Table 3. Definitions of landmarks used in this study

1

Intersection of the infratemporal crest and sphenosquamosal suture

2

Most lateral point on the margin of foramen ovale*

3

Most anterior point on the articular surface of the articular eminence

4

Most inferior point on entoglenoid process

5

Most inferior point on the medial margin of the articular surface of the articular eminence

6

Point on the center of the lateral margin of the articular surface of the articular eminence

7

Center of articular eminence

8

Deepest point within mandibular fossa

9

Most inferior point on the postglenoid process

10

Point on anterior margin of tympanic element that is closest to carotid canal

11

Apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone

12

Most posterolateral point on the margin of the carotid canal entrance

13

Most lateral point on the vagina of the styloid process (whether process is present or absent)

14

Most lateral point on the margin of the stylomastoid foramen

15

Most lateral point on the jugular fossa

16

Center of the inferior tip of the mastoid process

17

Most inferior point on the external acoustic meatus

18

Most inferolateral point on the tympanic element of the temporal

19

Point of inflection where the braincase curves laterally into the supraglenoid gutter, in coronal plane of mandibular fossa

20

Point on lateral margin of zygomatic process of the temporal bone at the position of the postglenoid process

21

Auriculare

22

Porion

Definitions for standard craniometric landmarks follow those by Braeuer [Braeuer, G. (1988) in Anthropologie: Handbuch der Vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen, eds. Martin, R. & Knußman, R. (Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart), pp. 160–232].

*Foramen ovale is the only landmark not on the temporal bone that was included in the analysis.