Supplementary Materials

This PDF file includes:

  • Supplementary Methods
  • Supplementary Discussion
  • table S1. Description of the nine factors affecting emission, air quality, and population health associated with RTC.
  • table S2. Information on the sector, fuel type, and EF analysis procedure for RTC energy consumption.
  • table S3. Urban and rural energy empirical models for different fuel types.
  • table S4. Expected values of EFs for various compounds and sources in China in 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2030.
  • table S5. Emissions of various air pollutants and greenhouse gases from RTC and the contributions to total emissions in China in 2010.
  • table S6. Sensitivity of PM2.5 (primary + secondary) concentrations to change in emissions of individual pollutants.
  • table S7. DMSP OLS satellite information and regression coefficients for NL intercalibration.
  • fig. S1. Description of the Landsat-based urban expansion data set.
  • fig. S2. The study framework to address urban expansion and population distribution from 1980 to 2030 in China.
  • fig. S3. The relation between adjusted Ecap and GDPcap.
  • fig. S4. Per-capita RTC emissions in China in 1990.
  • fig. S5. Projected per-capita RTC emissions in China in 2030.
  • fig. S6. Temporal trends of PM2.5 exposure concentrations in China from 1980 to 2030.
  • fig. S7. Modeled annual average near-surface PM2.5 concentrations in the modeling domain in 2010.
  • fig. S8. Comparison of annual average PM2.5 concentrations between simulation and observation.
  • fig. S9. Comparison of time series of PM2.5 concentrations between simulation and observation in Beijing and Shanghai.
  • fig. S10. The influences of individual non–migration-related (N1 to N4) and migration-related (U1 to U5) factors on PM2.5 emissions in China during the study period.
  • fig. S11. Temporal trends of the national total urban area defined by administrative boundaries (45) and the built-up area derived in this study.
  • References (63–65)

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Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:

  • data file S1 (.rar format). Geographic distributions of urban areas in China in 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2030.
  • data file S2 (.rar format). Geographic distributions of the population in China in 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2030.

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