Diagnosis.

Helgen

Kristofer M.

Pinto

C. Miguel

Kays

Roland

Helgen

Lauren E.

Tsuchiya

Mirian T. N.

Quinn

Aleta

Wilson

Don E.

Maldonado

Jesús E.

Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito

Zookeys15820132013324183

10.3897/zookeys.324.5827

Bassaricyon

neblina

http://species-id.net/wiki/Bassaricyon_neblina_neblina

(western slopes of Western Andes of Ecuador)

subsp. n.

Diagnosis.

This subspecies is (in skull length) smaller than Bassaricyon neblina osborni subsp. n., but larger than Bassaricyon neblina hershkovitzi subsp. n. and Bassaricyon neblina ruber subsp. n. (though Bassaricyon neblina ruber subsp. n. is more robust cranially, with a wider skull). It has proportionally very large teeth, especially P4 and the first molars, and a narrow skull, with a narrow and low-domed braincase (Figures 9–10, Table 8). In color it most closely resembles Bassaricyon neblina osborni subsp. n., but is the least rufous of the subspecies, usually with the greatest preponderance of black tipping to the fur (e.g., Figure 13).

Distribution.

The nominate subspecies is endemic to Ecuador, where it is recorded from the western slopes of the Andes, in Pichincha and Cotopaxi Provinces, in forests at elevations from 1800 to 2300 m (Figure 16).

Referred specimens.

As listed for Bassaricyon neblina, above.

Figure 9.

Morphometric distinction between Olinguito subspecies. Both sexes combined. Morphometric dispersion (first two components of a principal component analysis) of 17 adultskulls based on 13 cranial measurements (see Appendix 1, Table A4). (Dental measurements also discretely partition these subspecies in a separate principal component analysis, not shown.) Black dots = Bassaricyon neblina neblina; gray triangles = Bassaricyon neblina osborni; red diamonds = Bassaricyon neblina ruber; blue squares = Bassaricyon neblina hershkovitzi.

Appendix 1Morphometry

Table A1.

PCA for male Bassaricyon skulls: variable contributions for the PCA axes that are graphically represented in Figure 6.

Variable	PC1	PC2
p2W	0.877	-0.077
p3W	0.768	0.004
p4W	0.600	-0.267
P4L	0.306	-0.412
P4W	0.526	-0.245
M1L	0.136	-0.427
M1W	0.336	-0.475
m1L	0.079	-0.241
m1W	-0.069	-0.750
m2L	-0.344	0.196
m2W	0.164	-0.330
CBL	0.733	0.317
ZYG	0.806	0.011
BBC	0.549	-0.050
HBC	0.458	-0.022
MTR	0.544	0.411
CC	0.912	-0.013
WPP	0.226	-0.464
LPP	0.704	-0.464
LAB	0.366	0.736
EAM	0.368	0.825
Eigenvalue	0.035	0.030
Variance (%)	30.1	25.8

Table A2.

PCA for female Bassaricyon skulls: variable contributions for the PCA axes that are graphically represented in Figure 7.

Variable	PC1	PC2
p1W	-0.389	0.424
p2W	-0.765	0.341
p3W	-0.663	0.560
p4W	-0.783	0.068
P2W	-0.745	0.342
P3W	-0.724	0.221
P4L	-0.649	-0.314
P4W	-0.631	-0.370
M1L	-0.565	-0.275
M2L	-0.550	-0.003
M2W	-0.606	-0.324
m1L	-0.637	-0.200
m1W	-0.644	-0.524
m2L	-0.452	-0.166
m2W	-0.665	-0.302
CBL	-0.348	0.579
ZYG	-0.231	0.402
BBC	-0.317	0.210
MTR	-0.557	0.389
CC	-0.511	0.249
WPP	-0.342	-0.474
LPP	-0.170	-0.216
LAB	-0.018	0.733
EAM	0.066	0.743
Eigenvalue	0.034	0.021
Variance (%)	29.1	18.2

Table A3.

DFA for male skulls of Bassaricyon gabbii, Bassaricyon medius, and Bassaricyon alleni, including correlation coefficients for the axes that are graphically represented in Figure 8. (Wilks’ Lambda: 0.11054 approx. F (16,58) = 7.2781 p < 0.0000).

	CV 1	CV 2	Wilks’ Lambda	Partial Lambda	F-remove (2,29)	p-value	Toler.	1-Toler. (R-sq)
p1W	0.249	-0.598	0.125	0.885	1.887	0.170	0.526	0.474
P3W	-0.644	-0.349	0.156	0.708	5.971	0.007	0.757	0.243
M2L	0.215	0.317	0.115	0.958	0.635	0.537	0.500	0.500
m1W	0.089	0.062	0.111	0.996	0.063	0.939	0.540	0.460
HBC	-0.855	0.207	0.181	0.610	9.267	0.001	0.653	0.347
ZYG	-0.274	0.174	0.119	0.933	1.048	0.363	0.916	0.084
WPP	0.289	-0.890	0.181	0.612	9.191	0.001	0.878	0.122
LPP	0.551	0.213	0.134	0.828	3.016	0.065	0.660	0.340
Eigenvalue	3.750	0.904
Variance (%)	80.5	19.5

Table A4.

PCA for Bassaricyon neblina skulls: variable contributions for the PCA axes that are graphically represented in Figure 9.

Variable	PC1	PC2
CBL	-0.682	0.632
ZYG	-0.804	-0.185
BBC	-0.671	-0.373
HBC	-0.214	-0.689
MTR	-0.644	0.664
CC	-0.879	0.186
WPP	-0.194	-0.622
LPP	-0.854	0.461
LAB	-0.332	0.562
EAM	0.531	0.762
Eigenvalue	0.016	0.013
Variance (%)	39.7	33.0

Table A4.

PCA for Bassaricyon neblina skulls: variable contributions for the PCA axes that are graphically represented in Figure 9.

Variable	PC1	PC2
CBL	-0.682	0.632
ZYG	-0.804	-0.185
BBC	-0.671	-0.373
HBC	-0.214	-0.689
MTR	-0.644	0.664
CC	-0.879	0.186
WPP	-0.194	-0.622
LPP	-0.854	0.461
LAB	-0.332	0.562
EAM	0.531	0.762
Eigenvalue	0.016	0.013
Variance (%)	39.7	33.0

Figure 10.

Skulls of Olinguito subspecies. From left to right: Bassaricyon neblina neblina (AMNH 66753, holotype, old adult female, Las Maquinas, Ecuador); Bassaricyon neblina osborni (FMNH 88476, holotype, adult male, Munchique, 2000 m, Cauca Department, Colombia); Bassaricyon neblina hershkovitzi (FMNH 70724, paratype, adult male, San Antonio, Agustin, Huila District, Colombia); Bassaricyon neblina ruber (FMNH 70723, paratype, adult male, Guapantal, 2200 m, Urrao, Antioquia Department, Colombia). Scale bar = 50 mm.

Table 8.

Dental and cranial measurements of Olinguito (Bassaricyon neblina) subspecies. For each measurement, means are provided, ± standard deviation, with ranges in parentheses.

	Bassaricyon neblina rubern= 3	Bassaricyon neblina hershkovitzin= 4	Bassaricyon neblina osbornin= 8	Bassaricyon neblina neblinan= 4
p1 width	1.4 ± 0.06(1.4 - 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.12(1.4 - 1.6)	1.6 ± 0.09(1.6 - 1.8)	1.7 ± 0.11(1.5 - 1.8)
p2 width	2.1 ± 0.14(1.9 - 2.2)	1.9 ± 0.06(1.9 – 2.0)	2.2 ± 0.15(2.0 - 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.17(2.1 - 2.4)
p3 width	2.4 ± 0.08(2.3 - 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.06(2.1 - 2.2)	2.5 ± 0.16(2.4 - 2.8)	2.4 ± 0.32(2.2 - 2.9)
p4 width	3.3 ± 0.11(3.2 - 3.4)	3.1 ± 0.12(3.0 - 3.3)	3.4 ± 0.13(3.2 - 3.7)	3.4 ± 0.09(3.3 - 3.5)
P2 width	2.0(2.0 – 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.05(1.8 – 2.0)	2.2 ± 0.17(2.1 - 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.15(2.2 - 2.5)
P3 width	2.9 ± 0.17(2.7 - 3.1)	2.7 ± 0.10(2.6 - 2.8)	3.0 ± 0.19(2.8 - 3.4)	3.1 ± 0.15(2.9 - 3.3)
P4 length	4.3 ± 0.21(4.1 - 4.5)	4.2 ± 0.13(4.1 - 4.3)	4.5 ± 0.17(4.3 - 4.8)	4.7 ± 0.17(4.5 - 4.9)
P4 width	4.6 ± 0.14(4.5 - 4.8)	5.0 ± 0.23(4.8 - 5.3)	4.9 ± 0.20(4.6 - 5.1)	5.7 ± 0.13(5.6 - 5.9)
M1 length	5.0 ± 0.12(5.0 - 5.2)	5.0 ± 0.25(4.8 - 5.4)	5.3 ± 0.23(5.0 - 5.6)	5.7 ± 0.4(5.2 - 6.1)
M1 width	5.5 ± 0.14(5.4 - 5.6)	5.5 ± 0.10(5.4 - 5.6)	5.8 ± 0.20(5.5 - 6.1)	6.2 ± 0.13(6.1 - 6.4)
M2 length	3.6 ± 0.22(3.5 - 3.9)	3.5 ± 0.16(3.3 - 3.7)	4.1 ± 0.29(3.6 - 4.4)	3.9 ± 0.4(3.3 - 4.2)
M2 width	4.5 ± 0.13(4.4 - 4.6)	4.7 ± 0.03(4.7 - 4.8)	4.8 ± 0.20(4.6 - 5.2)	4.9 ± 0.3(4.7 - 5.4)
m1 length	5.5 ± 0.05(5.4 - 5.5)	5.8 ± 0.21(5.6 – 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.18(5.6 – 6.0)	6.2 ± 0.03(6.2 - 6.3)
m1 width	4.7 ± 0.12(4.6 - 4.8)	4.8 ± 0.17(4.7 – 5.0)	4.8 ± 0.26(4.5 - 5.3)	5.0 ± 0.22(4.7 - 5.2)
m2 length	4.7 ± 0.39(4.4 - 5.1)	5.0 ± 0.37(4.5 - 5.2)	5.2 ± 0.26(4.9 - 5.6)	4.8 ± 0.22(4.5 - 5.1)
m2 width	3.7 ± 0.09(3.6 - 3.8)	3.7 ± 0.19(3.5 - 3.9)	3.9 ± 0.10(3.7 - 4.0)	3.9 ± 0.16(3.7 - 4.1)
CBL	73.0 ± 0.58(72.4 - 73.5)	71.4 ± 1.13(70.1 - 72.9)	76.6 ± 1.64(75.1 - 79.5)	75.9 ± 1.4(74.6 - 77.9)
ZYG	51.1 ± 2.28(48.9 - 53.4)	46.7 ± 0.60(46.2 - 47.5)	51.7 ± 1.73(49.1 - 54.4)	46.9 ± 1.59(44.6 - 48)
BBC	36.0 ± 1.44(34.7 - 37.5)	32.9 ± 0.54(32.4 - 33.6)	35.1 ± 0.90(33.9 - 36.6)	33.2 ± 1.62(31.0 - 34.9)
HBC	27.7 ± 0.55(27.2 - 28.3)	27.6 ± 0.38(27.1 - 27.9)	27.2 ± 0.58(26.5 - 28.2)	25.8 ± 0.63(24.9 - 26.2)
MTR	25.9 ± 0.22(25.7 - 26.1)	25.1 ± 0.56(24.5 - 25.8)	27.4 ± 0.78(26.0 - 28.7)	27.5 ± 0.56(27 - 28.3)
CC	15.7 ± 0.52(15.4 - 16.3)	14.9 ± 0.15(14.7 – 15.0)	16.4 ± 0.54(15.5 - 17.1)	15.6 ± 0.25(15.4 - 15.9)
WPP	12.1 ± 0.25(11.8 - 12.3)	11.8 ± 1.54(10.6 – 14.0)	11.8 ± 0.74(10.8 - 12.8)	10.9 ± 0.8(10.5 - 12.1)
LPP	10.9 ± 0.54(10.3 - 11.4)	9.7 ± 0.34(9.2 - 9.9)	11.9 ± 0.56(11.0 - 12.7)	11.2 ± 1.05(9.7 - 12.3)
LAB	11.7 ± 0.38(11.4 - 12.1)	11.2 ± 0.40(10.9 - 11.8)	12.3 ± 0.60(11.2 - 13.3)	12.5 ± 0.18(12.3 - 12.7)
EAM	2.7(2.7 - 2.7)	3.2 ± 0.16(3.1 - 3.4)	2.9 ± 0.29(2.5 - 3.3)	3.4 ± 0.05(3.4 - 3.5)

Figure 13.

The Olinguito, Bassaricyon neblina neblina, in life, in the wild. Taken at Tandayapa Bird Lodge, Ecuador (for mammalogical background of Tandayapa, see Lee et al. 2006). Photograph by Mark Gurney.

Figure 16.

Distributions (localities) of the four Olinguito subspecies in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador.

Lee

TE Jr.

Packer

Alvarado-Serrano

(2006) Results of a mammal survey of the Tandayapa Valley, Ecuador.Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University250: 1-8.