WindsorDonald M.DuryGuillaume J.Frieiro-CostaFernando A.Susanne LanckowskyPasteelsJacques M.Subsocial Neotropical Doryphorini (Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae): new observations on behavior, host plants and systematics1Zookeys19920132013332719310.3897/zookeys.332.5199 Proseicela bicruciata http://species-id.net/wiki/Proseicela_bicruciata Jacoby, 1880Remarks.

Strong indications of maternal care in Proseicela bicruciata (Fig. 3d) were gathered by G.D. while walking trails in the montane cloud forest of the Yanayacu Biological Station and Center for Creative Studies, Napo Province, Ecuador (2150 m elevation, 0°36.27'S, 77°53.25'W) during the first week of July 2011. A total of five females were found, each tending small groups of uniform larvae (Fig. 3e), on the undersides of large leaves of Solanum abitaguense S. Knapp growing in streamside habitats (Fig. 3f). The group containing the smallest larvae was composed of nine individuals, while groups with larger larvae contained five and six individuals. The group with five larvae had two individuals separated on leaves 20–30 cm in different directions from the central three larvae arranged in a small rosette with heads to the inside and the mother to the side.

Maternal care providing Proseicela species, a Proseicela vittata adult (Photo by D.W.) b Proseicela vittata female and larvae from two cohorts. Insert shows detail of vein pinching along approximately 1cm of the primary vein (Photo by D.W.) c Proseicela vittata female with late stage larvae (Photo by D.W.) d Proseicela bicruciata adult female, (photo by G.D.) e Proseicela bicruciata female tending larvae (photo by G.D.) f Proseicela bicruciata food plant, Solanum abitaguense (photo by G.D.) g Proseicela spectabilis adult (photo by G.D.) h Proseicela spectabilis with nearly full-grown larval brood and tachinid parasitoid (photo by G.D.) i. Proseicela spectabilis host plant, Solanum sp. (photo by G.D.) j Proseicela sp. n. adult female (photo by G.D.) k the same female tending three feeding larvae feeding on Cuatresia sp. (Solanaceae) (photo by G.D.) l wider view of the host plant (photo by G.D.).