This PDF file includes:

• fig. S1. Attachment and growth of hPSCs cultured under various medium conditions.
• fig. S2. Exogenous adenosine induced osteogenic differentiation of hESCs.
• fig. S3. Exogenous adenosine induced expressions of osteoblastic markers for hiPSCs.
• fig. S4. Adenosine-induced osteogenic differentiation of hESCs uses A2bR.
• fig. S5. In vitro hard tissue–forming ability of hiPSC-derived cells.
• fig. S6. Minimal hard tissue formation for Ad-hiPSC–laden matrices before implantation.
• fig. S7. hiPSC-derived osteoblasts (Ad-hiPSCs) facilitate the repair of criticalsized bone defects.
• fig. S8. Donor hiPSC–derived cells (Ad-hiPSCs) contribute to the regeneration of vascularized neobone tissue.
• table S1. List of primer sequences used for qPCR analysis.
• Legends for movies S1 and S2

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Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:

• movie S1 (.avi format). Minimal calcification from d-hiPSCs in vitro.
• movie S2 (.avi format). Dense and homogeneous calcified tissue formation from Ad-hiPSCs in vitro.