This PDF file includes:

• Supplementary Methods
  
• table S1. Crop classification and fertilizer rate data (mean for 1964 to 2006) collected from the DWR of California and USDA fertilizer consumption database.
  
• table S2. ABL heights, z_i, and budget terms for the six flights.
  
• table S3. NO_x budget table and the consequent total regional emissions for each flight.
  
• table S4. Flight estimates of total NO_x and soil NO_x and model estimates of soil NO_x for the flight area in fig. S3 Coordinates box: (36º51′52.09″N, 120º43′19.65″W), (37º0′6.85″ N, 119º50′53.87″W), (35º57′49.03″N, 120º1′37.93″W), and (36º5′27.03″N, 118º58′2.91″W) compared with CARB inventory of total NO_x.
  
• fig. S1. Model of how nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and dinitrogen (N₂) partitioning varies with water-filled pore space.
  
• fig. S2. Sensitivity of NO emission from croplands to different input parameters: soil organic carbon (fsoc), soil texture (ftxt), soil drainage (fdrain), and climate (fclim).
  
• fig. S3. Airborne NO_x observation sampling area.
  
• References (55–58)

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