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Fig. 5. Increased bone mass in FABP4-Wnt10b mice. Representative radiographs of 10-week-old female mice. Arrows illustrate that Wnt10b increases bone density in vertebra (A), hip (B), and femur (C).

Fig. 6. FABP4-Wnt10b mice accrue bone throughout life. (A) Representative microcomputerized tomography (m CT) of femurs from wild-type (n = 5) and FABP4-Wnt10b (n = 5) mice at 23 months of age. (B) Histomorphometry of distal femoral metaphysis from aged wild-type (Left) and FABP4-Wnt10b (Right) mice.

Fig. 7. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 promotes osteoblastogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis. (A) CHIR99021, at the indicated concentrations, was added to ST2 media at confluent density (day 0) and on day 2. Alkaline phosphatase was assayed on day 9. (B) ST2 cells were cultured in osteogenic or adipogenic media in the presence or absence of 3 m M CHIR99021 on days 0 and 2 of differentiation. Cells in osteogenic media were stained with Alizarin red on day 10, whereas cells in adipogenic media were stained with Oil red O on day 8.

Fig. 8. Canonical Wnt signaling promotes osteoblastogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis. ST2 cells were infected with empty retroviral vector (control), dominant negative TCF4 (dnTCF4), Wnt5a, Wnt1, Wnt10b, or dominant stable S33Yb -catenin (b -catenin). At confluence (day 0), cells were cultured in osteogenic media and stained for alkaline phosphatase (A) or with Alizarin Red (B) on day 9. (C) ST2 cells infected with an activator of the non-canonical pathway (Wnt5a) or activators of the canonical pathway (Wnt1, Wnt10b) were induced to undergo adipogenesis. Accumulation of triacylglycerol was assessed with Oil red O staining on day 10.