and classification of some opiine Braconidae (Hymenoptera).Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89 (1): 61-73.BruesCT (1926) Studies on Ethiopian Braconidae, with a catalogue of the African species.Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 61: 205-436. doi: 10.2307/20026158