BellotSidonieRennerSusanne S.The systematics of the worldwide endoparasite family Apodanthaceae (Cucurbitales), with a key, a map, and color photos of most speciesPhytoKeys3042014201436415710.3897/phytokeys.36.7385 Pilostyles blanchetii http://species-id.net/wiki/Pilostyles_blanchetii(Gardner) R.Br., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 19(3): 247. [6 Nov 1844] = Apodanthes blanchetii Gardner, Icon. Pl. 7: t. 655 b. 1844 [Jul 1844] = Frostia blanchetii (Gardner) H.Karst., Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 26: 922. 1858.Pilostyles calliandrae (Gardner) R.Br., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 19(3): 247. [6 Nov 1844] = Apodanthes calliandrae Gardner, Icon. Pl. 7: t. 644. 1844 [Jan 1844] = Frostia calliandrae (Gardner) H. Karst., Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 26: 921. 1858. Type: Brazil, Amazonas, near Maynas [Manaus], Feb. 1840, G. Gardner 3639 (K000601222), syn. nov.Pilostyles caulotreti (Karsten) Hook.f., Prodr. (DC.) 17: 116. 1873 = Sarna caulotreti Karsten, Linnaea 28: 415. Jun 1857 [1856]. Type: Venezuela, H. Karsten s.n. (W, destroyed in WWII). Comment: Gentry (1973) considered this name as synonym of Pilostyles blanchetii, and we agree with this assessment.Pilostyles ingae (Karsten) Hooker f., Prodr. (DC.) 17: 116. 1873 = Sarna ingae H.Karst., Linnaea 28: 415. Jun 1857 [1856]. Type: Colombia, Cauca, Popayán, parasitic on Inga, H. Karsten s.n. (W, destroyed in WWII), syn. nov. (based on the protologue).Pilostyles galactiae Ule, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 292. 1915. Type: Brazil, Amazonia, Surumu River, tributary of the Rio Branco, Oct. 1909 and Mar. 1910, parasitic on Galactia jussiaeana Kunth., E. Ule 7895 (B, holotype destroyed in WWII; isotype NY), syn. nov.Pilostyles goyazensis Ule, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 33: 475. 1915. Syntypes (all parasitic on Mimosa): Brazil, Goias, region near city of Corumba, Sobradinho, Aug. 1892, E. Ule 3097; Serra dos Pyreneos, Mun. Corumba, Dec. 1892, E. Ule 3098; same location, Dec. 1892, E. Ule 3099; in the Corumba region, Aug. 1892, not flowering, E. Ule s.n.; Serra dos Pyreneos, Aug. 1892, not reproductive, E. Ule s.n. (all in B, material destroyed in WWII), syn. nov. (based on the protologue).Pilostyles globosa (S.Watson ex Robinson) Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 31: 311. 1896 = Apodanthes globosa S.Watson ex Robinson., Bot. Gaz. 16: 83, tab. 9, 1891. Type: Mexico, Northern part, Sierra Madre, parasitic on Bauhinia lunarioides A. Gray, C. G. Pringle 1950 (G), syn. nov.Pilostyles stawiarskii Vattimo-Gil, Revista Brasil. Biol. 10: 196. 1950. Type: Brazil, Paraná, Mun. de Palmas, parasitic on Mimosa scabrella Benth. [incl. its synonym Mimosa bracaatinga Hoehne], Jan. 1948 and Feb. 1948, V. Stawiarski R50.591 and 50.592 (R, photos). There is also a topotypical collection from Dec. 1949, syn. nov. (based on the protologue).Pilostyles ulei Solms-Laub., in Goebel, Organogr. Pfl. 2,1: 434. Figure 292 (1900), descr. in Endriss, Flora, Ergänz.-Bd. 91: 209. 1902. Type: Brazil, Goias, parasitic on Fabaceae, E. Ule s.n. (B, destroyed in WWII; R has E. Ule 34, E. Ule 36, E. Ule 38, E. Ule 148, E. Ule 367, E. Ule 482, and E. Ule 483 labeled as this species, not seen). Comment: already Solms-Laubach (1901) and Endriss (1902) considered Pilostyles ulei as a synonym of Pilostyles ingae.Type.

Brazil: Bahia, 1839, J. S. Blanchet 2861 (NY).

Note.

Tepals purple to brown sometimes with clearer margins (Fig. 6E), in 3 whorls with usually 4 (rarely 3-6) tepals, the middle tepal diamond-shaped. Stamens in 2 whorls. Found in branches of Mimosa and Bauhinia, but also Cassia, Dioclea, Galactia and Schnella, in Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Costa-Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay (Figs 2, 3).

Geographic distribution of Apodanthaceae based on label information from 785 herbarium collections.

Phylogenetic relationships among the hosts of Apodanthaceae (legume relationships from Wojciechowski et al. 2006) and among the species of Apodanthaceae (from Bellot and Renner in review). Identical colors link parasite species and their host(s) and are also used in Figure 2. Dashed lines represent associations with rarely reported hosts; hosts in bold are the most common ones.

GentryAH (1973) Flora of Panama, Part IV. Family 50A. Rafflesiaceae.Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 17-21. doi: 10.2307/2394766Solms-LaubachH (1901) Rafflesiaceae. In: Engler A (Ed) Das Pflanzenreich IV. Engelmann, Leipzig, 75.EndrissW (1902) Monographie von Pilostyles ingae (Karst.) Pilostyles ulei Solms-Laub. Flora, Ergänz.-Bd. 91: 209–236, 1 plate [Diss. Zürich.].WojciechowskiMFMahnJJonesB (2006) Fabaceae legumes. Version 14 June 2006. http://tolweb.org/Fabaceae/21093/2006.06.14in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/ [accessed 02.2014]BellotSRennerSS (in review) Exploring new dating approaches for parasites: the worldwide Apodanthaceae (Cucurbitales) as an example. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.