Dracaena kaweesakii differs from Dracaena yuccifolia Ridl. in its habit, with up to several hundred branches, white (brown when dry) leaf sheaths lacking yellow or dark brown pigmentation and blades with a narrow white margin when fresh. The inflorescence axis of Dracaena kaweesakii is tuberculate-villous, and the species lacks a floral stalk above the pedicel articulation. The tepals are cream-green or cream-yellow and the filaments intense orange. The anthers are 1.7–2.2 mm long and the style 2.2–3.3 mm. The ovary is 1.3–2.0 mm broad and develops into and fruits that largely remain brown on the infructescence, turning orange only just before or after falling.

Thailand; Central, Lop Buri, Lam San Ti, Khao Wong Chan Daeng, 15°03'45.2"N, 101°27'17.1"E, fr. 26 May 2009, Wilkin, Suksathan, Phonsena, Triboun, Keeratikiat & Plataan 1500 (holotype QBG!; isotypes BKF!; K!;). Figs 1–3.

Underground organs unknown. Indumentum absent except for inflorescence axes and pedicels with tuberculate-villous trichomes to 0.15 mm long, often dense, sometimes crisped; similar trichomes on margins of leaves and tepal bases and margins. Habit treelike, 3–6 m(–12) m in height at maturity with an approximately equivalent crown diameter; usually much-branched, branches spreading and dividing, with up to several hundred terminal branches in large mature trees, branches rarely as few as ca 10 (mainly in high altitude forms such as those on Doi Chiang Dao). Trunk base to 1 m in diameter, sometimes markedly thicker than where branching begins, usually at ca 30–100 cm above the soil surface, epidermis brown, grey or ash-white, corky and fissured except at branch apices, enclosing cream-coloured, densely fibrous parenchyma, less dense towards centre, denser and heavier than that of Dracaena jayniana. Leaf scars present in apical 30–50 cm of branches where diam. is 1.3–2.4 cm (to 4.2 cm some cultivated plants e.g. Wilkinet al. 1521 perhaps due to increased nutrient availability), epidermis grey to light brown with tightly packed scars. Leaves in dense clusters of ca 20–50 leaves at shoot apices, clusters ca 30–120 cm in diam., 7–10 youngest leaves ascending to spreading, older recurved-pendent; divided into a basal sheath and blade, not pseudopetiolate; sheaths 8–16 × 17–32 mm, ovate to ovate-triangular, white (pale brown to mid brown when dry) sometimes with some irregular red markings from dried sap, sheath base clasping stem apex for ca 180°; leaf blades 11–60.5 × 0.9–3.1 cm, lorate-acuminate to linear-acuminate, not or weakly thickened above sheath, softer in texture than other Thai Dracaena species occurring on limestone, dark to mid green, thickly chartaceous to thinly coriaceous with a weak longitudinal central costa that is barely visible in apical half of the blade, primary venation parallel, dense sometimes denser in costa than elsewhere, secondary venation not visible; margins ca 1 mm broad and white when fresh, 0.1–0.3 mm wide when dry, to 0.5 mm on sheath, translucent white or pale brown, entire to bearing scattered trichomes, sometimes quite dense on sheath, often concealed by rolling of margins during drying; apex acuminate, terminated by a ca 1.5 mm long blunt, angular apiculus, translucent white to pale brown when dry, similar in appearance to margins. Inflorescence terminal on shoot, apical, erect or ascending relative to shoot growth direction in flower but can become pendent in fruit due to their mass, with 4 levels of branching; peduncle (0.8–)3.2–15.5 cm long, primary fertile axis ca 25–38 cm long; partial inflorescences racemose, with a primary axis and flowers in glomerular clusters or solitary towards axis apex; peduncular bracts to 8.7 cm long, foliaceous but with a reduced sheath, lower primary axis bracts to 7.5 cm long, foliaceous, becoming smaller towards apex, ovate-acuminate to broadly so and increasingly brown and scarious towards axis apex, morphologically continuous with bracts of secondary and tertiary axes and glomerular bracts, secondary branches 3.4–19.1 cm long, tertiary branches 1.9–6.2 cm long; glomerules (fourth level of inflorescence branching) composed of 1–3 flowers, internodes between glomerules to 10 mm in length, glomerular bracts 1.2–1.6 × 0.6–1.5 mm, ovate to broadly so, acuminate to acute, pale brown, scarious, clasping glomerule base, floral bracts like glomerular bracts but smaller and tending to be acute rather than acuminate, clasping pedicel base. Flowers patent to axis to ascending on a 1.2–2.0 × 0.3–0.7 mm, terete-angular pedicel, expanded and articulated at its apex; floral stalk absent, with 0.5–0.8 × 1.0–1.4 mm receptacle inserted directly on pedicel apex; tepals 6.0–8.5 × 1.2–2.6 mm long, narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, free almost to base, erect, with apical half recurved, cream with a green or yellow hue, paler and more translucent towards margins, greener towards apex and along thickened longitudinal costa, apex cucullate, acute to rounded, margins towards apex bearing a fringe of translucent trichomes; filaments 2.2–3.8 × 0.4–0.7 mm (free part), erect, narrowly lanceoloid, thickened, intense orange, green at base and where fused to tepal base, orange colour derived from bundles of heavily pigmented cells in translucent matrix; anthers dorsifixed, before anthesis 1.7–2.2 × 0.4–0.7(–1.0) mm, pale yellow, oblongoid; ovary 2.4–3.3 × 1.3–2.0 mm, ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, pale green, 3-locular, with an apical swelling at the apex of each vertical loculicidal dehiscence line, swelling minutely verrucate and surrounding point of style insertion, style 2.5–3.3 mm long, erect, terete, white, stigma 0.5–0.8 mm in diam, 3-lobed, capitate. Infructescence usually with most bracts fallen, trichomes substantially persistent. Fruit a berry, tepal remains persistent at base, each berry bearing 1–3 seeds, 6.6–8.3 × 7–8.5 mm and (sub)globose (where 1-seeded), 7.0–8.2 × 9.9–11.3 mm (2-seeded) or 8.3–8.8 × 11.2–12.0 mm (3-seeded) and lobed, light to mid brown, becoming orange at maturity but most orange fruit already fallen, when dry with a paler cap around point of style base insertion sometimes bearing stylar remains. Seeds ca 6–7 mm in diam., globose to broadly triquetrous, pale brown, smooth but microreticulate.

Distribution. Specimens seen from northern, northeastern and central Thailand, but ancedotal evidence exists as to extensive distribution in adjacent Burma (Fig. 4) through oral reports of the Burmese workers at Doi Ang Khang, which is on the Thailand/Burma border.

Thailand. Northern; Chiang Rai, Mae Sai, Doi Pha Mi/Doi Nang Non/Khun Nam Nang Non, 20°22'18.8"N, 99°51'12.9"E, old infructescence 1 June 2009, Wilkin, Suksathan & Wongnak 1507 (BKF!; K!; QBG!); Mae Sao, Doi Ang Khang Royal Project, cultivated bonsai garden nursery, 19°54'09.1"N, 99°02'30.2"E from a branch brought from a limestone ridge ca 2 km away (in Burma), sterile 30 May 2009, Wilkin, Suksathan, Wongnak & Sumit 1505 (BKF!; K!; QBG!); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao, sterile 28 Jan. 1913 Kerr 2870 (BM!; K!); Doi Chiang Dao, fr. 3 Nov. 1922, Kerr 6542 (BM! K!); Doi Chiang Dao (Chiengdao), fr. 22 April 1940, Garrett 1189 K!); Doi Chiang Dao, fr. 27 Sep. 1971, Vidal 5245 (AAU!; BKF!; L!; P!); Doi Chiang Dao, fr. 6 Jan. 1975, Geesink, Hiepko & Phengklai 8122 (K!, L!); Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, north cliffs of Doi Nahng limestone mountain, fl. 17 March 1996, Maxwell 96-379 (BKF! CMU); Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, ridge to closest peak to ranger station, 19°23'02.3"N, 98°51'04.4"E, sterile 12 November 2011, Wilkin, Suksathan, Trias Blasi, Clark & Phitak 1525 (BKF!; K!; QBG!); Mae Sa, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden Botanical Resort, near restaurant, cultivated plant of unknown origin, fr. 8 June 2009, Wilkin, Suksathan & Sumit 1521 (BKF!; K!; QBG!). Northeastern; Loei, Nong Hin, near Ban Suan Hom, 17°01'45.2"N, 101°44'28.8"E, fr. 5 June 2009, Wilkin, Suksathan, Phonsena, Keeratikiat & Tot 1517 (BKF!; K!; QBG!). Central; Saraburi, Muak Lek, Lam Phaya Klang, Si U-tumpon temple, fl. 23 Mar. 2009, Sriponamat 2 (BKF!); Saraburi, Muak Lek, Lam Phaya Klang, Si U-tumpon temple, fl. 7 May 2009, Sriponamat 3 (BKF!).

Chan nuu (Saraburi, Lop Buri, Loei) Chan pa krai (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai), Chan ku on (Shan, Chiang Rai and Burma)

On limestone rocks from 550–2000 m altitude. In higher mountains on ridge tops (Chan pa krai form) and on the slopes and/or summits where they occur on lower limestone mountains in Loei and Lop Buri Provinces of Thailand. Higher altitude forms tend to be smaller, with fewer branches, a more open crown and smaller leaves, especially when in more exposed habitats. However, trees to ca 8 m in height and diam. and 50 cm DBH can be found in dense montane forest on limestone ridges at high altitude in northern Thailand.

As indicated in Fig. 4, there are two groups of lowland populations of Dracaena kaweesakii, in Saraburi and Lop Buri (Central Thailand), where we have reports supported by photographs of seven populations in addition to the localities represented by Wilkin et al. 1500 and Sriponamat 2 and 3. It is found near Nong Hin in Loei Province (northeastern Thailand). There are three known localities in northern Thailand; at Doi Chiang Dao and near Doi Ang Khang and Mae Sai. These population locations were imported into GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011; http://geocat.kew.org/ ) and extent of occurrence (EOO) was calculated to be 73, 657 km², while area of occupancy (AOO) was calculated to be 44 km² based on a cell width of 2 km. However, anecdotal reports suggest the species is also distributed well into Burma on limestone ridges. The authors have seen populations of 10s to 100s of individuals and we have received reports of seven populations with sizes from eight to 150 mature plants in Saraburi and Lop Buri Provinces, suggesting that there are likely to be a few hundred plants in central Thailand. There appear to be few plants of Chan pa krai on Doi Chiang Dao. Thus it is likely that even including its distribution in Burma there would be less than 2, 500 mature individuals, the threshold for criterion C of EN (IUCN 2001).

Dracaena kaweesakii is extracted from the wild for use in horticulture in Thailand and is one of the more popular taxa due to its extensive branching. A number of populations are protected by proximity to temples or having been transplanted into their gardens. There is no evidence yet of over-extraction but sustainability studies are needed at population level; the authors have, for example, encountered an alley of vegetation being cleared to remove Dracaena kaweesakii from a limestone karst in Loei Province. Limestone habitats are generally threatened in Thailand by extraction for concrete manufacture, especially those closest to cities such as Bangkok; the populations in Saraburi and Lop Buri are the most vulnerable to this threat. Fires can also be problematic. Thus a preliminary assessment of Endangered (EN B2b (ii, iii, iv, v) C1) based on the criteria of IUCN (2001) is indicated.

Used in horticulture in Thailand.

This species is named for our collaborator, friend and co-author Toi (Keeratkiat Kaweesak) to recognise of his extensive knowledge of Chan diversity.

As indicated in Table 1, Dracaena kaweesakii differs from Dracaena yuccifolia in both vegetative and reproductive characters. It has up to several hundred branches, while the latter does not exceed about 80. The leaf sheaths are white (brown when dry) and lack the yellow or dark brown pigmentation found in Dracaena kaweesakii. The leaf blades of Dracaena kaweesakii possess a distinctive a narrow white margin when fresh. The inflorescence axis of Dracaena kaweesakii is tuberculate-villous not glabrous to microaculeate, and it lacks a floral stalk above the pedicel articulation; thus the flower is inserted directly at the pedicel apex. The tepals of Dracaena kaweesakii are cream-green or cream-yellow, with intense orange filaments (as opposed to bright white tepals and filaments), the anthers 1.7–2.2 mm long (as opposed to1.0–1.4 mm) and the style 2.2–3.3 mm long (as opposed to 3.4–5.5 mm). The ovary is broader (1.3–2.0 versus 0.5–1.1 mm) and fruits that largely remain brown on the infructescence, turning orange only just before or after falling (dull light red on the infructescence in Dracaena yuccifolia).

Two specimens collected on Hainan Island, How 70949 & Lau 225 may belong to an expanded concept of this species or a morphologically distinct close relative. Both have relatively thin leaves with pale margins and narrow terminal shoots; floral colour and dimensions also appear similar to those of Dracaena kaweesakii (e.g. tepals ca 6.5 mm long), although there are no flowers at anthesis on those specimens. They both differ in possessing glabrous inflorescence axes, up to 5 flowers per glomerule and a stalk above the point of articulation of the pedicel. Neither is Dracaena cochinchinensis as they have been determined. Both specimens possess a few leaves and an inflorescence with a few closed flowers. The taxonomy of Dracaena with free tepals in Hainan needs urgent revision including field-based study of fertile plants, not least to provide conservation status information.

The fruits of Dracaena kaweesakii were said to be dispersed by squirrels at Nong Hin in Loei Province. This may explain the late transition from brown to orange in colour around the time of fruit fall. Other species in Thailand have dull red fruits on the infructescence, bird dispersal appears likely. Field studies are needed to test these hypotheses.