This PDF file includes:

• fig. S1. The depth and latitude diagram of annual mean AMOC stream function.
  
• fig. S2. Annual mean anomalies in double CO₂ simulations.
  
• fig. S3. Short-term (0 to 30 years) surface temperature response to CO₂ increase.
  
• fig. S4. Long-term (after 300 years) response of sea ice coverage to CO₂ increase.
  
• fig. S5. Response of the Hadley cell 300 years after CO₂ increase.
  
• fig. S6. Changes in the surface fluxes and variables over the North Atlantic in the first 30 years after CO₂ increase.
  
• fig. S7. Annual mean SST and SSS biases.
  
• fig. S8. Observed and simulated formation areas of NADW and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.
  
• table S1. The CMIP5 models used in this study and their sponsors, countries, and names.

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