A high dose of UV-B radiation (16 kJ) is shown by Kakani et al. (pp. 817-826) to modify overall cotton growth, while a near-ambient dose of 8 kJ is sufficient to modify reproductive parameters. Typical symptoms of UV-B exposure are shown to include chlorosis and necrosis, more epidermal wax deposition, larger palisade layers, smaller and thinner leaves, and smaller flowers with fewer anthers.