"SM. 1 Silica abundance data for all samples from this study combined with those from previous work, organized by species Name, Order, Family, Silica (wt %), Reference, and collection Location. " Name Order Family Silica (wt %) Reference Location Acorus calamus Acorales Acoraceae 0.09 Acorus gramineus Acorales Acoraceae 0.21 Sagittaria lancifolia Alismatales Alismataceae 0.27 Sagittaria trifolia Alismatales Alismataceae 0.83 Zamioculcas zamiifolia Alismatales Araceae 0.46 Amorphophallus rivieri Alismatales Araceae 0.09 Pistia stratiotes Alismatales Araceae 0.36 Halodule beaudettei Alismatales Cymodoceaceae 1.53 Lanning & Eleuterius (1985) Triglochin maritima Alismatales Juncaginaceae 0.00 Triglochin striata Alismatales Juncaginaceae 1.20 Triglochin maritima Alismatales Juncaginaceae 2.40 Ruppia maritima Alismatales Ruppiaceae 3.20 Foeniculum vulgare Apiales Apiaceae 0.14 Ammi visnaga Apiales Apiaceae 0.37 Ferula varia Apiales Apiaceae 2.85 Lilaeopsis chinensis Apiales Apiaceae 4.12 Conium maculatum Apiales Apiaceae 0.06 Polyscias filicifolia Apiales Araliaceae 0.11 Hydrocotyle bonariensis Apiales Araliaceae 0.08 Aralia cordata Apiales Araliaceae 0.17 Panax ginseng Apiales Araliaceae 0.43 Pittosporum tobira Apiales Pittosporaceae 0.15 Ilex aquifolium Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae 0.21 Ilex latifolia Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae 0.32 Ilex integra Aquifoliales Aquifoliaceae 0.45 Washingtonia filifera Arecales Arecaceae 3.05 Phoenix dactylifera Arecales Arecaceae 0.58 Phoenix roebelenii Arecales Arecaceae 0.64 Rhapis humilis Arecales Arecaceae 1.11 Trachycarpus fortunei Arecales Arecaceae 3.02 Sabal etonia Arecales Arecaceae 3.14 Serenoa repens Arecales Arecaceae 3.67 Caryota mitis Arecales Arecaceae 2.76 Sabal minor Arecales Arecaceae 2.11 Serenoa repens Arecales Arecaceae 5.24 Yucca aloifolia Asparagales Agavaceae 0.03 Hosta longissima Asparagales Agavaceae 0.19 Yucca filamentosa Asparagales Agavaceae 0.17 Agave americana Asparagales Agavaceae 0.30 Allium fistulosum Asparagales Alliaceae 0.36 Crinum asiaticum Asparagales Amaryllidaceae 0.04 Lycoris radiata Asparagales Amaryllidaceae 0.02 Zephyranthes candida Asparagales Amaryllidaceae 0.21 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Asparagales Anemarrhenaceae 0.17 Asparagus officinalis Asparagales Asparagaceae 1.65 Asparagus cochinchinensis Asparagales Asparagaceae 0.53 Asparagus officinalis Asparagales Asparagaceae 0.58 Alo‘ arborescens Asparagales Asphodelaceae 0.34 Aspidistra elatior Asparagales Convallariaceae 0.13 Convallaria majalis Asparagales Convallariaceae 1.13 Polygonatum odoratum Asparagales Convallariaceae 0.19 Rohdea japonica Asparagales Convallariaceae 0.53 Sansevieria trifasciata Asparagales Convallariaceae 0.02 Smilacina japonica Asparagales Convallariaceae 1.16 Hemerocallis fulva Asparagales Hemerocallidaceae 0.39 Iris ensata Asparagales Iridaceae 0.32 Iris florentina Asparagales Iridaceae 0.17 Iris setosa Asparagales Iridaceae 0.39 Bletilla striata Asparagales Orchidaceae 1.01 Spiranthes sinensis Asparagales Orchidaceae 0.13 Asplenium cuneifolium Aspleniales Aspleniaceae 0.34 "Hohne & Richter (1981, study 1)" Asplenium trichomanes Aspleniales Aspleniaceae 0.19 Blechnum spicant Aspleniales Blechnaceae 6.42 Blechnum spicant Aspleniales Blechnaceae 4.36 Blechnum amabile Aspleniales Blechnaceae 1.99 Woodwardia orientalis Aspleniales Blechnaceae 5.03 Davallia mariesii Aspleniales Davalliaceae 0.98 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.13 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.15 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.11 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.06 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.13 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.30 Dryopteris carthusiana Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.24 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.64 Dryopteris carthusiana Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.98 Dryopteris filix-mas Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.51 Acrophorus stipellatus Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 2.42 Cyrtomium falcatum Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.28 Cyrtomium fortunei Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.49 Dryopteris bissetiana Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.13 Dryopteris crassirhizoma Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.30 Dryopteris erythrosora Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.45 Dryopteris lacera Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.41 Dryopteris sieboldii Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.58 Dryopteris uniformis Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.51 Polystichopsis amabilis Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.71 Polystichopsis pseudo-aristata Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.62 Polystichopsis standishii Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.45 Polystichum lepidocaulon Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.13 Polystichum polyblepharum Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.15 Polystichum pseudo-makinoi Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.79 Polystichum tripteron Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 0.41 Ctenitis subglandulosa Aspleniales Dryopteridaceae 1.05 Nephrolepis cordifolia Aspleniales Oleandraceae 0.58 Lastrea limbosperma Aspleniales Thelypteridaceae 1.84 Phegopteris connectilis Aspleniales Thelypteridaceae 5.88 Lastrea limbosperma Aspleniales Thelypteridaceae 2.74 Lastrea oligophlebia Aspleniales Thelypteridaceae 2.61 Cyclosorus acuminatus Aspleniales Thelypteridaceae 7.00 Cyclosorus dentatus Aspleniales Thelypteridaceae 10.93 Leptogramma mollissima Aspleniales Thelypteridaceae 6.42 Athyrium filix-femina Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 4.09 Athyrium filix-femina Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 2.80 Athyrium filix-femina Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 1.97 Athyrium filix-femina Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 3.47 Athyrium filix-femina Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 2.33 Athyrium filix-femina Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 3.38 Gymnocarpium dryopteris Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 4.84 Matteuccia struthiopteris Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 4.69 Athyrium filix-femina Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 2.46 "Hohne & Richter (1981, study 2)" Matteuccia struthiopteris Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 4.02 Struthiopteris niponica Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 6.78 Athyrium japonicum Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 2.61 Athyrium lobato-crenatum Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 4.09 Athyrium niponicum Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 2.08 Athyrium yokoscense Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 3.06 Diplazium wichurae Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 3.57 Diplazium hachijoense Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 9.39 Onoclea sensibilis Aspleniales Woodsiaceae 3.29 Artemisia gnaphalodes Asterales Asteraceae 0.16 Aster laevis Asterales Asteraceae 0.45 Artemisia cana Asterales Asteraceae 0.33 Artemisia frigida Asterales Asteraceae 0.99 Helianthus maximilianii Asterales Asteraceae 5.00 Artemisia tridentata Asterales Asteraceae 1.40 Artemisia tridentata Asterales Asteraceae 0.60 Leontodon hispidus Asterales Asteraceae 0.41 Inula viscosa Asterales Asteraceae 0.26 Inula graveolens Asterales Asteraceae 0.46 Sonchus oleraceus Asterales Asteraceae 0.28 Lactuca serriola Asterales Asteraceae 0.50 Megalodonta tripartita Asterales Asteraceae 0.35 Xanthium strumarium Asterales Asteraceae 0.32 Pulicaria dysenterica Asterales Asteraceae 0.13 Picris echioides Asterales Asteraceae 0.32 Eclipta erecta Asterales Asteraceae 0.46 Erigeron crispus Asterales Asteraceae 0.11 Conyza canadensis Asterales Asteraceae 0.16 Centaurea iberica Asterales Asteraceae 0.32 Seriphidium maritimum Asterales Asteraceae 0.66 Aster tripolium Asterales Asteraceae 0.24 Achillea millefolium Asterales Asteraceae 4.20 Hogenbirk & Sarrazin-Delay (1995) Anaphalis margaritacea Asterales Asteraceae 0.70 Aster macrophyllus Asterales Asteraceae 2.60 Senecio fuchsii Asterales Asteraceae 1.24 Senecio fuchsii Asterales Asteraceae 0.98 Senecio fuchsii Asterales Asteraceae 0.53 Senecio fuchsii Asterales Asteraceae 1.52 Inula helenium Asterales Asteraceae 2.20 Boltonia asteroides Asterales Asteraceae 2.00 "Lanning & Eleuterius (1983, study 1)" Solidago sempervirens Asterales Asteraceae 0.22 Aster tenuifolia Asterales Asteraceae 0.03 "Lanning & Eleuterius (1983, study 2)" Pluchea purpurascens Asterales Asteraceae 0.41 Iva frutescens Asterales Asteraceae 1.85 Polymnia uvedalia Asterales Asteraceae 0.98 Aster tenuifolia Asterales Asteraceae 0.09 "Lanning & Eleuterius (1983, study 4)" Borrichia frutescens Asterales Asteraceae 0.38 Borrichia frutescens Asterales Asteraceae 0.39 Trilisa odoratissima Asterales Asteraceae 0.77 Polymnia uvedalia Asterales Asteraceae 1.48 Grindelia squarrosa Asterales Asteraceae 0.45 Helianthus angustifolius Asterales Asteraceae 1.32 Helianthus atrorubens Asterales Asteraceae 1.15 Helianthus tuberosus Asterales Asteraceae 4.80 Artemisia absinthium Asterales Asteraceae 0.68 Artemisia maritima Asterales Asteraceae 0.21 Baccharis halimifolia Asterales Asteraceae 0.28 Chamomilla recutita Asterales Asteraceae 0.34 Chrysanthemum coronarium Asterales Asteraceae 0.39 Eupatorium fortunei Asterales Asteraceae 0.79 Baccharis trimera Asterales Asteraceae 0.82 Pereira & Felcman (1998) Chrysanthemum morii Asterales Asteraceae 0.62 Helianthus annuus Asterales Asteraceae 0.05 Helianthus annuus Asterales Asteraceae 0.08 Lobelia cardinalis Asterales Lobeliaceae 0.04 Batis maritima Brassicales Bataceae 0.27 Brassica napus Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.03 Bertrand & Ghitescu (1934) Hirschfeldia incana Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.39 Brassica alba Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.15 Nasturtium officinale Brassicales Brassicaceae 2.46 Armoracia rusticana Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.09 Wasabia japonica Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.30 Brassica rapa Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.14 Brassica napus Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.36 Brassica rapa Brassicales Brassicaceae 0.43 Brassica rapa Brassicales Brassicaceae 1.07 Brassica rapa Brassicales Brassicaceae 1.07 Tropaeolum majus Brassicales Tropaeolaceae 0.04 Atriplex nuttallii Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.60 Eurotia lanata Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.60 Atriplex canescens Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.20 Salsola kali Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 1.60 Kochia scoparia Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 1.50 Amaranthus spp. Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 5.00 Atriplex rosea Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.29 Chenopodium album Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.18 Chenopodium opulifolium Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.23 Chenopodium murale Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.36 Alternanthera sessilis Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.60 Amaranthus gracilis Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.13 Amaranthus albus Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.14 Amaranthus retroflexus Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.43 Amaranthus graecizans Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.09 Atriplex portulacoides Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.32 Suaeda maritima Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.26 Salicornia europaea Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.00 Atriplex littoralis Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.00 Atriplex prostrata Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.00 Chenopodium album Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.00 Salicornia bigelovii Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.74 Salicornia virginica Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.02 Amaranthus viridis Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae 0.32 Spergularia media Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae 0.00 Dianthus superbus Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae 0.13 Saponaria officinalis Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae 0.58 Glinus lotoides Caryophyllales Molluginaceae 0.16 Limonium vulgare Caryophyllales Plumbaginaceae 0.00 Limonium carolinianum Caryophyllales Plumbaginaceae 0.44 Polygonum fagopyrum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.04 Rumex dentatus Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.10 Polygonum senegalense Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.13 Polygonum salicifolium Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.10 Polygonum arenastrum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.12 Polygonum acuminatum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.39 Polygonum lapathifolium Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.20 Polygonum patulum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.12 Polygonum aviculare Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 4.21 Polygonum punctatum Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 2.15 Polygonum hydropiper Caryophyllales Polygonaceae 0.32 Tamarix jordanis Caryophyllales Tamaricaceae 0.19 Tamarix chinensis Caryophyllales Tamaricaceae 1.16 Tradescantia ohiensis Commelinales Commelinaceae 0.83 Cornus stolonifera Cornales Cornaceae 0.20 Alangium platanifolium Cornales Cornaceae 0.40 Hydrangea macrophylla Cornales Hydrangeaceae 0.73 Philadelphus satsumi Cornales Hydrangeaceae 0.11 Hydrangea macrophylla Cornales Hydrangeaceae 0.97 Benincasa hispida Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae 0.90 Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae 1.22 Luffa acutangula Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae 1.11 Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae 1.90 Cycas revoluta Cycadales Cycadaceae 0.15 Symphoricarpos occidentalis Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae 1.05 Valeriana officinalis Dipsacales Valerianaceae 2.08 Ephedra sinica Ephedrales Ephedraceae 0.04 Equisetum arvense Equisetales Equisetaceae 9.09 Equisetum hyemale Equisetales Equisetaceae 5.31 Equisetum arvense Equisetales Equisetaceae 12.84 Equisetum hyemale Equisetales Equisetaceae 12.02 Clethra alnifolia Ericales Clethraceae 1.97 Cliftonia monophylla Ericales Cyrillaceae 0.30 Calluna vulgaris Ericales Ericaceae 5.35 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 2.14 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Ericales Ericaceae 0.04 Calluna vulgaris Ericales Ericaceae 0.72 Empetrum nigrum Ericales Ericaceae 0.19 Loiseleuria procumbens Ericales Ericaceae 0.32 Rhododendron ferrugineum Ericales Ericaceae 0.04 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 0.04 Vaccinium uliginosum Ericales Ericaceae 0.10 Vaccinium vitis-idaea Ericales Ericaceae 0.04 Calluna vulgaris Ericales Ericaceae 1.69 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 0.13 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 0.11 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 0.15 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 0.19 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 0.24 Vaccinium myrtillus Ericales Ericaceae 0.30 Lyonia ferruginea Ericales Ericaceae 0.29 Ceratiola ericoides Ericales Ericaceae 0.07 Erica canaliculata Ericales Ericaceae 0.34 Rhododendron japonicum Ericales Ericaceae 0.90 Rhododendron pulchrum Ericales Ericaceae 0.39 Pieris japonica Ericales Ericaceae 0.20 Phlox subulata Ericales Polemoniaceae 2.37 Primula veris Ericales Primulaceae 2.08 Glaux maritima Ericales Primulaceae 3.00 Styrax japonicus Ericales Styracaceae 0.34 Cleyera ochnacea Ericales Ternstroemiaceae 0.27 Ternstroemia japonica Ericales Ternstroemiaceae 0.32 Thea sinensis Ericales Theaceae 0.12 Camellia japonica Ericales Theaceae 0.13 Camellia sasanqua Ericales Theaceae 0.32 Thea sinensis Ericales Theaceae 0.09 Eurya japonica Ericales Theaceae 0.33 Camellia japonica Ericales Theaceae 0.24 Camellia sasanqua Ericales Theaceae 0.45 Medicago sativa Fabales Fabaceae 0.08 Hedysarum americanum Fabales Fabaceae 0.43 Lathyrus ochroleucus Fabales Fabaceae 0.77 Lupinus argenteus Fabales Fabaceae 0.86 Vicia americana Fabales Fabaceae 0.41 Cajanus cajan Fabales Fabaceae 2.80 Lotus corniculatus Fabales Fabaceae 0.11 Melilotus albus Fabales Fabaceae 0.31 Trifolium fragiferum Fabales Fabaceae 0.14 Alhagi mannifera Fabales Fabaceae 0.17 Glycine max Fabales Fabaceae 1.43 Glycine max Fabales Fabaceae 2.95 Vicia villosa Fabales Fabaceae 0.02 Fu et al. (2001) Gymnocladus dioicus Fabales Fabaceae 0.22 Gleditsia triacanthos Fabales Fabaceae 0.01 Cercis canadensis Fabales Fabaceae 0.20 Trifolium pratense Fabales Fabaceae 0.12 Lupinus nanus Fabales Fabaceae 0.24 Trifolium pratense Fabales Fabaceae 0.10 Trifolium pratense Fabales Fabaceae 0.09 Lupinus nanus Fabales Fabaceae 0.16 Lotus corniculatus Fabales Fabaceae 0.60 Trifolium hybridum Fabales Fabaceae 0.80 Trifolium pratense Fabales Fabaceae 0.70 Trifolium repens Fabales Fabaceae 1.00 Trifolium incarnatum Fabales Fabaceae 0.12 Pisum sativum Fabales Fabaceae 0.25 Albizia julibrissin Fabales Fabaceae 0.21 Sophora flavescens Fabales Fabaceae 0.11 Sophora japonica Fabales Fabaceae 0.15 Wisteria brachybotrys Fabales Fabaceae 0.51 Glycine wightii Fabales Fabaceae 0.20 Desmodium uncinatum Fabales Fabaceae 0.30 Phaseolus atropurpureus Fabales Fabaceae 0.30 Trifolium pratense Fabales Fabaceae 0.30 Medicago sativa Fabales Fabaceae 0.20 Trifolium subterraneum Fabales Fabaceae 3.10 Galega orientalis Fabales Fabaceae 0.34 Trifolium repens Fabales Fabaceae 0.11 "Reay & Bennett (1987, study 2)" Galega orientalis Fabales Fabaceae 0.27 Trifolium pratense Fabales Fabaceae 0.31 Medicago sativa Fabales Fabaceae 0.38 Glycine max Fabales Fabaceae 0.02 Glycine max Fabales Fabaceae 0.04 Phaseolus vulgaris Fabales Fabaceae 1.82 Phaseolus vulgaris Fabales Fabaceae 0.92 Betula pendula Fagales Betulaceae 0.83 Alnus viridis Fagales Betulaceae 0.13 Carpinus caroliniana Fagales Betulaceae 0.62 Ostrya virginiana Fagales Betulaceae 0.31 Fagus sylvatica Fagales Fagaceae 16.05 Fagus sylvatica Fagales Fagaceae 23.53 Quercus robur Fagales Fagaceae 1.84 Quercus rubra Fagales Fagaceae 0.15 Quercus alba Fagales Fagaceae 0.90 Quercus velutina Fagales Fagaceae 0.13 Quercus imbricaria Fagales Fagaceae 0.38 Quercus macrocarpa Fagales Fagaceae 0.44 Quercus muehlenbergii Fagales Fagaceae 0.58 Fagus sylvatica Fagales Fagaceae 1.35 Gen§ler (unpub) Quercus petraea Fagales Fagaceae 0.63 Quercus robur Fagales Fagaceae 0.62 Quercus myrtifolia Fagales Fagaceae 0.44 Quercus chapmanii Fagales Fagaceae 0.38 Quercus geminata Fagales Fagaceae 1.33 Quercus laevis Fagales Fagaceae 0.39 Quercus suber Fagales Fagaceae 0.73 Juglans nigra Fagales Juglandaceae 0.28 Juglans cinerea Fagales Juglandaceae 0.48 Carya cordiformis Fagales Juglandaceae 0.26 Carya ovata Fagales Juglandaceae 0.46 Carya laciniosa Fagales Juglandaceae 0.32 Carya tomentosa Fagales Juglandaceae 0.36 Myrica cerifera Fagales Myricaceae 0.03 Myrica cerifera Fagales Myricaceae 0.09 Aucuba japonica Garryales Aucubaceae 1.24 Aucuba japonica Garryales Aucubaceae 0.53 Nerium oleander Gentianales Apocynaceae 0.41 Cynanchum acutum Gentianales Apocynaceae 0.15 Nerium oleander Gentianales Apocynaceae 0.39 Gentiana decumbens Gentianales Gentianaceae 1.69 Galium elongatum Gentianales Rubiaceae 0.79 Galium mollugo Gentianales Rubiaceae 1.30 Coffea arabica Gentianales Rubiaceae 0.17 Lanning (1966) Rubia tinctorum Gentianales Rubiaceae 1.07 Gardenia jasminoides Gentianales Rubiaceae 0.33 Pelargonium graveolens Geraniales Geraniaceae 0.64 Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoales Ginkgoaceae 0.11 Gleichenia glauca Gleicheniales Gleicheniaceae 1.69 Campsis grandiflora Lamiales Bignoniaceae 0.30 Catalpa ovata Lamiales Bignoniaceae 0.43 Catalpa ovata Lamiales Bignoniaceae 0.97 Melissa officinalis Lamiales Lamiaceae 0.68 Lycopus europaeus Lamiales Lamiaceae 0.22 Mentha longifolia Lamiales Lamiaceae 0.36 Ballota undulata Lamiales Lamiaceae 0.40 Betonica foliosa Lamiales Lamiaceae 2.44 Origanum vulgare Lamiales Lamiaceae 1.58 Thymus marschallianus Lamiales Lamiaceae 4.73 Mentha piperita Lamiales Lamiaceae 3.29 Kolesnikov & Gins (2001) Melissa officinalis Lamiales Lamiaceae 3.44 Lavandula angustifolia Lamiales Lamiaceae 1.16 Plectranthus japonicus Lamiales Lamiaceae 0.15 Salvia officinalis Lamiales Lamiaceae 1.41 Fraxinus oxyphylla Lamiales Oleaceae 0.27 Fraxinus americana Lamiales Oleaceae 0.42 Olea europaea Lamiales Oleaceae 0.28 Ligustrum lucidum Lamiales Oleaceae 0.43 Osmanthus fragrans Lamiales Oleaceae 0.46 Ligustrum japonicum Lamiales Oleaceae 0.48 Fraxinus americana Lamiales Oleaceae 0.90 Wilding & Drees (1971) Paulownia tomentosa Lamiales Paulowniaceae 0.98 Plantago lanceolata Lamiales Plantaginaceae 0.13 Plantago lagopus Lamiales Plantaginaceae 0.56 Plantago maritima Lamiales Plantaginaceae 0.26 Kickxia spuria Lamiales Scrophulariaceae 0.51 Melampyrum pratense Lamiales Scrophulariaceae 1.35 Melampyrum pratense Lamiales Scrophulariaceae 1.28 "Hohne (1963, study 5)" Melampyrum pratense Lamiales Scrophulariaceae 1.39 Bacopa monnieri Lamiales Scrophulariaceae 1.18 Verbena officinalis Lamiales Verbenaceae 0.46 Verbena officinalis Lamiales Verbenaceae 1.01 Vitex agnus-castus Lamiales Verbenaceae 0.56 Lindera benzoin Laurales Lauraceae 0.08 Sassafras albidum Laurales Lauraceae 0.07 Persea palustris Laurales Lauraceae 3.40 Lindera strychnifolia Laurales Lauraceae 0.19 Lilium leichtlinii Liliales Liliaceae 0.24 Tricyrtis hirta Liliales Liliaceae 0.51 Heloniopsis orientalis Liliales Melanthiaceae 0.24 Lycopodium carolinianum Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae 1.20 Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae 1.37 Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 1.24 Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 1.43 Ma & Takahashi (study 1) Liriodendron tulipifera Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 1.53 Nakanishi et al. (2003) Magnolia hypoleuca Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 1.38 Magnolia kobus Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 0.95 Mercurialis perennis Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae 0.24 Mercurialis perennis Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae 0.24 Mallotus japonicus Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae 1.03 Securinega suffruticosa Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae 0.41 Idesia polycarpa Malpighiales Flacourtiaceae 0.54 Linum usitatissimum Malpighiales Linaceae 0.10 Populus tremuloides Malpighiales Salicaceae 0.11 Salix acmophylla Malpighiales Salicaceae 0.20 Populus euphratica Malpighiales Salicaceae 0.34 Populus sieboldii Malpighiales Salicaceae 0.55 Populus deltoides Malpighiales Salicaceae 0.94 Geis (1973) Salix matsudana Malpighiales Salicaceae 0.30 Hybanthus glutinosus Malpighiales Violaceae 0.58 Viola tricolor Malpighiales Violaceae 0.28 Hibiscus sabdariffa Malvales Malvaceae 0.70 Hibiscus cannabinus Malvales Malvaceae 0.30 Gossypium hirsutum Malvales Malvaceae 0.18 Cooper et al. (1948) Tilia americana Malvales Malvaceae 0.49 Kosteletzkya virginica Malvales Malvaceae 1.33 Hibiscus moscheutos Malvales Malvaceae 1.61 Hibiscus syriacus Malvales Malvaceae 0.39 Daphne odora Malvales Thymelaeaceae 0.24 Daphne odora Malvales Thymelaeaceae 0.19 Angiopteris lygodiifolia Marattiales Marattiaceae 3.55 Marchantia polymorpha Marchantiales Marchantiaceae 11.87 Lythrum salicaria Myrtales Lythraceae 0.33 Lythrum lineare Myrtales Lythraceae 0.69 Melastoma candidum Myrtales Melastomataceae 0.39 Tibouchina pulchra Myrtales Melastomataceae 0.03 Callistemon rigidus Myrtales Myrtaceae 0.19 Eugenia uniflora Myrtales Myrtaceae 0.18 Chamerion angustifolium Myrtales Onagraceae 0.13 Epilobium hirsutum Myrtales Onagraceae 0.21 Ludwigia stolonifera Myrtales Onagraceae 0.13 Oenothera lamarckiana Myrtales Onagraceae 0.17 Osmunda cinnamomea Osmundales Osmundaceae 2.25 Osmunda gracilis Osmundales Osmundaceae 2.55 Osmunda regalis Osmundales Osmundaceae 1.87 Osmunda japonica Osmundales Osmundaceae 11.96 Osmunda lancea Osmundales Osmundaceae 5.18 Stemona japonica Pandanales Stemonaceae 0.49 Adiantum pedatum Parkeriales Adiantaceae 1.13 Adiantum pedatum Parkeriales Adiantaceae 4.71 Pteridium aquilinum Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 1.24 Pteridium aquilinum Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 1.11 Pteridium aquilinum Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 1.67 Pteridium aquilinum Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 1.95 Pteridium aquilinum Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 2.44 Pteridium aquilinum Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 3.89 Dennstaedtia scabra Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 4.07 Pteridium aquilinum Parkeriales Dennstaedtiaceae 10.61 Pteris ensiformis Parkeriales Pteridaceae 3.49 Araucaria araucana Pinales Araucariaceae 0.85 Hodson et al. (1997) Juniperus nana Pinales Cupressaceae 0.08 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Pinales Cupressaceae 1.85 Chamaecyparis obtusa Pinales Cupressaceae 1.09 Chamaecyparis pisifera Pinales Cupressaceae 0.79 Cupressocyparis leylandii Pinales Cupressaceae 1.73 Juniperus communis Pinales Cupressaceae 0.04 Thuja orientalis Pinales Cupressaceae 0.06 Juniperus virginiana Pinales Cupressaceae 0.10 Chamaecyparis thyoides Pinales Cupressaceae 1.38 Chamaecyparis obtusa Pinales Cupressaceae 0.26 Cupressus sempervirens Pinales Cupressaceae 0.21 Thuja orientalis Pinales Cupressaceae 0.43 Abies pectinata Pinales Pinaceae 11.34 Bartoli & Beaucire (1976) Abies pectinata Pinales Pinaceae 13.37 Pinus sylvestris Pinales Pinaceae 1.07 Pinus sylvestris Pinales Pinaceae 0.49 Abies alba Pinales Pinaceae 0.08 "Carnelli et al. (2001, Val d'Arpette)" Larix decidua Pinales Pinaceae 1.09 Picea abies Pinales Pinaceae 0.85 Pinus cembra Pinales Pinaceae 0.13 Pinus mugo Pinales Pinaceae 0.10 Picea abies Pinales Pinaceae 1.11 Pinus sylvestris Pinales Pinaceae 0.17 Picea glauca Pinales Pinaceae 0.76 "Hodson & Sangster 1998, 2002" Pinus strobus Pinales Pinaceae 0.17 Picea glauca Pinales Pinaceae 1.31 "Hodson & Sangster 1998, 2002" Pinus strobus Pinales Pinaceae 0.40 Abies grandis Pinales Pinaceae 0.84 Abies nordmanniana Pinales Pinaceae 0.39 Abies mariesii Pinales Pinaceae 0.12 Abies procera Pinales Pinaceae 0.93 Cedrus atlantica Pinales Pinaceae 0.09 Larix decidua Pinales Pinaceae 2.21 Picea abies Pinales Pinaceae 2.57 Picea orientalis Pinales Pinaceae 2.16 Pinus armandii Pinales Pinaceae 0.41 Pinus contorta Pinales Pinaceae 0.11 Pinus cooperi Pinales Pinaceae 0.73 Pinus flexilis Pinales Pinaceae 0.13 Pinus jeffreyi Pinales Pinaceae 0.03 Pinus koraiensis Pinales Pinaceae 0.42 Pinus parviflora Pinales Pinaceae 0.24 Pinus peuce Pinales Pinaceae 0.09 Pinus pinea Pinales Pinaceae 0.01 Pinus strobiformis Pinales Pinaceae 0.06 Pinus strobus Pinales Pinaceae 0.05 Pinus sylvestris Pinales Pinaceae 0.11 Pseudolarix amabilis Pinales Pinaceae 0.06 Pseudotsuga flauhauti Pinales Pinaceae 0.38 Pseudotsuga macrolepis Pinales Pinaceae 1.93 Pseudotsuga menziesii Pinales Pinaceae 0.74 Tsuga canadensis Pinales Pinaceae 0.26 Tsuga diversifolia Pinales Pinaceae 0.81 Tsuga heterophylla Pinales Pinaceae 0.23 Pinus clausa Pinales Pinaceae 0.43 Kalisz & Stone (1984) Pinus palustris Pinales Pinaceae 1.09 Kalisz & Stone (1984) Pinus strobus Pinales Pinaceae 0.09 Klein & Geis (1978) Pinus resinosa Pinales Pinaceae 0.08 Pinus banksiana Pinales Pinaceae 0.18 Pinus sylvestris Pinales Pinaceae 0.18 Larix laricina Pinales Pinaceae 0.24 Larix decidua Pinales Pinaceae 1.37 Picea rubens Pinales Pinaceae 0.43 Picea mariana Pinales Pinaceae 0.17 Picea glauca Pinales Pinaceae 1.05 Pseudotsuga menziesii Pinales Pinaceae 0.37 Tsuga canadensis Pinales Pinaceae 0.16 Tsuga caroliniana Pinales Pinaceae 0.14 Abies balsamea Pinales Pinaceae 0.18 Abies fraseri Pinales Pinaceae 0.13 Pinus luchuensis Pinales Pinaceae 0.17 Pinus palustris Pinales Pinaceae 0.71 Podocarpus neriifolius Pinales Podocarpaceae 0.12 Taxodium japonicum Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.07 Cryptomeria japonica Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.18 Cunninghamia lanceolata Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.06 Sequoiadendron giganteum Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.39 Taxodium distichum Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.08 Cryptomeria japonica Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.30 Cunninghamia lanceolata Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.13 Sequoia sempervirens Pinales Taxodiaceae 0.51 Houttuynia cordata Piperales Saururaceae 2.46 Saururus chinensis Piperales Saururaceae 0.60 Carex atherodes Poales Cyperaceae 2.71 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 2.76 Carex curvula Poales Cyperaceae 1.03 Carex sempervirens Poales Cyperaceae 2.31 Carex flacca Poales Cyperaceae 1.82 Cladium mariscus Poales Cyperaceae 2.02 Cyperus papyrus Poales Cyperaceae 0.27 Cyperus alopecuroides Poales Cyperaceae 0.49 Cyperus latifolius Poales Cyperaceae 1.00 Cyperus michelianus Poales Cyperaceae 1.04 Carex subspathacea Poales Cyperaceae 2.70 Gadallah&Jefferies (1995) Carex flavicans Poales Cyperaceae 2.20 Carex aquatilis Poales Cyperaceae 1.15 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 1.21 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 3.66 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 2.99 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 3.10 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 1.48 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 3.92 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 2.47 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 2.88 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 2.47 Carex filifolia Poales Cyperaceae 3.33 Cyperus papyrus Poales Cyperaceae 1.20 Scirpus validus Poales Cyperaceae 2.37 Lanning & Eleuterius (1981) Cladium jamaicense Poales Cyperaceae 2.35 Eleocharis cellulosa Poales Cyperaceae 2.67 Eleocharis parvula Poales Cyperaceae 6.13 Fimbristylis spadicea Poales Cyperaceae 1.39 Fimbristylis spadicea Poales Cyperaceae 3.27 Scirpus olneyi Poales Cyperaceae 2.55 Scirpus robustus Poales Cyperaceae 5.23 Cyperus polystachyos Poales Cyperaceae 1.86 Cyperus surinamensis Poales Cyperaceae 2.36 Scirpus americanus Poales Cyperaceae 2.84 Rhynchospora plumosa Poales Cyperaceae 3.85 Scirpus cyperinus Poales Cyperaceae 3.31 Carex biwensis Poales Cyperaceae 2.61 Carex cinica Poales Cyperaceae 5.43 Carex dispalata Poales Cyperaceae 5.16 Carex parciflora Poales Cyperaceae 3.70 Carex thunbergii Poales Cyperaceae 3.57 Cyperus alternifolius Poales Cyperaceae 7.53 Cyperus microiria Poales Cyperaceae 1.95 Cyperus papyrus Poales Cyperaceae 3.74 Scirpus tabernaemontani Poales Cyperaceae 0.45 Eleocharis uniglumis Poales Cyperaceae 14.98 Luzula luzuloides Poales Juncaceae 0.94 Luzula luzuloides Poales Juncaceae 0.43 Luzula luzuloides Poales Juncaceae 1.16 Juncus roemerianus Poales Juncaceae 0.45 Juncus roemerianus Poales Juncaceae 0.34 Juncus polycephalus Poales Juncaceae 0.19 Juncus effusus Poales Juncaceae 1.28 Juncus gerardii Poales Juncaceae 3.00 Tyler (1971) Agrostis palustris Poales Poaceae 2.40 Barbehenn (1993) Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 4.47 Ehrharta erecta Poales Poaceae 1.82 Festuca rubra Poales Poaceae 1.54 Paspalum dilatatum Poales Poaceae 3.68 Pennisetum clandestinum Poales Poaceae 2.12 Festuca sylvatica Poales Poaceae 8.02 Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 2.72 Agropyron dasystachyum Poales Poaceae 1.81 Bezeau et al. (1966) Agropyron smithii Poales Poaceae 2.52 Agropyron subsecundum Poales Poaceae 2.23 Bromus pumpellianus Poales Poaceae 1.86 Calamagrostis inexpansa Poales Poaceae 3.80 Calamagrostis rubescens Poales Poaceae 3.29 Danthonia intermedia Poales Poaceae 3.08 Danthonia parryi Poales Poaceae 2.61 Deschampsia cespitosa Poales Poaceae 1.85 Elymus cinereus Poales Poaceae 2.10 Elymus innovatus Poales Poaceae 2.13 Festuca idahoensis Poales Poaceae 3.59 Festuca scabrella Poales Poaceae 3.15 Stipa richardsonii Poales Poaceae 2.64 Stipa spartea Poales Poaceae 2.86 Stipa viridula Poales Poaceae 3.40 Bromus inermis Poales Poaceae 2.47 Elymus junceus Poales Poaceae 2.37 Festuca rubra Poales Poaceae 2.82 Phleum pratense Poales Poaceae 1.59 Agropyron smithii Poales Poaceae 2.20 Bezeau et al. (1966) Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.17 Koeleria cristata Poales Poaceae 2.04 Poa secunda Poales Poaceae 2.63 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 0.94 Agropyron cristatum Poales Poaceae 1.85 Agropyron trichophorum Poales Poaceae 2.20 Elymus junceus Poales Poaceae 2.32 Panicum virgatum Poales Poaceae 2.70 Trichachne californica Poales Poaceae 2.70 Eragrostis curvula Poales Poaceae 1.20 Arundo donax Poales Poaceae 3.20 Panicum texanum Poales Poaceae 16.60 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 10.74 Bilbro et al. (1991) Triticosecale spp. Poales Poaceae 5.90 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 13.30 Sorghum bicolor Poales Poaceae 0.98 Bilbro et al. (1991) Setaria italica Poales Poaceae 0.55 Sorghum bicolor Poales Poaceae 0.57 Bilbro et al. (1991) Setaria italica Poales Poaceae 0.30 Achnatherum hymenoides Poales Poaceae 2.00 Blank et al. (1994) Elymus elymoides Poales Poaceae 1.60 Bromus tectorum Poales Poaceae 1.50 Achnatherum hymenoides Poales Poaceae 4.00 Blank et al. (1994) Elymus elymoides Poales Poaceae 3.20 Bromus tectorum Poales Poaceae 3.40 Poa pratensis Poales Poaceae 1.98 Butler & Hodges (1967) Agrostis alba Poales Poaceae 6.74 Lolium perenne Poales Poaceae 13.20 Festuca rubra Poales Poaceae 3.17 Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 7.10 Agrostis tenuis Poales Poaceae 3.06 Zoysia japonica Poales Poaceae 2.85 Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 7.68 Digitaria ischaemum Poales Poaceae 8.09 Calamagrostis villosa Poales Poaceae 5.90 Festuca halleri Poales Poaceae 3.30 Festuca puccinellii Poales Poaceae 2.96 Festuca scabriculmis Poales Poaceae 2.52 Nardus stricta Poales Poaceae 2.67 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 2.16 Anthoxanthum odoratum Poales Poaceae 0.88 Cornelissen & Thompson (1997) Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 0.68 Festuca ovina Poales Poaceae 0.98 Helictotrichon pratense Poales Poaceae 1.48 Anthoxanthum odoratum Poales Poaceae 1.09 Cornelissen & Thompson (1997) Arrhenatherum elatius Poales Poaceae 1.80 Brachypodium pinnatum Poales Poaceae 1.97 Briza media Poales Poaceae 1.80 Dactylis glomerata Poales Poaceae 1.20 Festuca ovina Poales Poaceae 1.11 Helictotrichon pratense Poales Poaceae 1.75 Holcus lanatus Poales Poaceae 1.75 Phragmites australis Poales Poaceae 0.90 Echinochloa colona Poales Poaceae 0.62 Paspalum vaginatum Poales Poaceae 0.28 Cornucopiae cucullatum Poales Poaceae 0.80 Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 0.48 Elytrigia atherica Poales Poaceae 3.42 de Bakker et al. (1999) Spartina anglica Poales Poaceae 2.61 Festuca rubra Poales Poaceae 1.63 Puccinellia maritima Poales Poaceae 0.53 Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.71 Ellis et al. 1995 Sorghum bicolor Poales Poaceae 4.26 Zea mays Poales Poaceae 2.44 Ellis et al. 1995 Sorghum bicolor Poales Poaceae 4.69 Sasa nipponica Poales Poaceae 1.54 Fu et al. (2001) Puccinellia phryganodes Poales Poaceae 0.74 Festuca rubra Poales Poaceae 7.06 Andropogon gerardii Poales Poaceae 6.79 Geis 1978 Sorghastrum nutans Poales Poaceae 5.00 Panicum virgatum Poales Poaceae 9.44 Secale cereale Poales Poaceae 0.49 Grosse-Brauckmann 1953 Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 0.58 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 0.96 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 0.67 Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 2.03 Grosse-Brauckmann 1953 Lolium rigidum Poales Poaceae 1.58 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 1.95 Lolium rigidum Poales Poaceae 1.40 Grosse-Brauckmann 1953 Lolium rigidum Poales Poaceae 1.23 Grosse-Brauckmann 1953 Agropyron repens Poales Poaceae 3.50 Agrostis gigantea Poales Poaceae 8.30 Agrostis scabra Poales Poaceae 1.70 Bromus inermis Poales Poaceae 4.30 Calamagrostis canadensis Poales Poaceae 4.90 Oryzopsis asperifolia Poales Poaceae 3.50 Phleum pratense Poales Poaceae 4.00 Poa compressa Poales Poaceae 2.50 Festuca gigantea Poales Poaceae 5.13 "Hohne (1963, study 1)" Brachypodium sylvaticum Poales Poaceae 8.41 Melica uniflora Poales Poaceae 4.04 Deschampsia cespitosa Poales Poaceae 2.89 Calamagrostis villosa Poales Poaceae 7.40 Poa chaixii Poales Poaceae 0.75 Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 1.95 Agrostis tenuis Poales Poaceae 2.89 Calamagrostis epigejos Poales Poaceae 4.02 Calamagrostis epigejos Poales Poaceae 6.33 "Hohne (1963, study 2)" Molinia caerulea Poales Poaceae 3.08 Molinia caerulea Poales Poaceae 2.74 "Hohne (1963, study 3)" Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 0.51 "Hohne (1963, study 4)" Festuca gigantea Poales Poaceae 5.71 "Hohne (1963, study 6)" Deschampsia cespitosa Poales Poaceae 2.72 Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 0.45 "Hohne (1963, study 7)" Deschampsia cespitosa Poales Poaceae 2.55 "Hohne (1963, study 8)" Calamagrostis villosa Poales Poaceae 3.27 Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 1.43 Festuca gigantea Poales Poaceae 3.96 "Hohne (1963, study 9)" Brachypodium sylvaticum Poales Poaceae 5.71 Calamagrostis villosa Poales Poaceae 5.24 Calamagrostis epigejos Poales Poaceae 4.17 Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 0.98 "Hohne (1963, study 10)" Brachypodium sylvaticum Poales Poaceae 6.50 "Hohne (1963, study 11)" Deschampsia cespitosa Poales Poaceae 3.15 Agrostis tenuis Poales Poaceae 3.04 Calamagrostis epigejos Poales Poaceae 4.58 "Hohne (1963, study 12)" Molinia caerulea Poales Poaceae 1.01 Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 1.41 "Hohne (1963, study 13)" Deschampsia flexuosa Poales Poaceae 1.78 "Hohne (1963, study 14)" Brachypodium sylvaticum Poales Poaceae 5.56 "Hohne (1963, study 15)" Poa chaixii Poales Poaceae 0.94 Deschampsia cespitosa Poales Poaceae 1.86 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 1)" Festuca scabrella Poales Poaceae 1.05 Deschampsia cespitosa Poales Poaceae 4.53 "Johnston et al. (1967, Study 2)" Festuca scabrella Poales Poaceae 3.04 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 1.83 Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.51 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 0.89 "Johnston et al. (1967, Study 3)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.45 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 1.50 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 4)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.60 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 1.55 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 5)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 3.24 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 1.08 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 6)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 1.30 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 2.62 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 7)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.26 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 2.54 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 8)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.51 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 1.13 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 9)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.12 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 0.88 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 10)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 1.77 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 1.17 "Johnston et al. (1967, study 11)" Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 2.73 Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 2.04 Jones & Handreck (1967) Secale cereale Poales Poaceae 2.41 Lolium rigidum Poales Poaceae 2.34 Aristida stricta Poales Poaceae 2.48 Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 3.08 Lanning (1966) Spartina alterniflora Poales Poaceae 0.83 Zizania aquatica Poales Poaceae 6.00 Distichlis spicata Poales Poaceae 3.31 Panicum virgatum Poales Poaceae 2.43 Spartina cynosuroides Poales Poaceae 2.52 Spartina patens Poales Poaceae 0.89 Echinochloa crus-galli Poales Poaceae 2.22 Distichlis spicata Poales Poaceae 3.85 Spartina alterniflora Poales Poaceae 2.28 Spartina patens Poales Poaceae 2.19 Zizania aquatica Poales Poaceae 4.15 "Lanning & Eleuterius (1983, study 5)" Tripsacum dactyloides Poales Poaceae 0.93 Manisuris rugosa Poales Poaceae 6.75 Zizaniopsis miliacea Poales Poaceae 7.37 Panicum amarum Poales Poaceae 0.76 Uniola paniculata Poales Poaceae 0.38 Panicum repens Poales Poaceae 1.17 Sorghum halepense Poales Poaceae 1.55 Elymus virginicus Poales Poaceae 4.48 Arundinaria gigantea Poales Poaceae 18.16 Ctenium aromaticum Poales Poaceae 5.91 Uniola paniculata Poales Poaceae 1.58 Phragmites communis Poales Poaceae 5.26 Saccharum officinarum Poales Poaceae 1.75 Andropogon gerardii Poales Poaceae 2.89 Lanning & Eleuterius (1987) Andropogon scoparius Poales Poaceae 9.25 Panicum virgatum Poales Poaceae 5.04 Sorghastrum nutans Poales Poaceae 7.18 Stipa spartea Poales Poaceae 3.67 Stipa comata Poales Poaceae 2.76 Cenchrus longispinus Poales Poaceae 3.38 Lanning & Eleuterius (1987) Echinochloa crus-galli Poales Poaceae 3.65 Paspalum urvillei Poales Poaceae 4.84 Setaria geniculata Poales Poaceae 3.96 Chasmanthium latifolium Poales Poaceae 7.74 Lanning & Eleuterius (1989) Chasmanthium sessiliflorum Poales Poaceae 0.43 Cortaderia selloana Poales Poaceae 0.21 Imperata cylindrica Poales Poaceae 1.34 Panicum repens Poales Poaceae 1.14 Panicum commutatum Poales Poaceae 7.95 Setaria magna Poales Poaceae 6.06 Spartina cynosuroides Poales Poaceae 0.56 Aegilops squarrosa Poales Poaceae 4.51 Arundo donax Poales Poaceae 2.65 Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 4.45 Cortaderia selloana Poales Poaceae 1.39 Cymbopogon citratus Poales Poaceae 1.82 Elymus mollis Poales Poaceae 2.03 Miscanthus sinensis Poales Poaceae 6.33 Oryza sativa Poales Poaceae 13.48 Pleioblastus chino Poales Poaceae 11.06 Saccharum officinarum Poales Poaceae 1.65 Sasa nipponica Poales Poaceae 9.24 Secale cereale Poales Poaceae 2.23 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 3.08 Triticum boeoticum Poales Poaceae 5.58 Triticum dicoccoides Poales Poaceae 2.85 Triticum percicumxAegilopssquarrosa Poales Poaceae 3.64 Melinis minutiflora Poales Poaceae 2.20 McManus et al. (1977) Paspalum wettsteinii Poales Poaceae 2.50 Panicum maximum Poales Poaceae 2.40 Setaria sphacelata Poales Poaceae 1.00 Digitaria decumbens Poales Poaceae 2.20 Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 2.90 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 3.40 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 5.60 Phalaris tuberosa Poales Poaceae 4.80 Oryza sativa Poales Poaceae 16.50 Phalaris arundinacea Poales Poaceae 5.73 Pahkala & Pihala (2000) Festuca pratensis Poales Poaceae 2.63 Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 3.54 Pennisetum clandestinum Poales Poaceae 2.09 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 2.48 "Reay & Bennett (1987, study 1)" Lolium perenne Poales Poaceae 0.93 Bromus inermis Poales Poaceae 1.30 Robbins et al. (1987) Secale cereale Poales Poaceae 1.40 Bromus tectorum Poales Poaceae 2.40 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 2.70 Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 2.25 "Saijonkari-Pahkala (2001, study 1)" Festuca pratensis Poales Poaceae 2.04 Phleum pratense Poales Poaceae 1.60 "Saijonkari-Pahkala (2001, study 2)" Secale cereale Poales Poaceae 3.61 Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 3.68 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 6.13 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 3.52 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 5.99 "Schnug & v. Franck (1985, study 1)" Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 5.13 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 16.05 "Schnug & v. Franck (1985, study 2)" Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 8.56 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 24.18 "Schnug & v. Franck (1985, study 3)" Avena sativa Poales Poaceae 17.12 Sporobolus cryptandrus Poales Poaceae 3.50 Smith et al. (1971) Lycurus phleoides Poales Poaceae 4.16 Bouteloua gracilis Poales Poaceae 5.72 Panicum obtusum Poales Poaceae 4.41 Bouteloua curtipendula Poales Poaceae 5.64 Hilaria jamesii Poales Poaceae 5.18 Bouteloua hirsuta Poales Poaceae 6.68 Muhlenbergia richardsonis Poales Poaceae 7.34 Poa pratensis Poales Poaceae 3.66 Street (1974) Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 2.39 Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 2.49 Poa pratensis Poales Poaceae 6.10 Street (1974) Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 4.14 Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 3.85 Poa pratensis Poales Poaceae 0.28 Street (1974) Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 0.23 Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 0.32 Poa pratensis Poales Poaceae 3.63 Street (1974) Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 2.39 Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 2.49 Poa pratensis Poales Poaceae 6.10 Street (1974) Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 4.14 Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae 3.85 Poa pratensis Poales Poaceae 3.48 Taber et al. (2002) Festuca pratensis Poales Poaceae 1.88 Tirtapradja (1971) Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 2.29 Festuca pratensis Poales Poaceae 1.59 Tirtapradja (1971) Festuca arundinacea Poales Poaceae 1.86 Agrostis stolonifera Poales Poaceae 10.48 Oryza sativa Poales Poaceae 0.95 "Van der Vorm (1980, study 2)" Saccharum officinarum Poales Poaceae 0.32 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 0.18 Oryza sativa Poales Poaceae 1.24 "Van der Vorm (1980, study 3)" Saccharum officinarum Poales Poaceae 0.90 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 0.41 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 2.20 "Wallace (1989, study 1)" Oryza sativa Poales Poaceae 4.84 Triticum aestivum Poales Poaceae 0.90 "Wallace (1989, study 2)" Oryza sativa Poales Poaceae 3.74 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 6.97 "Wallace (1989, study 3)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.82 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 4.28 "Wallace (1989, study 4)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.77 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 3.81 "Wallace (1989, study 5)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.95 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 8.02 "Wallace (1989, study 6)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 2.17 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 2.65 "Wallace (1989, study 7)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.54 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 2.78 "Wallace (1989, study 8)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.54 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 2.48 "Wallace (1989, study 9)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.27 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 3.10 "Wallace (1989, study 10)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.43 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 2.37 "Wallace (1989, study 11)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.68 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 2.65 "Wallace (1989, study 12)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.30 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 2.27 "Wallace (1989, study 13)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.39 Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 3.08 "Wallace (1989, study 14)" Zea mays Poales Poaceae 1.56 Hilaria rigida Poales Poaceae 4.43 "Wallace et al. (1976, study 1)" Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 3.85 Hilaria rigida Poales Poaceae 1.99 "Wallace et al. (1976, study 2)" Hordeum vulgare Poales Poaceae 1.78 Typha angustata Poales Typhaceae 0.20 Typha angustifolia Poales Typhaceae 0.04 Polypodium vulgare Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.26 Polypodium vulgare Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.83 Loxogramme saziran Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.26 Pyrrosia lingua Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.11 Colysis decurrens Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.64 Colysis wrightii Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.06 Pyrrosia lingua Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.09 Platanus occidentalis Proteales Platanaceae 0.42 Epimedium grandiflorum Ranunculales Berberidaceae 0.83 Nandina domestica Ranunculales Berberidaceae 0.41 Nandina domestica Ranunculales Berberidaceae 0.15 Papaver bracteatum Ranunculales Papaveraceae 1.60 Papaver rhoeas Ranunculales Papaveraceae 1.24 Pulsatilla multifida Ranunculales Ranunculaceae 2.01 Eranthis giganteus Ranunculales Ranunculaceae 3.55 Aconitum japonicum Ranunculales Ranunculaceae 0.75 Aconitum loczyanum Ranunculales Ranunculaceae 0.68 Aquilegia flabellata Ranunculales Ranunculaceae 0.11 Ranunculus japonicus Ranunculales Ranunculaceae 0.77 Cannabis sativa Rosales Cannabaceae 0.19 Celtis occidentalis Rosales Celtidaceae 3.44 Celtis occidentalis Rosales Celtidaceae 8.80 Hippophae rhamnoides Rosales Elaeagnaceae 5.01 Elaeagnus multiflora Rosales Elaeagnaceae 0.34 Maclura pomifera Rosales Moraceae 1.20 Morus rubra Rosales Moraceae 3.79 Ficus lyrata Rosales Moraceae 3.04 Morus rubra Rosales Moraceae 3.12 Morus alba Rosales Moraceae 1.39 Potentilla fruticosa Rosales Rosaceae 0.15 Rosa woodsii Rosales Rosaceae 0.51 Fallugia paradoxa Rosales Rosaceae 0.40 "Bilbro et al. (1991), assumed ADFA = silica" Prunus serotina Rosales Rosaceae 0.04 Prunus virginiana Rosales Rosaceae 0.52 Rubus idaeus Rosales Rosaceae 0.11 Rubus idaeus Rosales Rosaceae 0.13 Rubus idaeus Rosales Rosaceae 0.02 Rubus idaeus Rosales Rosaceae 0.02 Rubus idaeus Rosales Rosaceae 0.26 Aronia melanocarpa Rosales Rosaceae 3.08 Kolesnikov & Gins (2001) Potentilla erecta Rosales Rosaceae 2.50 Chaenomeles sinensis Rosales Rosaceae 0.62 Crataegus cuneata Rosales Rosaceae 0.24 Kerria japonica Rosales Rosaceae 0.71 Pyracantha crenulata Rosales Rosaceae 0.19 Spiraea thunbergii Rosales Rosaceae 0.34 Ulmus americana Rosales Ulmaceae 3.30 Ulmus rubra Rosales Ulmaceae 2.14 Ulmus americana Rosales Ulmaceae 5.10 Urtica dioica Rosales Urticaceae 1.60 Urtica hulensis Rosales Urticaceae 0.28 Urtica dioica Rosales Urticaceae 1.13 Urtica dioica Rosales Urticaceae 4.75 Urtica dioica Rosales Urticaceae 3.74 Urtica dioica Rosales Urticaceae 2.82 Struthanthus marginatus Santalales Loranthaceae 0.27 Melia azedarach Sapindales Meliaceae 0.58 Guarea macrophylla Sapindales Meliaceae 0.20 Zanthoxylum americanum Sapindales Rutaceae 0.44 Phellodendron amurense Sapindales Rutaceae 0.86 Poncirus trifoliata Sapindales Rutaceae 1.05 Zanthoxylum piperitum Sapindales Rutaceae 0.77 Acer saccharum Sapindales Sapindaceae 2.63 Acer saccharinum Sapindales Sapindaceae 0.98 Acer negundo Sapindales Sapindaceae 0.34 Acer rubrum Sapindales Sapindaceae 1.49 Aesculus pavia Sapindales Sapindaceae 0.30 "Lanning & Eleuterius (1983, study 3)" Acer ginnala Sapindales Sapindaceae 1.13 Acer saccharum Sapindales Sapindaceae 1.84 Cupania oblongifolia Sapindales Sapindaceae 0.27 Cercidiphyllum japonicum Saxifragales Cercidiphyllaceae 2.01 Cercidiphyllum japonicum Saxifragales Cercidiphyllaceae 0.82 Rhodiola linearifolia Saxifragales Crassulaceae 6.29 Sedum hybridum Saxifragales Crassulaceae 7.68 Kalanchoe braziliensis Saxifragales Crassulaceae 0.07 Corylopsis pauciflora Saxifragales Hamamelidaceae 0.37 Lygodium japonicum Schizaeales Schizaeaceae 2.57 Selaginella caulescens Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 1.95 Selaginella involvens Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 5.54 Selaginella uncinata Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 3.94 Selaginella caulescens Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 11.32 Ma & Takahashi (study 2) Selaginella involvens Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 8.37 Calystegia sepium Solanales Convolvulaceae 0.13 Cuscuta planiflora Solanales Convolvulaceae 0.16 Ipomoea sagittata Solanales Convolvulaceae 0.47 Calystegia japonica Solanales Convolvulaceae 0.04 Cuscuta racemosa Solanales Convolvulaceae 0.03 Solanum nigrum Solanales Solanaceae 0.17 Atropa belladonna Solanales Solanaceae 0.06 Physalis alkekengi Solanales Solanaceae 0.21 Solanum americanum Solanales Solanaceae 0.36 Capsicum annuum Solanales Solanaceae 0.11 Lycopersicon esculentum Solanales Solanaceae 0.17 Lycopersicon esculentum Solanales Solanaceae 0.15 Sphagnum cymbifolium Sphagnales Sphagnaceae 2.93 Taxus baccata Taxales Taxaceae 0.16 Taxus cuspidata Taxales Taxaceae 0.51 Torreya nucifera Taxales Taxaceae 0.24 Heliotropium supinum unassigned to order Boraginaceae 0.44 Echium angustifolium unassigned to order Boraginaceae 1.13 Tillandsia usneoides unassigned to order Bromeliaceae 0.44 Ananas comosus unassigned to order Bromeliaceae 0.51 Euonymus japonicus unassigned to order Celastraceae 0.39 Nuphar lutea unassigned to order Nymphaeaceae 0.27 Cowgill (1989) Schisandra chinensis unassigned to order Schisandraceae 3.15 Staphylea trifolia unassigned to order Staphyleaceae 0.30 Vitis aestivalis unassigned to order Vitaceae 0.34 Canna indica Zingiberales Cannaceae 0.77 Musa basjoo Zingiberales Musaceae 2.31 Zingiber mioga Zingiberales Zingiberaceae 0.47 Renealmia petasites Zingiberales Zingiberaceae 0.91 Agathis robusta Pinales Araucariaceae 0.11 This Study Araucaria sp. Pinales Araucariaceae 0.11 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Podocarpus nagi Pinales Araucariaceae 0.15 This Study Huntington Araucaria sp. Pinales Araucariaceae 0.17 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Agathis robusta Pinales Araucariaceae 0.17 This Study Huntington Wollemia nobilis Pinales Araucariaceae 0.20 This Study Huntington Juniperus sp. Pinales Araucariaceae 0.42 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Araucaria sp. Pinales Araucariaceae 0.74 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossales Botrychiaceae 6.04 This Study Commercial Metasequoia glyptostroboides Pinales Cupressaceae 0.09 This Study Huntington Metasequoia glyptostroboides Pinales Cupressaceae 0.14 This Study Huntington Araucaria sp. Pinales Cupressaceae 0.15 This Study Caltech Juniperus sp. Pinales Cupressaceae 0.25 This Study Caltech Sequoiadendron sp. Pinales Cupressaceae 0.27 This Study Huntington Podocarpus gracilior Pinales Cupressaceae 0.34 This Study Huntington Podocarpus gracilior Pinales Cupressaceae 0.44 This Study Huntington Cyathea cooperi Cyatheales Cyatheaceae 0.78 This Study Huntington Cyathea cooperi Cyatheales Cyatheaceae 0.80 This Study Huntington Cycas revoluta Cycadales Cycadaceae 0.05 This Study Huntington Cycas revoluta (less dry) Cycadales Cycadaceae 0.08 This Study Huntington Ceratozamia hildae Cycadales Cycadaceae 0.10 This Study Huntington Cycas revoluta Cycadales Cycadaceae 0.13 This Study Huntington Cycas revoluta (less dry) Cycadales Cycadaceae 0.25 This Study Huntington Equisetum hyemale Cycadales Cycadaceae 7.39 This Study Huntington Davallia fejeensis Polypodiales Davalliaceae 0.07 This Study Huntington Polystichum tsussimense Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae 2.48 This Study Huntington Equisetum hyemale Equisetales Equisetaceae 10.03 This Study Huntington Ephedra nevadensis Ephedrales Ephedraceae 0.07 This Study RSABG Ephedra viridis Ephedrales Ephedraceae 0.08 This Study RSABG Ephedra viridis Ephedrales Ephedraceae 0.12 This Study RSABG Ephedra californicum Ephedrales Ephedraceae 0.36 This Study RSABG Equisetum hyemale Equisetales Equisetaceae 0.30 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Cycas revoluta Cycadales Cycadaceae 7.49 This Study Huntington Pellaea rotundifolia Pterophyta Pteridaceae 12.34 This Study Huntington Equisetum hyemale Equisetales Equisetaceae 12.38 This Study Huntington Equisetum hyemale Equisetales Equisetaceae 17.94 This Study Huntington Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoales Ginkgoaceae 0.16 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoales Ginkgoaceae 0.39 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Encephalartos villosus Cycadales Cycadaceae 0.42 This Study Huntington Gnetum gnemon Gnetales Gnetaceae 0.23 This Study Huntington Gnetum gnemon Gnetales Gnetaceae 0.43 This Study Huntington Gnetum gnemon Gnetales Gnetaceae 0.64 This Study Huntington Gnetum gnemon Gnetales Gnetaceae 1.83 This Study Huntington Nephrolepsis exaltata Polypodiales Lomariopsidaceae 0.11 This Study Commercial Nephrolepsis exaltata Polypodiales Lomariopsidaceae 0.11 This Study Commercial Nephrolepis cordifolia Polypodiales Lomariopsidaceae 0.21 This Study Commercial Nephrolepsis exaltata Polypodiales Lomariopsidaceae 0.32 This Study Commercial Nephrolepis exaltata Polypodiales Lomariopsidaceae 1.59 This Study Commercial Nephrolepis cordifolia Polypodiales Lomariopsidaceae 1.64 This Study Commercial Lycopodium lucidulum Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae 0.81 This Study Commercial Lycopodium lucidulum Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae 0.91 This Study Commercial Abies nordmann Pinales Pinaceae 0.06 This Study Huntington Abies nordmann Pinales Pinaceae 0.10 This Study Huntington Araucaria sp. Pinales Pinaceae 0.15 This Study Huntington Podocarpus nagi Pinales Podocarpaceae 0.10 This Study Huntington Podocarpus gracilior Pinales Podocarpaceae 0.10 This Study Huntington Sequoia sp. Pinales Podocarpaceae 0.15 This Study Huntington Podocarpus nagi Pinales Podocarpaceae 0.17 This Study Huntington Wollemia nobilis Pinales Podocarpaceae 0.36 This Study Huntington Araucaria sp. Pinales Podocarpaceae 0.66 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Cyrtomium falcatum Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.16 This Study Huntington Cyrtomium falcatum Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.19 This Study Huntington Cyrtomium falcatum Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 0.59 This Study Huntington Cyrtomium falcatum Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 2.51 This Study Huntington unknown fern Pterophyta Polypodiales 7.33 This Study Huntington Psilotum nudum Psilotales Psilotaceae 0.19 This Study Huntington Psilotum nudum Psilotales Psilotaceae 0.19 This Study Huntington Pellaea rotundifolia Polypodiales Pteridaceae 1.65 This Study Huntington Polystichum tsussimense Polypodiales Pteridaceae 11.96 This Study Huntington Selaginella kraussiana Schizaeales Schizaeaceae 2.57 This Study Commercial Sciadopitys verticillata Pinales Sciadopityaceae 0.13 This Study Huntington Selaginella sp. Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 0.69 This Study Huntington Selaginella sp. Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 1.06 This Study Huntington unknown fern Polypodiales Polypodiaceae 2.68 This Study Huntington Selaginella uncinata Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 4.08 This Study Commercial Selaginella sp. Selaginellales Selaginellaceae 4.14 This Study Huntington Welwitschia mirabilis Welwitschiales Welwitschiaceae 0.33 This Study Huntington Dioon spinulosum Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.06 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Encephalartos vondola Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.06 This Study Loran Whitelock Cycas revoluta Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.10 This Study Huntington Encephalartos natalensis Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.12 This Study Huntington Encephalartos horridus Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.18 This Study Huntington Encephalartos lebomboensis Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.21 This Study Loran Whitelock Encephalartos sp. Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.31 This Study Loran Whitelock Encephalartos sp. Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.38 This Study Loran Whitelock Encephalartos longifolius Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.41 This Study Loran Whitelock Ginkgo biloba Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.42 This Study "Pasadena, CA" Encephalartos arenarius Cycadales Zamiaceae 0.54 This Study Loran Whitelock