This PDF file includes:

• Supplementary Materials and Methods
  
• fig. S1. Relationship between mean relative intercusp distance and Carabelli’s cusp per genus.
  
• fig. S2. Relationship between mean relative intercusp distance and Carabelli’s cusp per molar type in Homo.
  
• fig. S3. Right lower molar with example of homologous landmarks (yellow dots) placed at the cusp tips from which Euclidean distances were calculated.
  
• fig. S4. Ordinary least squares regression of upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) molar size comparisons estimated from crown outline, centroid size, and 3D surface area.
  
• table S1. Ordered logistic regression of cusp expression and relative intercusp distance.
  
• table S2. Fossil hominin upper molars used in this study including accession number, locality/site, and source.
  
• table S3. Fossil hominin lower molars used in this study including accession number, locality/site, and source.
  
• table S4. System used in this study for scoring accessory cusps.
  
• table S5. Tooth size comparisons estimated from crown outline, centroid size, and 3D surface area.
  
• References (34–50)

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