Table 4. Estimated toxicity per cell (as pg toxin equivalents unless otherwise noted) reported for Pfiesteria spp. (this study) and other toxic algae
|
Taxon (Taxa) |
Toxin(s) or toxic complex |
Estimated pg per cell |
Ref. |
|
Dinoflagellates |
|||
|
Alexandrium spp. |
Saxitoxin (equiv. per cell) |
0–217 |
Whyte (1) |
|
Dinophysis acuta |
Pectenotoxins |
22–82 |
Whyte (1) |
|
Dinophysis acuta, |
Okadaic acid |
2.7–39 |
MacKenzie et al. (2) |
|
Prorocentrum reticulatum |
Okadaic acid analog DTX-3a |
1.5–19.4 |
|
|
Gambierdiscus toxicus |
Ciguatera toxin |
2–55 mouse units per cell |
Bomber et al. (3) |
|
Karenia brevis |
Brevetoxin-2 |
4–41 |
Loret et al. (4) |
|
Brevetoxin-3 |
0.4–24.4 |
||
|
Karenia spp. |
Brevetoxin-1,2,3,6 |
7–126 |
Greene et al. (5) |
|
Pfiesteria spp. |
Pf Tx extract |
» 0–284 |
This study |
|
Prorocentrum lima |
Okadaic acid |
1.2–7 |
Morton and Tindall (6) |
|
Okadaic acid analog DTX-1 |
4–12 |
||
|
Cyanobacteria |
|||
|
Nodularia spumigena |
Nodularin |
1.3–2.9 m g/g dry wt |
Bolch et al. (7) |
|
Diatoms |
|||
|
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries |
Domoic acid |
0–2,200 ng/ml |
Evans et al. (8) |
|
Pseudo-nitzschia spp.* |
Domoic acid |
0–35 |
Rhodes et al. (9) |
The referenced toxins and associated activity reported below, including PfTx, were purified by using the best available chromatographic techniques to date as reported by the referenced authors; note that toxin(s) and toxic extracts were isolated or used as purchased (degree of purity not verified).
*Reported as domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species.
1. Whyte, J. N. C., ed. (2001) Canadian Technical Report of Fishery and Aquatic Science (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa), no. 2386.
2. MacKenzie, L., McNabb, P., Beuzenberg, V., Selwood, A. & Suzuki, T. (2002) Toxicon 40, 1321-1330.
3. Bomber, J. W., Tindall, D. R. & Miller, D. M. (1989) J. Phycol. 25, 617-625.
4. Loret, P., Tengs, T., Villareal, T. A., Singler, H. Richardson, B., McGuire, P., Morton, S. L., Busman, M. & Campbell, L. (2002) J. Plankt. Res. 24, 735-739.
5. Greene R., Kurtz, J. C., Stanley, R. S., Chancy, C. A., Murrell, M. C., Murrell, Genthner, F. J., Rogers, J. E. & Walker, C. C. (2004) in Proceedings, Tenth International Conference on Harmful Algae, eds. Steidinger, K. A., Landsberg, J. A., Tomas, C. R. & Vargo, G. A. (Florida Dept. Environ. Conserv., St. Petersburg), in press.
6. Morton, S. L. & Tindall, D. R. (1995) J. Phycol. 31, 914-922.
7. Bolch, D. J. S., Orr, P. T., Jones, G. J. & Blackburn, S. I. (1999) J. Phycol. 35, 339-355.
8. Evans, K. M., Bates, S. S., Medlin, L. K. & Hayes, P. K. (2004) J. Phycol. 40, 911-920.
9. Rhodes, L., Scholin, C., Garthwaite, I., Haywood, A. & Thomas, A. (1998) in Harmful Algae: Proceedings, Eighth International Conference of Harmful Algae, eds. Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M. C. & Wyatt, T. (Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris), pp. 274-277.