3. Additional File 3: he GO enrichment analysis of the derived interlogs that get involved in drug resistance of cytochromes and other target-modifying enzymes. [1]{Rv0327c,HSD17B4} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [HSD17B4 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0001649+P biological_process [name] osteoblast differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, the mesodermal cell that gives rise to bone." [CL GO:0003857+F molecular_function [name] 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005102+F molecular_function [name] receptor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005782+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal matrix [def] "The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome_ in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006635+P biological_process [name] fatty acid beta-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A_ the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively)." [GOC GO:0006699+P biological_process [name] bile acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile." [GOC GO:0008209+P biological_process [name] androgen metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics." [ISBN GO:0008210+P biological_process [name] estrogen metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016508+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016616+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP." [GOC GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0016853+F molecular_function [name] isomerase activity [def] "Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5." [ISBN GO:0033540+P biological_process [name] fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase [def] "A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase_ the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively)." [GOC GO:0033989+F molecular_function [name] 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0036109+P GO:0036111+P GO:0036112+P GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0044594+F GO:0060009+P biological_process [name] Sertoli cell development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate." [GOC [2]{Rv0766c,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [3]{Rv0136,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [4]{Rv3059,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [5]{Rv0327c,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [6]{Rv1620c,NVL} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [NVL only] GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005697+C cellular_component [name] telomerase holoenzyme complex [def] "Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits." [PMID GO:0005730+C cellular_component [name] nucleolus [def] "A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors_ these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0042254+P biological_process [name] ribosome biogenesis [def] "A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits_ includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0051973+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of telomerase activity [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction GO:1990275+F [7]{Rv1620c,ATP2A1} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2A1 only] GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005509+F molecular_function [name] calcium ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+)." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005793+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment [def] "A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition_ involved in ER-to-Golgi transport." [GOC GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006816+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006942+P biological_process [name] regulation of striated muscle contraction [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction." [GOC GO:0008637+P biological_process [name] apoptotic mitochondrial changes [def] "The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis." [GOC GO:0016529+C cellular_component [name] sarcoplasmic reticulum [def] "A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell_ continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope_ that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0031095+C cellular_component [name] platelet dense tubular network membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network." [GOC GO:0031448+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction." [GOC GO:0031673+C cellular_component [name] H zone [def] "A relatively pale zone traversing the center of the A band of a sarcomere, visible in relaxed muscle fibers_ consists of the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments." [GOC GO:0031674+C cellular_component [name] I band [def] "A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments_ contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin_ each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end." [ISBN GO:0032470+P biological_process [name] elevation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration [def] "Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0032471+P biological_process [name] reduction of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration [def] "Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0033017+C cellular_component [name] sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0034704+C cellular_component [name] calcium channel complex [def] "An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass." [GOC GO:0034976+P biological_process [name] response to endoplasmic reticulum stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0045988+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of striated muscle contraction [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0051561+P biological_process [name] elevation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration [def] "Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria." [GOC GO:0051659+P biological_process [name] maintenance of mitochondrion location [def] "Any process in which a mitochondrion is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere." [GOC GO:0070059+P biological_process [name] apoptosis in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress [def] "Apoptosis that occurs in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen." [GOC GO:0070509+P biological_process [name] calcium ion import [def] "The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle." [GOC GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0090076+P biological_process [name] relaxation of skeletal muscle [def] "A process in which the extent of skeletal muscle tissue contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation involves the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases." [GOC GO:1903779+P [8]{Rv0764c,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [9]{Rv2266,ACSL6} [common GO terms] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [10]{Rv0764c,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [11]{Rv3316,SDHA} [common GO terms] GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [SDHA only] GO:0008177+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0050660+F molecular_function [name] flavin adenine dinucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2." [CHEBI [12]{Rv2196,AFG3L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv2196 only] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [AFG3L2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0004176+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004222+F molecular_function [name] metalloendopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0006461+P biological_process [name] protein complex assembly [def] "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex." [GOC GO:0006508+P biological_process [name] proteolysis [def] "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0007005+P biological_process [name] mitochondrion organization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion_ includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components." [GOC GO:0007409+P biological_process [name] axonogenesis [def] "Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells." [GOC GO:0007528+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular junction development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0008053+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial fusion [def] "Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment." [PMID GO:0008233+F molecular_function [name] peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid." [GOC GO:0008237+F molecular_function [name] metallopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0008270+F molecular_function [name] zinc ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0021675+P biological_process [name] nerve development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GO_REF GO:0031966+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial membrane [def] "Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0034982+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial protein processing [def] "The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import." [GOC GO:0040014+P biological_process [name] regulation of multicellular organism growth [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size." [GOC GO:0042407+P biological_process [name] cristae formation [def] "The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0045041+P biological_process [name] protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space [def] "The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes." [ISBN GO:0048747+P biological_process [name] muscle fiber development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast." [GOC GO:0051082+F molecular_function [name] unfolded protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC [13]{Rv1451,MT-CO1} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1451 only] GO:0004659+F molecular_function [name] prenyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006783+P biological_process [name] heme biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors." [GOC GO:0008495+F molecular_function [name] protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN GO:0048034+P biological_process [name] heme O biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme O, a derivative of heme containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain at position 8 of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle." [GOC [MT-CO1 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005751+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006123+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen [def] "The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV." [ISBN GO:0006979+P biological_process [name] response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0007568+P biological_process [name] aging [def] "The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0021549+P biological_process [name] cerebellum development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills." [GO_REF GO:0045277+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [ISBN GO:0046688+P biological_process [name] response to copper ion [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0051602+P biological_process [name] response to electrical stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [14]{Rv3316,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [15]{Rv3316,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC [16]{Rv2196,MT-CO1} [common GO terms] GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2196 only] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC [MT-CO1 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005751+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006123+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen [def] "The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV." [ISBN GO:0006979+P biological_process [name] response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0007568+P biological_process [name] aging [def] "The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility." [GOC GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0021549+P biological_process [name] cerebellum development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills." [GO_REF GO:0045277+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [ISBN GO:0046688+P biological_process [name] response to copper ion [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus." [GOC GO:0051602+P biological_process [name] response to electrical stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [17]{Rv0136,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [18]{Rv0764c,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [19]{Rv0766c,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [20]{Rv3316,FH} [common GO terms] GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [FH only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004333+F molecular_function [name] fumarate hydratase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006106+P biological_process [name] fumarate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate." [ISBN GO:0006108+P biological_process [name] malate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0045239+C cellular_component [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex [def] "Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle." [GOC GO:0048873+P biological_process [name] homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue [def] "Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue." [GOC GO:0051262+P biological_process [name] protein tetramerization [def] "The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [21]{Rv0136,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [22]{Rv1256c,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [23]{Rv2200c,GPD2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2200c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005576+C cellular_component [name] extracellular region [def] "The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0044121+P biological_process [name] growth of symbiont in host organelle [def] "The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [GPD2 only] GO:0004368+F molecular_function [name] glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005509+F molecular_function [name] calcium ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0006072+P biological_process [name] glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol." [GOC GO:0006094+P biological_process [name] gluconeogenesis [def] "The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol." [MetaCyc GO:0009331+C cellular_component [name] glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex [def] "An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate." [EC GO:0019563+P biological_process [name] glycerol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids." [GOC GO:0035264+P biological_process [name] multicellular organism growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0044255+P biological_process [name] cellular lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0052590+F molecular_function [name] sn-glycerol-3-phosphate [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052591+F molecular_function [name] sn-glycerol-3-phosphate [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [24]{Rv3059,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [25]{Rv3059,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [26]{Rv3059,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [27]{Rv1256c,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [28]{Rv1620c,BCAT1} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [BCAT1 only] GO:0000082+P biological_process [name] G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle [def] "Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004084+F molecular_function [name] branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006532+P biological_process [name] aspartate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008283+P biological_process [name] cell proliferation [def] "The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population." [GOC GO:0008483+F molecular_function [name] transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid." [ISBN GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0009081+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009082+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009098+P biological_process [name] leucine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid." [GOC GO:0009099+P biological_process [name] valine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0052654+F molecular_function [name] L-leucine transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052655+F molecular_function [name] L-valine transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052656+F molecular_function [name] L-isoleucine transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [29]{Rv0327c,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [30]{Rv0764c,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [31]{Rv0766c,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [32]{Rv0327c,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [33]{Rv0327c,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [34]{Rv3316,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [35]{Rv0778,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [36]{Rv1620c,ATP1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP1A1 only] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [37]{Rv2266,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC [38]{Rv3059,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [39]{Rv3059,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [40]{Rv1620c,ATP2C2} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2C2 only] GO:0000139+C cellular_component [name] Golgi membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus." [GOC GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006816+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006874+P biological_process [name] cellular calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0015410+F molecular_function [name] manganese-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0071421+P biological_process [name] manganese ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a manganese ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC [41]{Rv1620c,ATP2A2} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2A2 only] GO:0002026+P biological_process [name] regulation of the force of heart contraction [def] "Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled." [GOC GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005509+F molecular_function [name] calcium ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+)." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006816+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006874+P biological_process [name] cellular calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0006984+P biological_process [name] ER-nucleus signaling pathway [def] "Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation." [GOC GO:0006996+P biological_process [name] organelle organization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0007155+P biological_process [name] cell adhesion [def] "The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules." [GOC GO:0008022+F molecular_function [name] protein C-terminus binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue." [ISBN GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0010460+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of heart rate [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction." [GOC GO:0010882+P biological_process [name] regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction." [GOC GO:0012506+C cellular_component [name] vesicle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell." [GOC GO:0014801+C cellular_component [name] longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum [def] "The portion of the free sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of longitudinal tubules that connect terminal cisternae." [GOC GO:0014883+P biological_process [name] transition between fast and slow fiber [def] "The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation." [GOC GO:0016529+C cellular_component [name] sarcoplasmic reticulum [def] "A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell_ continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope_ that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031095+C cellular_component [name] platelet dense tubular network membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network." [GOC GO:0031234+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to internal side of plasma membrane [def] "Loosely bound to the surface of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0031775+F molecular_function [name] lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor." [GOC GO:0032469+P biological_process [name] endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings." [GOC GO:0032470+P biological_process [name] elevation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration [def] "Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0033017+C cellular_component [name] sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0033292+P biological_process [name] T-tubule organization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0034599+P biological_process [name] cellular response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0034976+P biological_process [name] response to endoplasmic reticulum stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen." [GOC GO:0043234+C cellular_component [name] protein complex [def] "Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or other small molecules." [GOC GO:0043434+P biological_process [name] response to peptide hormone stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals." [PMID GO:0044548+F GO:0045822+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of heart contraction [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0055119+P biological_process [name] relaxation of cardiac muscle [def] "The process in which the extent of cardiac muscle contraction is reduced." [GOC GO:0070296+P biological_process [name] sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the sarcoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0086036+P GO:0086039+F GO:0090534+C GO:0097470+C GO:0098909+P GO:1903233+P GO:1903515+P GO:1903779+P GO:1990036+P GO:0014704+C cellular_component [name] intercalated disc [def] "A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes_ mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells." [GOC [42]{Rv3316,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [43]{Rv0136,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [44]{Rv0327c,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [45]{Rv1620c,DLD} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [DLD only] GO:0004148+F molecular_function [name] dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0005929+C cellular_component [name] cilium [def] "A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole." [GOC GO:0006086+P biological_process [name] acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate." [GOC GO:0006090+P biological_process [name] pyruvate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate." [GOC GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0006103+P biological_process [name] 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism." [ISBN GO:0006120+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone [def] "The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I." [ISBN GO:0006508+P biological_process [name] proteolysis [def] "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0006554+P biological_process [name] lysine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid." [GOC GO:0007369+P biological_process [name] gastrulation [def] "A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm." [GOC GO:0007568+P biological_process [name] aging [def] "The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009106+P biological_process [name] lipoate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid." [GOC GO:0010510+P biological_process [name] regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016668+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042391+P biological_process [name] regulation of membrane potential [def] "Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane." [GOC GO:0043159+C cellular_component [name] acrosomal matrix [def] "A structural framework, or 'dense core' at the interior of an acrosome. May regulate the distribution of hydrolases within the acrosome and their release during the acrosome reaction." [GOC GO:0043209+C cellular_component [name] myelin sheath [def] "An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells GO:0043544+F molecular_function [name] lipoamide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group." [GOC GO:0045252+C cellular_component [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components GO:0045254+C cellular_component [name] pyruvate dehydrogenase complex [def] "Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA_ comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities GO:0045454+P biological_process [name] cell redox homeostasis [def] "Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell." [GOC GO:0046487+P biological_process [name] glyoxylate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH." [ISBN GO:0048240+P biological_process [name] sperm capacitation [def] "A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium." [GOC GO:0050660+F molecular_function [name] flavin adenine dinucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2." [CHEBI GO:0051068+P biological_process [name] dihydrolipoamide metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrolipoamide, the reduced form of lipoamide, produced as an intermediate in the reactions in which lipoamide acts as a cofactor." [ISBN GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0061732+P GO:0034604+F molecular_function [name] pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [46]{Rv1256c,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [47]{Rv0778,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [48]{Rv2193,DDX23} [common GO terms] [Rv2193 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0015002+F molecular_function [name] heme-copper terminal oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0019646+P biological_process [name] aerobic electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:1902600+P [DDX23 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0000354+P biological_process [name] cis assembly of pre-catalytic spliceosome [def] "Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner." [GOC GO:0000375+P biological_process [name] RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions [def] "Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions." [GOC GO:0000398+P biological_process [name] nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome [def] "The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0004004+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004386+F molecular_function [name] helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005681+C cellular_component [name] spliceosomal complex [def] "Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain RNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron." [GOC GO:0005682+C cellular_component [name] U5 snRNP [def] "A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U5." [GOC GO:0005730+C cellular_component [name] nucleolus [def] "A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors_ these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome." [ISBN GO:0006397+P biological_process [name] mRNA processing [def] "Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide." [GOC GO:0008380+P biological_process [name] RNA splicing [def] "The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA." [GOC GO:0010501+P biological_process [name] RNA secondary structure unwinding [def] "The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'." [PMID GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0044822+F GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0071013+C cellular_component [name] catalytic step 2 spliceosome [def] "A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs." [GOC GO:0008026+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [49]{Rv0766c,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [50]{Rv0136,FASN} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [FASN only] [51]{Rv2266,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [52]{Rv3316,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [53]{Rv1620c,ATP2B4} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2B4 only] GO:0003407+P biological_process [name] neural retina development [def] "The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells." [GOC GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005516+F molecular_function [name] calmodulin binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0005901+C cellular_component [name] caveola [def] "A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include any of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm." [GOC GO:0006357+P biological_process [name] regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006816+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006874+P biological_process [name] cellular calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0010751+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction [def] "Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0016323+C cellular_component [name] basolateral plasma membrane [def] "The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0021766+P biological_process [name] hippocampus development [def] "The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state." [GO_REF GO:0030018+C cellular_component [name] Z disc [def] "Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached." [GOC GO:0030165+F molecular_function [name] PDZ domain binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins." [GOC GO:0030315+C cellular_component [name] T-tubule [def] "Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane." [GOC GO:0030317+P biological_process [name] sperm motility [def] "Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell." [GOC GO:0030346+F molecular_function [name] protein phosphatase 2B binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme protein phosphatase 2B." [GOC GO:0033138+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0036126+C GO:0036487+F GO:0042383+C cellular_component [name] sarcolemma [def] "The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers." [ISBN GO:0042995+C cellular_component [name] cell projection [def] "A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon." [GOC GO:0043005+C cellular_component [name] neuron projection [def] "A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0043234+C cellular_component [name] protein complex [def] "Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or other small molecules." [GOC GO:0045019+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0050998+F molecular_function [name] nitric-oxide synthase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase." [GOC GO:0051001+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity [def] "Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase." [GOC GO:0051599+P biological_process [name] response to hydrostatic pressure [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it." [Wikipedia GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0070885+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway." [GOC GO:0071872+P biological_process [name] cellular response to epinephrine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3_ it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system." [CHEBI GO:0097110+F molecular_function [name] scaffold protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes." [GOC GO:0097228+C GO:0097553+P GO:0098703+P GO:0098736+P GO:1900082+P GO:1901205+P GO:1901660+P GO:1902083+P GO:1902305+P GO:1902806+P GO:1903243+P GO:1903249+P GO:1903779+P GO:2000481+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity." [GOC GO:0017080+F molecular_function [name] sodium channel regulator activity [def] "Modulates the activity of a sodium channel." [GOC [54]{Rv0766c,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [55]{Rv0778,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [56]{Rv1620c,ERCC3} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ERCC3 only] GO:0000439+C cellular_component [name] core TFIIH complex [def] "The 5 subunit core of TFIIH that has tightly associated subunits and is found in both the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH and in the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad3, Tfb1, Tfb2, Ssl1, Tfb4. In humans, it is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34." [GOC GO:0000717+P biological_process [name] nucleotide-excision repair, DNA duplex unwinding [def] "The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage." [GOC GO:0001666+P biological_process [name] response to hypoxia [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003684+F molecular_function [name] damaged DNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA." [GOC GO:0004003+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004386+F molecular_function [name] helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005525+F molecular_function [name] GTP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005675+C cellular_component [name] holo TFIIH complex [def] "A complex that contains kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of the 5-subunit core (Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p), Ssl2p, and TFIIK (Kin28p, Ccl1p, and Tfb3p). All of the subunits have equivalents in humans GO:0006265+P biological_process [name] DNA topological change [def] "The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number." [ISBN GO:0006281+P biological_process [name] DNA repair [def] "The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway." [PMID GO:0006283+P biological_process [name] transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair [def] "The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway." [PMID GO:0006289+P biological_process [name] nucleotide-excision repair [def] "A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts)." [PMID GO:0006293+P biological_process [name] nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization [def] "The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage." [GOC GO:0006294+P biological_process [name] nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly [def] "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage." [GOC GO:0006295+P biological_process [name] nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3'-to lesion [def] "The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage." [GOC GO:0006296+P biological_process [name] nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5'-to lesion [def] "The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage." [GOC GO:0006351+P biological_process [name] transcription, DNA-dependent [def] "The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA." [GOC GO:0006355+P biological_process [name] regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription." [GOC GO:0006361+P biological_process [name] transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter [def] "Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase I promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription." [GOC GO:0006362+P biological_process [name] transcription elongation from RNA polymerase I promoter [def] "The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I." [GOC GO:0006363+P biological_process [name] termination of RNA polymerase I transcription [def] "The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit." [GOC GO:0006366+P biological_process [name] transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)." [GOC GO:0006367+P biological_process [name] transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription." [GOC GO:0006368+P biological_process [name] transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II." [GOC GO:0006370+P biological_process [name] mRNA capping [def] "Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript." [GOC GO:0006468+P biological_process [name] protein phosphorylation [def] "The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein." [GOC GO:0006915+P biological_process [name] apoptotic process [def] "A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways) which typically lead to rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling pathway phase and into an execution phase, which is triggered by the former." [GOC GO:0006974+P biological_process [name] response to DNA damage stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism." [GOC GO:0006979+P biological_process [name] response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0008022+F molecular_function [name] protein C-terminus binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue." [ISBN GO:0008104+P biological_process [name] protein localization [def] "Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location." [GOC GO:0008134+F molecular_function [name] transcription factor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription." [ISBN GO:0008353+F molecular_function [name] RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain kinase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009411+P biological_process [name] response to UV [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers." [GOC GO:0009650+P biological_process [name] UV protection [def] "Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV." [GOC GO:0016032+P biological_process [name] viral reproduction [def] "The process in which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0032564+F molecular_function [name] dATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate." [GOC GO:0033683+P biological_process [name] nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision [def] "A process that results in the endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound." [GOC GO:0035315+P biological_process [name] hair cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell." [GOC GO:0042277+F molecular_function [name] peptide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with peptides, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0043138+F molecular_function [name] 3'-5' DNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'." [GOC GO:0045944+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter." [GOC GO:0047485+F molecular_function [name] protein N-terminus binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue." [ISBN GO:0048568+P biological_process [name] embryonic organ development [def] "Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions." [GOC GO:0070911+P biological_process [name] global genome nucleotide-excision repair [def] "The nucleotide-excision repair process in which DNA lesions are removed from nontranscribed strands and from transcriptionally silent regions over the entire genome." [PMID GO:1901990+P GO:0004672+F molecular_function [name] protein kinase activity [def] "Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction GO:0008094+F molecular_function [name] DNA-dependent ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [57]{Rv2266,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [58]{Rv1620c,MOCS3} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [MOCS3 only] GO:0002098+P biological_process [name] tRNA wobble uridine modification [def] "The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified." [GOC GO:0002143+P biological_process [name] tRNA wobble position uridine thiolation [def] "The process in which a uridine residue at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally thiolated at the C2 position. This process involves transfer of a sulfur from cysteine to position C2 by several steps." [PMID GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004792+F molecular_function [name] thiosulfate sulfurtransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006777+P biological_process [name] Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands." [http GO:0008033+P biological_process [name] tRNA processing [def] "The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008641+F molecular_function [name] small protein activating enzyme activity [def] "Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond." [GOC GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN GO:0016779+F molecular_function [name] nucleotidyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant." [ISBN GO:0016783+F molecular_function [name] sulfurtransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0018117+P biological_process [name] protein adenylylation [def] "The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate_ AMP) to a protein amino acid." [GOC GO:0018192+P biological_process [name] enzyme active site formation via L-cysteine persulfide [def] "The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine persulfide. A persulfurated cysteine promotes active site reactivity in Azotobacter vinelandii Rhodanese." [PMID GO:0032324+P biological_process [name] molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands." [GOC GO:0032447+P biological_process [name] protein urmylation [def] "Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein URM1 to another protein." [GOC GO:0034227+P biological_process [name] tRNA thio-modification [def] "The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule." [GOC GO:0042292+F molecular_function [name] URM1 activating enzyme activity [def] "Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier URM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0061604+F GO:0061605+F GO:0070733+F molecular_function [name] protein adenylyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [59]{Rv0327c,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [60]{Rv1256c,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [61]{Rv1451,HAO1} [common GO terms] [Rv1451 only] GO:0004659+F molecular_function [name] prenyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006783+P biological_process [name] heme biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors." [GOC GO:0008495+F molecular_function [name] protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN GO:0048034+P biological_process [name] heme O biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme O, a derivative of heme containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain at position 8 of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle." [GOC [HAO1 only] GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003973+F molecular_function [name] (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005102+F molecular_function [name] receptor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005782+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal matrix [def] "The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome_ in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase." [GOC GO:0006979+P biological_process [name] response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0008891+F molecular_function [name] glycolate oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0010181+F molecular_function [name] FMN binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FMN, flavin mononucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046296+P biological_process [name] glycolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid)." [GOC GO:0046487+P biological_process [name] glyoxylate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH." [ISBN GO:0047969+F molecular_function [name] glyoxylate oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052852+F molecular_function [name] very-long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052853+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-long-chain-acid oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052854+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [62]{Rv2193,MT-CO1} [common GO terms] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:1902600+P [Rv2193 only] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0015002+F molecular_function [name] heme-copper terminal oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane." [GOC GO:0019646+P biological_process [name] aerobic electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC [MT-CO1 only] GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005751+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006123+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen [def] "The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV." [ISBN GO:0006979+P biological_process [name] response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0007568+P biological_process [name] aging [def] "The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0021549+P biological_process [name] cerebellum development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills." [GO_REF GO:0045277+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [ISBN GO:0046688+P biological_process [name] response to copper ion [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0051602+P biological_process [name] response to electrical stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC [63]{Rv3059,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [64]{Rv2266,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [65]{Rv0778,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [66]{Rv2193,EIF4A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC [Rv2193 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0015002+F molecular_function [name] heme-copper terminal oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0019646+P biological_process [name] aerobic electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:1902600+P [EIF4A3 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0000184+P biological_process [name] nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay [def] "The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon_ this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins." [GOC GO:0000289+P biological_process [name] nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening [def] "Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length." [GOC GO:0000398+P biological_process [name] nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome [def] "The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003729+F molecular_function [name] mRNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns." [GOC GO:0004004+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004386+F molecular_function [name] helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005681+C cellular_component [name] spliceosomal complex [def] "Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain RNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006364+P biological_process [name] rRNA processing [def] "Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules." [GOC GO:0006369+P biological_process [name] termination of RNA polymerase II transcription [def] "The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase II using a DNA template is completed." [GOC GO:0006397+P biological_process [name] mRNA processing [def] "Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide." [GOC GO:0006405+P biological_process [name] RNA export from nucleus [def] "The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm." [GOC GO:0006406+P biological_process [name] mRNA export from nucleus [def] "The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm." [GOC GO:0006417+P biological_process [name] regulation of translation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA." [GOC GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0008143+F molecular_function [name] poly(A) RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA." [GOC GO:0008306+P biological_process [name] associative learning [def] "Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect)." [ISBN GO:0008380+P biological_process [name] RNA splicing [def] "The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA." [GOC GO:0010501+P biological_process [name] RNA secondary structure unwinding [def] "The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'." [PMID GO:0010629+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014070+P biological_process [name] response to organic cyclic compound [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus." [CHEBI GO:0016259+P biological_process [name] selenocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins." [GOC GO:0016607+C cellular_component [name] nuclear speck [def] "A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy." [http GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0017148+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of translation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA." [GOC GO:0030425+C cellular_component [name] dendrite [def] "A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body." [GOC GO:0030529+C cellular_component [name] ribonucleoprotein complex [def] "A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules." [GOC GO:0031124+P biological_process [name] mRNA 3'-end processing [def] "Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule." [GOC GO:0035145+C cellular_component [name] exon-exon junction complex [def] "A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay." [PMID GO:0035368+F molecular_function [name] selenocysteine insertion sequence binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), a regulatory sequence within mRNA which directs incorporation of a selenocysteine at a stop codon (UGA) during translation." [GOC GO:0035613+F molecular_function [name] RNA stem-loop binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop." [GOC GO:0035640+P biological_process [name] exploration behavior [def] "The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus." [GOC GO:0043021+F molecular_function [name] ribonucleoprotein complex binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any complex of RNA and protein." [GOC GO:0043025+C cellular_component [name] neuronal cell body [def] "The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections such as axons and dendrites." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0045727+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of translation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA." [GOC GO:0048701+P biological_process [name] embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase." [GOC GO:0051028+P biological_process [name] mRNA transport [def] "The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0071013+C cellular_component [name] catalytic step 2 spliceosome [def] "A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs." [GOC GO:0072715+P GO:0090394+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential [def] "Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential." [GOC GO:1902415+P GO:1904570+P GO:1904574+P GO:1990416+P [67]{Rv2196,PSMC2} [common GO terms] [Rv2196 only] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [PSMC2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0030163+P biological_process [name] protein catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds." [GOC [68]{Rv3316,MT-CO1} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro [MT-CO1 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005751+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006123+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen [def] "The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV." [ISBN GO:0006979+P biological_process [name] response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0007568+P biological_process [name] aging [def] "The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0021549+P biological_process [name] cerebellum development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills." [GO_REF GO:0045277+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [ISBN GO:0046688+P biological_process [name] response to copper ion [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus." [GOC GO:0051602+P biological_process [name] response to electrical stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [69]{Rv1256c,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [70]{Rv3316,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [71]{Rv0764c,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [72]{Rv0766c,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [73]{Rv0327c,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [74]{Rv0764c,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [75]{Rv0327c,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [76]{Rv3316,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [77]{Rv2193,DDX42} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC [Rv2193 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0015002+F molecular_function [name] heme-copper terminal oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0019646+P biological_process [name] aerobic electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:1902600+P [DDX42 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0004004+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004386+F molecular_function [name] helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0008104+P biological_process [name] protein localization [def] "Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location." [GOC GO:0010501+P biological_process [name] RNA secondary structure unwinding [def] "The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'." [PMID GO:0015030+C cellular_component [name] Cajal body [def] "A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors_ ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter_ involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis_ the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA." [http GO:0016607+C cellular_component [name] nuclear speck [def] "A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy." [http GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0044822+F [78]{Rv0778,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [79]{Rv0136,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [80]{Rv1620c,ATP1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP1A2 only] GO:0001504+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter uptake [def] "The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft." [ISBN GO:0002026+P biological_process [name] regulation of the force of heart contraction [def] "Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled." [GOC GO:0002087+P biological_process [name] regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process [def] "A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates." [GOC GO:0005391+F molecular_function [name] sodium [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005768+C cellular_component [name] endosome [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005890+C cellular_component [name] sodium [def] "Sodium GO:0005901+C cellular_component [name] caveola [def] "A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include any of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006813+P biological_process [name] potassium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006814+P biological_process [name] sodium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006883+P biological_process [name] cellular sodium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0006937+P biological_process [name] regulation of muscle contraction [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction." [GOC GO:0006940+P biological_process [name] regulation of smooth muscle contraction [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction." [GOC GO:0006942+P biological_process [name] regulation of striated muscle contraction [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction." [GOC GO:0008217+P biological_process [name] regulation of blood pressure [def] "Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure." [GOC GO:0008344+P biological_process [name] adult locomotory behavior [def] "Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism." [GOC GO:0008542+P biological_process [name] visual learning [def] "Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue." [GOC GO:0010107+P biological_process [name] potassium ion import [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle." [GOC GO:0010248+P biological_process [name] establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient [def] "The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0010881+P biological_process [name] regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction." [GOC GO:0014704+C cellular_component [name] intercalated disc [def] "A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes_ mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells." [GOC GO:0015991+P biological_process [name] ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport [def] "The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0019229+P biological_process [name] regulation of vasoconstriction [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels." [GOC GO:0019829+F molecular_function [name] cation-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0030007+P biological_process [name] cellular potassium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0030315+C cellular_component [name] T-tubule [def] "Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0035094+P biological_process [name] response to nicotine [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus." [CHEBI GO:0036376+P GO:0040011+P biological_process [name] locomotion [def] "Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another." [GOC GO:0042383+C cellular_component [name] sarcolemma [def] "The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers." [ISBN GO:0043005+C cellular_component [name] neuron projection [def] "A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite." [GOC GO:0043197+C cellular_component [name] dendritic spine [def] "Protrusion from a dendrite. Spines are specialised subcellular compartments involved in the synaptic transmission. They are linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Because of their bulb shape, they function as a biochemical and an electrical compartment. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity." [GOC GO:0043209+C cellular_component [name] myelin sheath [def] "An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0045202+C cellular_component [name] synapse [def] "The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell_ the site of interneuronal communication. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane_ facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane." [ISBN GO:0045822+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of heart contraction [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction." [GOC GO:0045988+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of striated muscle contraction [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction." [GOC GO:0046034+P biological_process [name] ATP metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0051087+F molecular_function [name] chaperone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport." [http GO:0051481+P biological_process [name] reduction of cytosolic calcium ion concentration [def] "Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytodol." [GOC GO:0051946+P biological_process [name] regulation of glutamate uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of L-glutamate into a neuron or glial cell." [GOC GO:0051966+P biological_process [name] regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate." [GOC GO:0055119+P biological_process [name] relaxation of cardiac muscle [def] "The process in which the extent of cardiac muscle contraction is reduced." [GOC GO:0060048+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle contraction [def] "Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue." [GOC GO:0071260+P biological_process [name] cellular response to mechanical stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus." [GOC GO:0071383+P biological_process [name] cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus." [GOC GO:0086004+P GO:0086009+P GO:0086012+P GO:0086064+P GO:1903170+P GO:1903280+P GO:1903416+P GO:1903561+C GO:1903779+P GO:1990239+F GO:1990573+P GO:0008144+F molecular_function [name] drug binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a drug, any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism_ in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease." [GOC GO:0030955+F molecular_function [name] potassium ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with potassium (K+) ions." [GOC GO:0031402+F molecular_function [name] sodium ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sodium ions (Na+)." [GOC [81]{Rv3316,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [82]{Rv0136,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [83]{Rv3059,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [84]{Rv2266,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [85]{Rv0778,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC [86]{Rv0764c,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [87]{Rv0327c,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [88]{Rv0766c,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [89]{Rv0764c,ACSL6} [common GO terms] GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [90]{Rv2266,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [91]{Rv1620c,METAP1} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [METAP1 only] GO:0004177+F molecular_function [name] aminopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from in a polypeptide chain." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006417+P biological_process [name] regulation of translation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA." [GOC GO:0006508+P biological_process [name] proteolysis [def] "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0008233+F molecular_function [name] peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid." [GOC GO:0008235+F molecular_function [name] metalloexopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0018206+P biological_process [name] peptidyl-methionine modification [def] "The modification of peptidyl-methionine." [GOC GO:0022400+P biological_process [name] regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling." [GOC GO:0022626+C cellular_component [name] cytosolic ribosome [def] "A ribosome located in the cytosol." [GOC GO:0031365+P biological_process [name] N-terminal protein amino acid modification [def] "The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070006+F molecular_function [name] metalloaminopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0070084+P biological_process [name] protein initiator methionine removal [def] "The protein modification process in which the translation-initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue is removed from a protein." [GOC GO:0070527+P biological_process [name] platelet aggregation [def] "The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules." [GOC [92]{Rv0766c,ACSL6} [common GO terms] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [93]{Rv0778,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [94]{Rv0766c,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [95]{Rv0764c,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [96]{Rv3316,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [97]{Rv0764c,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [98]{Rv0766c,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [99]{Rv0764c,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [100]{Rv0136,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC [101]{Rv0136,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [102]{Rv1256c,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [103]{Rv2266,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [104]{Rv0327c,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [105]{Rv0764c,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [106]{Rv2266,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [107]{Rv1256c,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [108]{Rv0327c,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [109]{Rv0327c,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [110]{Rv1256c,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [111]{Rv0764c,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [112]{Rv0766c,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [113]{Rv3059,HSD17B4} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [HSD17B4 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0001649+P biological_process [name] osteoblast differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, the mesodermal cell that gives rise to bone." [CL GO:0003857+F molecular_function [name] 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005102+F molecular_function [name] receptor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005782+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal matrix [def] "The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome_ in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006635+P biological_process [name] fatty acid beta-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A_ the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively)." [GOC GO:0006699+P biological_process [name] bile acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile." [GOC GO:0008209+P biological_process [name] androgen metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics." [ISBN GO:0008210+P biological_process [name] estrogen metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016508+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016616+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP." [GOC GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0016853+F molecular_function [name] isomerase activity [def] "Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5." [ISBN GO:0033540+P biological_process [name] fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase [def] "A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase_ the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively)." [GOC GO:0033989+F molecular_function [name] 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0036109+P GO:0036111+P GO:0036112+P GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0044594+F GO:0060009+P biological_process [name] Sertoli cell development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate." [GOC [114]{Rv1620c,MCCC1} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [MCCC1 only] GO:0002169+C cellular_component [name] 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex, mitochondrial [def] "A heterodimeric complex having 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. The alpha subunit has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. The beta subunit possess carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004075+F molecular_function [name] biotin carboxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004485+F molecular_function [name] methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006552+P biological_process [name] leucine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006768+P biological_process [name] biotin metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid_ the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions." [ISBN GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009374+F molecular_function [name] biotin binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0051291+P biological_process [name] protein heterooligomerization [def] "The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer." [GOC [115]{Rv0136,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [116]{Rv3059,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC [117]{Rv0327c,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [118]{Rv0136,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [119]{Rv0778,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [120]{Rv3059,ACSL6} [common GO terms] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [121]{Rv1256c,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [122]{Rv2266,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [123]{Rv0766c,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [124]{Rv0136,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [125]{Rv0136,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [126]{Rv0327c,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC [127]{Rv0136,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [128]{Rv0764c,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [129]{Rv2266,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [130]{Rv0778,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [131]{Rv0778,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [132]{Rv0136,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [133]{Rv0778,ACSL6} [common GO terms] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [134]{Rv2200c,SPG7} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv2200c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005576+C cellular_component [name] extracellular region [def] "The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0044121+P biological_process [name] growth of symbiont in host organelle [def] "The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [SPG7 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0004176+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004222+F molecular_function [name] metalloendopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0006508+P biological_process [name] proteolysis [def] "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0007005+P biological_process [name] mitochondrion organization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion_ includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components." [GOC GO:0007155+P biological_process [name] cell adhesion [def] "The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules." [GOC GO:0007399+P biological_process [name] nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state." [GOC GO:0008089+P biological_process [name] anterograde axon cargo transport [def] "The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons." [ISBN GO:0008233+F molecular_function [name] peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid." [GOC GO:0008237+F molecular_function [name] metallopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0008270+F molecular_function [name] zinc ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0031966+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial membrane [def] "Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0051082+F molecular_function [name] unfolded protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein." [GOC GO:1904115+C [135]{Rv2193,EIF4A1} [common GO terms] [Rv2193 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0015002+F molecular_function [name] heme-copper terminal oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0019646+P biological_process [name] aerobic electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:1902600+P [EIF4A1 only] GO:0003743+F molecular_function [name] translation initiation factor activity [def] "Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide." [ISBN GO:0006413+P biological_process [name] translational initiation [def] "The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA." [ISBN [136]{Rv0766c,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC [137]{Rv0136,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [138]{Rv0136,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [139]{Rv1620c,ATP4A} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP4A only] GO:0000287+F molecular_function [name] magnesium ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions." [GOC GO:0005391+F molecular_function [name] sodium [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005615+C cellular_component [name] extracellular space [def] "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006813+P biological_process [name] potassium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006814+P biological_process [name] sodium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006883+P biological_process [name] cellular sodium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0008900+F molecular_function [name] hydrogen [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0010107+P biological_process [name] potassium ion import [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle." [GOC GO:0010248+P biological_process [name] establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient [def] "The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0015991+P biological_process [name] ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport [def] "The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis." [GOC GO:0015992+P biological_process [name] proton transport [def] "The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0030007+P biological_process [name] cellular potassium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0036376+P GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [140]{Rv0778,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [141]{Rv0778,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [142]{Rv2266,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0036199+F GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [143]{Rv2266,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [144]{Rv0327c,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [145]{Rv2196,SPG7} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv2196 only] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [SPG7 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0004176+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004222+F molecular_function [name] metalloendopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0006508+P biological_process [name] proteolysis [def] "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0007005+P biological_process [name] mitochondrion organization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion_ includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components." [GOC GO:0007155+P biological_process [name] cell adhesion [def] "The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules." [GOC GO:0007399+P biological_process [name] nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state." [GOC GO:0008089+P biological_process [name] anterograde axon cargo transport [def] "The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons." [ISBN GO:0008233+F molecular_function [name] peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid." [GOC GO:0008237+F molecular_function [name] metallopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0008270+F molecular_function [name] zinc ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0031966+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial membrane [def] "Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0051082+F molecular_function [name] unfolded protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein." [GOC GO:1904115+C [146]{Rv0778,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0036199+F [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [147]{Rv1256c,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [148]{Rv1620c,ATP2C1} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2C1 only] GO:0000139+C cellular_component [name] Golgi membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus." [GOC GO:0004871+F molecular_function [name] signal transducer activity [def] "Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response." [GOC GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005509+F molecular_function [name] calcium ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+)." [GOC GO:0005794+C cellular_component [name] Golgi apparatus [def] "A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum_ such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function GO:0005802+C cellular_component [name] trans-Golgi network [def] "The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the side of the Golgi apparatus distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination." [GOC GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006816+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006828+P biological_process [name] manganese ion transport [def] "The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006874+P biological_process [name] cellular calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0007165+P biological_process [name] signal transduction [def] "The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0015410+F molecular_function [name] manganese-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0016339+P biological_process [name] calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion [def] "The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0030026+P biological_process [name] cellular manganese ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of manganese ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0030145+F molecular_function [name] manganese ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with manganese (Mn) ions." [GOC GO:0031532+P biological_process [name] actin cytoskeleton reorganization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins." [GOC GO:0032468+P biological_process [name] Golgi calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings." [GOC GO:0032472+P biological_process [name] Golgi calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0043123+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0071421+P biological_process [name] manganese ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a manganese ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC [149]{Rv0764c,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [150]{Rv2266,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [151]{Rv1620c,ATP2A3} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2A3 only] GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006816+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006874+P biological_process [name] cellular calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0016529+C cellular_component [name] sarcoplasmic reticulum [def] "A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell_ continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope_ that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0031095+C cellular_component [name] platelet dense tubular network membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network." [GOC GO:0031965+C cellular_component [name] nuclear membrane [def] "Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope_ excludes the intermembrane space." [GOC GO:0033017+C cellular_component [name] sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:1903779+P [152]{Rv3059,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [153]{Rv1620c,PC} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [PC only] GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004075+F molecular_function [name] biotin carboxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004736+F molecular_function [name] pyruvate carboxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006090+P biological_process [name] pyruvate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate." [GOC GO:0006094+P biological_process [name] gluconeogenesis [def] "The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol." [MetaCyc GO:0006107+P biological_process [name] oxaloacetate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006768+P biological_process [name] biotin metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid_ the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009374+F molecular_function [name] biotin binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions." [GOC GO:0010629+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019074+P biological_process [name] viral RNA genome packaging [def] "The packaging of viral RNA into a nucleocapsid." [ISBN GO:0031406+F molecular_function [name] carboxylic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a carboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-)." [GOC GO:0044791+P GO:0044794+P GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [154]{Rv0766c,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [155]{Rv1620c,OGDH} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [OGDH only] GO:0004591+F molecular_function [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006091+P biological_process [name] generation of precursor metabolites and energy [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances." [GOC GO:0006096+P biological_process [name] glycolysis [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) on the sixth carbon by a hexokinase, and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle." [GOC GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0006103+P biological_process [name] 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism." [ISBN GO:0006104+P biological_process [name] succinyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A." [GOC GO:0006554+P biological_process [name] lysine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006734+P biological_process [name] NADH metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016624+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide." [GOC GO:0021695+P biological_process [name] cerebellar cortex development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function." [GO_REF GO:0021756+P biological_process [name] striatum development [def] "The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati." [GO_REF GO:0021766+P biological_process [name] hippocampus development [def] "The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state." [GO_REF GO:0021794+P biological_process [name] thalamus development [def] "The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state." [GO_REF GO:0021860+P biological_process [name] pyramidal neuron development [def] "The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state." [GO_REF GO:0022028+P biological_process [name] tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb [def] "The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration." [GO_REF GO:0030976+F molecular_function [name] thiamine pyrophosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases." [CHEBI GO:0031072+F molecular_function [name] heat shock protein binding [def] "Interacting selectvely with a heat shock protein, any protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock." [GOC GO:0031966+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial membrane [def] "Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0034602+F molecular_function [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0045252+C cellular_component [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components GO:0046487+P biological_process [name] glyoxylate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH." [ISBN GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0051087+F molecular_function [name] chaperone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport." [http GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0061034+P biological_process [name] olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development [def] "The progression of the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC [156]{Rv2200c,YME1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv2200c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005576+C cellular_component [name] extracellular region [def] "The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0044121+P biological_process [name] growth of symbiont in host organelle [def] "The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [YME1L1 only] GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN [157]{Rv2200c,PSMC2} [common GO terms] [Rv2200c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005576+C cellular_component [name] extracellular region [def] "The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0044121+P biological_process [name] growth of symbiont in host organelle [def] "The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [PSMC2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0030163+P biological_process [name] protein catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds." [GOC [158]{Rv1451,CCBL2} [common GO terms] GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN [Rv1451 only] GO:0004659+F molecular_function [name] prenyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006783+P biological_process [name] heme biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors." [GOC GO:0008495+F molecular_function [name] protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0048034+P biological_process [name] heme O biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme O, a derivative of heme containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain at position 8 of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle." [GOC [CCBL2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0006103+P biological_process [name] 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism." [ISBN GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0008483+F molecular_function [name] transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid." [ISBN GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0016212+F molecular_function [name] kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0047315+F molecular_function [name] kynurenine-glyoxylate transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0047804+F molecular_function [name] cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070189+P biological_process [name] kynurenine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenine, the amino acid 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine." [CHEBI GO:0097052+P biological_process [name] L-kynurenine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-kynurenine, the L-enantiomer of the amino acid kynurenine (3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine)." [CHEBI [159]{Rv2200c,MT-CO1} [common GO terms] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [Rv2200c only] GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005576+C cellular_component [name] extracellular region [def] "The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0044121+P biological_process [name] growth of symbiont in host organelle [def] "The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction." [GOC [MT-CO1 only] GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005751+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006123+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen [def] "The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV." [ISBN GO:0006979+P biological_process [name] response to oxidative stress [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC GO:0007568+P biological_process [name] aging [def] "The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0021549+P biological_process [name] cerebellum development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills." [GO_REF GO:0045277+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain complex IV [def] "A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2)." [ISBN GO:0046688+P biological_process [name] response to copper ion [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus." [GOC GO:0051602+P biological_process [name] response to electrical stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus." [GOC [160]{Rv2266,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [161]{Rv0136,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [162]{Rv3316,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [163]{Rv3059,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [164]{Rv1256c,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [165]{Rv1620c,ATP2B1} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2B1 only] GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [166]{Rv1451,FDXR} [common GO terms] [Rv1451 only] GO:0004659+F molecular_function [name] prenyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006783+P biological_process [name] heme biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors." [GOC GO:0008495+F molecular_function [name] protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN GO:0048034+P biological_process [name] heme O biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme O, a derivative of heme containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain at position 8 of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle." [GOC [FDXR only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0015039+F molecular_function [name] NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [167]{Rv0136,ACSL6} [common GO terms] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [168]{Rv3316,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [169]{Rv0327c,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [170]{Rv0764c,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [171]{Rv1620c,ATP2B3} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2B3 only] GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005516+F molecular_function [name] calmodulin binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states." [GOC GO:0005794+C cellular_component [name] Golgi apparatus [def] "A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum_ such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006816+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006874+P biological_process [name] cellular calcium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0030165+F molecular_function [name] PDZ domain binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:1903561+C GO:1903779+P [172]{Rv1256c,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [173]{Rv1256c,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [174]{Rv0327c,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [175]{Rv0327c,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [176]{Rv0778,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [177]{Rv0778,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [178]{Rv0766c,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [179]{Rv1620c,OGDHL} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [OGDHL only] GO:0004591+F molecular_function [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006096+P biological_process [name] glycolysis [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) on the sixth carbon by a hexokinase, and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle." [GOC GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016624+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide." [GOC GO:0030976+F molecular_function [name] thiamine pyrophosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases." [CHEBI GO:0045252+C cellular_component [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC [180]{Rv2266,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [181]{Rv2193,DDX17} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC [Rv2193 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0015002+F molecular_function [name] heme-copper terminal oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0019646+P biological_process [name] aerobic electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:1902600+P [DDX17 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003713+F molecular_function [name] transcription coactivator activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003724+F molecular_function [name] RNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004004+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004386+F molecular_function [name] helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005730+C cellular_component [name] nucleolus [def] "A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors_ these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome." [ISBN GO:0006351+P biological_process [name] transcription, DNA-dependent [def] "The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA." [GOC GO:0006355+P biological_process [name] regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription." [GOC GO:0006396+P biological_process [name] RNA processing [def] "Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules." [GOC GO:0008186+F molecular_function [name] RNA-dependent ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0010501+P biological_process [name] RNA secondary structure unwinding [def] "The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'." [PMID GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0030331+F molecular_function [name] estrogen receptor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an estrogen receptor." [GOC GO:0033148+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0045944+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter." [GOC GO:2001014+P biological_process [name] regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation." [GOC [182]{Rv2266,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [183]{Rv0136,ALDH1A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A2 only] GO:0001568+P biological_process [name] blood vessel development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood." [GOC GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0001936+P biological_process [name] regulation of endothelial cell proliferation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0003007+P biological_process [name] heart morphogenesis [def] "The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006776+P biological_process [name] vitamin A metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC GO:0007494+P biological_process [name] midgut development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008284+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0008285+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of cell proliferation [def] "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation." [GOC GO:0009855+P biological_process [name] determination of bilateral symmetry [def] "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC GO:0009952+P biological_process [name] anterior/posterior pattern specification [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism." [GOC GO:0009954+P biological_process [name] proximal/distal pattern formation [def] "The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end)." [GOC GO:0010628+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of gene expression [def] "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form." [GOC GO:0014032+P biological_process [name] neural crest cell development [def] "The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell." [GOC GO:0016331+P biological_process [name] morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016918+F molecular_function [name] retinal binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina." [CHEBI GO:0021915+P biological_process [name] neural tube development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium." [GO_REF GO:0021983+P biological_process [name] pituitary gland development [def] "The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands." [GO_REF GO:0030182+P biological_process [name] neuron differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron." [GOC GO:0030324+P biological_process [name] lung development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax." [GOC GO:0030326+P biological_process [name] embryonic limb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping." [GOC GO:0030900+P biological_process [name] forebrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions)." [http GO:0030902+P biological_process [name] hindbrain development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium)." [http GO:0031016+P biological_process [name] pancreas development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes." [GOC GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0032355+P biological_process [name] response to estradiol stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen." [GOC GO:0033189+P biological_process [name] response to vitamin A [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus." [GOC GO:0034097+P biological_process [name] response to cytokine stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus." [GOC GO:0035115+P biological_process [name] embryonic forelimb morphogenesis [def] "The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal." [ISBN GO:0035799+P biological_process [name] ureter maturation [def] "A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0043010+P biological_process [name] camera-type eye development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048384+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway [def] "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC GO:0048471+C cellular_component [name] perinuclear region of cytoplasm [def] "Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus." [GOC GO:0048566+P biological_process [name] embryonic digestive tract development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus." [GOC GO:0048738+P biological_process [name] cardiac muscle tissue development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0071300+P biological_process [name] cellular response to retinoic acid [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus." [GOC [184]{Rv1620c,ATP1A4} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP1A4 only] GO:0005391+F molecular_function [name] sodium [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0005890+C cellular_component [name] sodium [def] "Sodium GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006813+P biological_process [name] potassium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006814+P biological_process [name] sodium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006883+P biological_process [name] cellular sodium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0009566+P biological_process [name] fertilization [def] "The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy)." [GOC GO:0010107+P biological_process [name] potassium ion import [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle." [GOC GO:0010248+P biological_process [name] establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient [def] "The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0015991+P biological_process [name] ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport [def] "The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0030007+P biological_process [name] cellular potassium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0030317+P biological_process [name] sperm motility [def] "Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell." [GOC GO:0030641+P biological_process [name] regulation of cellular pH [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0036376+P GO:0042391+P biological_process [name] regulation of membrane potential [def] "Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:1903779+P [185]{Rv1620c,PCCA} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [PCCA only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004075+F molecular_function [name] biotin carboxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004658+F molecular_function [name] propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006768+P biological_process [name] biotin metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid_ the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions." [ISBN GO:0009374+F molecular_function [name] biotin binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019626+P biological_process [name] short-chain fatty acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acids with a chain length of less than 8 carbons." [ISBN GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [186]{Rv0764c,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [187]{Rv1620c,ATP2B2} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP2B2 only] GO:0005388+F molecular_function [name] calcium-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070588+P biological_process [name] calcium ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC [188]{Rv2266,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [189]{Rv0766c,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [190]{Rv0764c,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [191]{Rv0327c,ACSL6} [common GO terms] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [192]{Rv1620c,ATP12A} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP12A only] GO:0005391+F molecular_function [name] sodium [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005889+C cellular_component [name] hydrogen [def] "A protein complex that possesses hydrogen GO:0006811+P biological_process [name] ion transport [def] "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006813+P biological_process [name] potassium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006814+P biological_process [name] sodium ion transport [def] "The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0006883+P biological_process [name] cellular sodium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0006885+P biological_process [name] regulation of pH [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell." [GOC GO:0008900+F molecular_function [name] hydrogen [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0010038+P biological_process [name] response to metal ion [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus." [GOC GO:0010107+P biological_process [name] potassium ion import [def] "The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle." [GOC GO:0010248+P biological_process [name] establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient [def] "The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0014070+P biological_process [name] response to organic cyclic compound [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus." [CHEBI GO:0015991+P biological_process [name] ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport [def] "The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis." [GOC GO:0015992+P biological_process [name] proton transport [def] "The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016323+C cellular_component [name] basolateral plasma membrane [def] "The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis." [GOC GO:0016324+C cellular_component [name] apical plasma membrane [def] "The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0019829+F molecular_function [name] cation-transporting ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction GO:0030001+P biological_process [name] metal ion transport [def] "The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0030007+P biological_process [name] cellular potassium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC GO:0034220+P biological_process [name] ion transmembrane transport [def] "A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0036376+P GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055075+P biological_process [name] potassium ion homeostasis [def] "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell." [GOC [193]{Rv1256c,ACSL6} [common GO terms] [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL6 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005741+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial outer membrane [def] "The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006637+P biological_process [name] acyl-CoA metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0031090+C cellular_component [name] organelle membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle." [GOC GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0102391+F [194]{Rv0764c,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [195]{Rv0766c,ALDH1L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [196]{Rv0327c,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [197]{Rv1256c,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [198]{Rv0766c,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [199]{Rv2266,ALDH6A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH6A1 only] GO:0000062+F molecular_function [name] fatty-acyl-CoA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004491+F molecular_function [name] methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006210+P biological_process [name] thymine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0006573+P biological_process [name] valine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006574+P biological_process [name] valine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016790+F molecular_function [name] thiolester hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0018478+F molecular_function [name] malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0019484+P biological_process [name] beta-alanine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins." [GOC GO:0019859+P biological_process [name] thymine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0050873+P biological_process [name] brown fat cell differentiation [def] "The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria." [PMID GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [200]{Rv2193,DDX5} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC [Rv2193 only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0015002+F molecular_function [name] heme-copper terminal oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0019646+P biological_process [name] aerobic electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:1902600+P [DDX5 only] GO:0000122+P biological_process [name] negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0000381+P biological_process [name] regulation of alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs." [GOC GO:0000398+P biological_process [name] nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome [def] "The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003713+F molecular_function [name] transcription coactivator activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003724+F molecular_function [name] RNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004004+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004386+F molecular_function [name] helicase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005516+F molecular_function [name] calmodulin binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005681+C cellular_component [name] spliceosomal complex [def] "Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain RNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron." [GOC GO:0005730+C cellular_component [name] nucleolus [def] "A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors_ these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome." [ISBN GO:0006351+P biological_process [name] transcription, DNA-dependent [def] "The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA." [GOC GO:0006355+P biological_process [name] regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription." [GOC GO:0006397+P biological_process [name] mRNA processing [def] "Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide." [GOC GO:0008380+P biological_process [name] RNA splicing [def] "The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA." [GOC GO:0009299+P biological_process [name] mRNA transcription [def] "The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template." [GOC GO:0010501+P biological_process [name] RNA secondary structure unwinding [def] "The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'." [PMID GO:0016049+P biological_process [name] cell growth [def] "The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030331+F molecular_function [name] estrogen receptor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an estrogen receptor." [GOC GO:0030529+C cellular_component [name] ribonucleoprotein complex [def] "A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules." [GOC GO:0031012+C cellular_component [name] extracellular matrix [def] "A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues_ may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as in plants)." [GOC GO:0033148+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway." [GOC GO:0036002+F molecular_function [name] pre-mRNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule." [GOC GO:0043517+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator [def] "Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0045069+P biological_process [name] regulation of viral genome replication [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication." [GOC GO:0045667+P biological_process [name] regulation of osteoblast differentiation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation." [GOC GO:0045944+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter." [GOC GO:0048306+F molecular_function [name] calcium-dependent protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules), in the presence of calcium." [GOC GO:0048511+P biological_process [name] rhythmic process [def] "Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism." [GOC GO:0050681+F molecular_function [name] androgen receptor binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an androgen receptor." [GOC GO:0060765+P biological_process [name] regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway [def] "Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0071013+C cellular_component [name] catalytic step 2 spliceosome [def] "A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs." [GOC GO:0072332+P biological_process [name] signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in induction of apoptosis [def] "A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, that results in the induction of apoptosis." [GOC GO:2001014+P biological_process [name] regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation." [GOC [201]{Rv3043c,FH} [common GO terms] [Rv3043c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [FH only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004333+F molecular_function [name] fumarate hydratase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0006106+P biological_process [name] fumarate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate." [ISBN GO:0006108+P biological_process [name] malate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0045239+C cellular_component [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex [def] "Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle." [GOC GO:0048873+P biological_process [name] homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue [def] "Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue." [GOC GO:0051262+P biological_process [name] protein tetramerization [def] "The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [202]{Rv3059,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [203]{Rv1256c,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [204]{Rv1620c,DHTKD1} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [DHTKD1 only] GO:0002244+P biological_process [name] hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation [def] "The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hemopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells." [GOC GO:0004591+F molecular_function [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006091+P biological_process [name] generation of precursor metabolites and energy [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances." [GOC GO:0006096+P biological_process [name] glycolysis [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) on the sixth carbon by a hexokinase, and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle." [GOC GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016624+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide." [GOC GO:0030976+F molecular_function [name] thiamine pyrophosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases." [CHEBI GO:0045252+C cellular_component [name] oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components GO:0046487+P biological_process [name] glyoxylate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH." [ISBN GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC [205]{Rv3316,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [206]{Rv1256c,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [207]{Rv1256c,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [208]{Rv1256c,ACSBG1} [common GO terms] [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG1 only] GO:0000038+P biological_process [name] very long chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater." [GOC GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001552+P biological_process [name] ovarian follicle atresia [def] "Ovarian follicle demise mediated by apoptosis." [http GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016023+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0031410+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasmic vesicle [def] "A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell." [GOC GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0051384+P biological_process [name] response to glucocorticoid stimulus [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects." [GOC GO:0102391+F [209]{Rv1620c,BCAT2} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [BCAT2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004084+F molecular_function [name] branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006532+P biological_process [name] aspartate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008483+F molecular_function [name] transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid." [ISBN GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0009081+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009082+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009083+P biological_process [name] branched chain family amino acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine." [GOC GO:0009098+P biological_process [name] leucine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid." [GOC GO:0009099+P biological_process [name] valine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0052654+F molecular_function [name] L-leucine transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052655+F molecular_function [name] L-valine transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052656+F molecular_function [name] L-isoleucine transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction [210]{Rv0136,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [211]{Rv3059,ALDH3A2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A2 only] GO:0000302+P biological_process [name] response to reactive oxygen species [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals." [GOC GO:0001561+P biological_process [name] fatty acid alpha-oxidation [def] "A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway." [http GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005783+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum [def] "The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN GO:0005789+C cellular_component [name] endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0006714+P biological_process [name] sesquiterpenoid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN GO:0007417+P biological_process [name] central nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC GO:0007422+P biological_process [name] peripheral nervous system development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008544+P biological_process [name] epidermis development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0030148+P biological_process [name] sphingolipid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC GO:0033306+P biological_process [name] phytol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol." [CHEBI GO:0042406+C cellular_component [name] extrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane [def] "Loosely bound to one surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region." [GOC GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0046292+P biological_process [name] formaldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent." [CHEBI GO:0046577+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050061+F molecular_function [name] long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0052814+F molecular_function [name] medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [212]{Rv0778,CPS1} [common GO terms] [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CPS1 only] GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI [213]{Rv0778,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [214]{Rv0327c,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [215]{Rv0778,ALDH8A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH8A1 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005622+C cellular_component [name] intracellular [def] "The living contents of a cell_ the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042904+P biological_process [name] 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [216]{Rv3059,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [217]{Rv3059,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [218]{Rv2266,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [219]{Rv1620c,METAP1D} [common GO terms] [Rv1620c only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [METAP1D only] GO:0004177+F molecular_function [name] aminopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from in a polypeptide chain." [GOC GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0006508+P biological_process [name] proteolysis [def] "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0008233+F molecular_function [name] peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid." [GOC GO:0008235+F molecular_function [name] metalloexopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0018206+P biological_process [name] peptidyl-methionine modification [def] "The modification of peptidyl-methionine." [GOC GO:0031365+P biological_process [name] N-terminal protein amino acid modification [def] "The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070006+F molecular_function [name] metalloaminopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0070084+P biological_process [name] protein initiator methionine removal [def] "The protein modification process in which the translation-initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue is removed from a protein." [GOC [220]{Rv3316,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3316 only] GO:0000104+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0045281+C cellular_component [name] succinate dehydrogenase complex [def] "A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A _ InterPro GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [221]{Rv0327c,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [222]{Rv2200c,AFG3L2} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv2200c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005576+C cellular_component [name] extracellular region [def] "The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0044121+P biological_process [name] growth of symbiont in host organelle [def] "The increase in size or mass of a symbiont, occurring in its host's organelle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [AFG3L2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0004176+F molecular_function [name] ATP-dependent peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004222+F molecular_function [name] metalloendopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005743+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial inner membrane [def] "The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae." [GOC GO:0006461+P biological_process [name] protein complex assembly [def] "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex." [GOC GO:0006508+P biological_process [name] proteolysis [def] "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0007005+P biological_process [name] mitochondrion organization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion_ includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components." [GOC GO:0007409+P biological_process [name] axonogenesis [def] "Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells." [GOC GO:0007528+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular junction development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0008053+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial fusion [def] "Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment." [PMID GO:0008233+F molecular_function [name] peptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid." [GOC GO:0008237+F molecular_function [name] metallopeptidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions." [GOC GO:0008270+F molecular_function [name] zinc ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ions." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0021675+P biological_process [name] nerve development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GO_REF GO:0031966+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial membrane [def] "Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope." [GOC GO:0034982+P biological_process [name] mitochondrial protein processing [def] "The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import." [GOC GO:0040014+P biological_process [name] regulation of multicellular organism growth [def] "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size." [GOC GO:0042407+P biological_process [name] cristae formation [def] "The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0042552+P biological_process [name] myelination [def] "The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier." [GOC GO:0045041+P biological_process [name] protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space [def] "The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes." [ISBN GO:0048747+P biological_process [name] muscle fiber development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast." [GOC GO:0051082+F molecular_function [name] unfolded protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC [223]{Rv3059,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [224]{Rv0764c,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [225]{Rv1256c,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC [226]{Rv3043c,SDHA} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3043c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [SDHA only] GO:0006099+P biological_process [name] tricarboxylic acid cycle [def] "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN GO:0008177+F molecular_function [name] succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016627+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0050660+F molecular_function [name] flavin adenine dinucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2." [CHEBI [227]{Rv0766c,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [228]{Rv3059,CAD} [common GO terms] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [CAD only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004070+F molecular_function [name] aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004088+F molecular_function [name] carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006207+P biological_process [name] 'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0006541+P biological_process [name] glutamine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0006807+P biological_process [name] nitrogen compound metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI GO:0016597+F molecular_function [name] amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [GOC GO:0016743+F molecular_function [name] carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [GOC GO:0016787+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3." [ISBN GO:0016810+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds." [GOC GO:0016812+F molecular_function [name] hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides [def] "Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide." [GOC [229]{Rv3059,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [230]{Rv2266,ALDH3A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH3A1 only] GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [231]{Rv0778,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [232]{Rv0764c,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [233]{Rv0778,ALDH1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1A3 only] GO:0001758+F molecular_function [name] retinal dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0002072+P biological_process [name] optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development [def] "The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC GO:0002138+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004030+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0007626+P biological_process [name] locomotory behavior [def] "The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0021768+P biological_process [name] nucleus accumbens development [def] "The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia." [GO_REF GO:0031076+P biological_process [name] embryonic camera-type eye development [def] "The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC GO:0042472+P biological_process [name] inner ear morphogenesis [def] "The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively." [GOC GO:0042572+P biological_process [name] retinol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042573+P biological_process [name] retinoic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A." [GOC GO:0042574+P biological_process [name] retinal metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043065+P biological_process [name] positive regulation of apoptotic process [def] "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process." [GOC GO:0048048+P biological_process [name] embryonic eye morphogenesis [def] "The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized." [GOC GO:0050885+P biological_process [name] neuromuscular process controlling balance [def] "Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors." [GOC GO:0060013+P biological_process [name] righting reflex [def] "A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position." [GOC GO:0060166+P biological_process [name] olfactory pit development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx." [GOC GO:0060324+P biological_process [name] face development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0070324+F molecular_function [name] thyroid hormone binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland." [GOC GO:0070403+F molecular_function [name] NAD+ binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC [234]{Rv3059,ALDH4A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH4A1 only] GO:0003842+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005759+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrial matrix [def] "The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation." [GOC GO:0006537+P biological_process [name] glutamate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC GO:0006560+P biological_process [name] proline metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0006561+P biological_process [name] proline biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN GO:0006562+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0010133+P biological_process [name] proline catabolic process to glutamate [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019470+P biological_process [name] 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC [235]{Rv3059,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [236]{Rv2196,YME1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv2196 only] GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0022904+P biological_process [name] respiratory electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [YME1L1 only] GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN [237]{Rv0136,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [238]{Rv2266,ALDH1A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv2266 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0010430+P biological_process [name] fatty acid omega-oxidation [def] "A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation." [MetaCyc GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0070402+F molecular_function [name] NADPH binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions." [GOC GO:0097089+P biological_process [name] methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain." [CHEBI [ALDH1A1 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC [239]{Rv3043c,CCBL2} [common GO terms] [Rv3043c only] GO:0004129+F molecular_function [name] cytochrome-c oxidase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005507+F molecular_function [name] copper ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper (Cu) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0005887+C cellular_component [name] integral to plasma membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC GO:0006119+P biological_process [name] oxidative phosphorylation [def] "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0009055+F molecular_function [name] electron carrier activity [def] "Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system." [ISBN GO:0009060+P biological_process [name] aerobic respiration [def] "The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0022900+P biological_process [name] electron transport chain [def] "A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:0040007+P biological_process [name] growth [def] "The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC GO:0070469+C cellular_component [name] respiratory chain [def] "The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient." [GOC GO:1902600+P [CCBL2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0006103+P biological_process [name] 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism." [ISBN GO:0006520+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI GO:0008483+F molecular_function [name] transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid." [ISBN GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0016212+F molecular_function [name] kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016740+F molecular_function [name] transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0044822+F GO:0047315+F molecular_function [name] kynurenine-glyoxylate transaminase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0047804+F molecular_function [name] cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070189+P biological_process [name] kynurenine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenine, the amino acid 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine." [CHEBI GO:0097052+P biological_process [name] L-kynurenine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-kynurenine, the L-enantiomer of the amino acid kynurenine (3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine)." [CHEBI [240]{Rv1256c,ACSL1} [common GO terms] [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSL1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [241]{Rv0327c,FASN} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0327c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [FASN only] [242]{Rv0766c,IMPDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [IMPDH2 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN [243]{Rv1620c,ATP1A3} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [ATP1A3 only] GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [244]{Rv3059,ALDH1L1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv3059 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH1L1 only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006730+P biological_process [name] one-carbon metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009058+P biological_process [name] biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances_ typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones." [GOC GO:0009258+P biological_process [name] 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate." [GOC GO:0016155+F molecular_function [name] formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0016742+F molecular_function [name] hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity [def] "Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor)." [EC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0046655+P biological_process [name] folic acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines." [ISBN GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [245]{Rv1256c,ALDH2} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv1256c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH2 only] GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [246]{Rv1620c,PEX1} [common GO terms] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0006810+P biological_process [name] transport [def] "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC [Rv1620c only] GO:0005618+C cellular_component [name] cell wall [def] "The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin_ in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides_ in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan." [ISBN GO:0016021+C cellular_component [name] integral to membrane [def] "Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane." [GOC GO:0016887+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042626+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0055085+P biological_process [name] transmembrane transport [def] "The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other." [GOC [PEX1 only] GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005777+C cellular_component [name] peroxisome [def] "A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules_ contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN GO:0005778+C cellular_component [name] peroxisomal membrane [def] "The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome." [GOC GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006625+P biological_process [name] protein targeting to peroxisome [def] "The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein." [GOC GO:0007031+P biological_process [name] peroxisome organization [def] "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules." [GOC GO:0008022+F molecular_function [name] protein C-terminus binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue." [ISBN GO:0015031+P biological_process [name] protein transport [def] "The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC GO:0016558+P biological_process [name] protein import into peroxisome matrix [def] "The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported." [ISBN GO:0032403+F molecular_function [name] protein complex binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0042623+F molecular_function [name] ATPase activity, coupled [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0043231+C cellular_component [name] intracellular membrane-bounded organelle [def] "Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC GO:0060152+P biological_process [name] microtubule-based peroxisome localization [def] "The microtubule-based process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [247]{Rv0136,ACSBG2} [common GO terms] [Rv0136 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [ACSBG2 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0001676+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004467+F molecular_function [name] long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005524+F molecular_function [name] ATP binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [ISBN GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006631+P biological_process [name] fatty acid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN GO:0007275+P biological_process [name] multicellular organismal development [def] "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC GO:0007283+P biological_process [name] spermatogenesis [def] "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016020+C cellular_component [name] membrane [def] "Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles_ may be a single or double lipid bilayer_ also includes associated proteins." [GOC GO:0016874+F molecular_function [name] ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate." [EC GO:0030154+P biological_process [name] cell differentiation [def] "The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state." [ISBN GO:0031957+F molecular_function [name] very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0035338+P biological_process [name] long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths ranging from C12-18." [ISBN GO:0047617+F molecular_function [name] acyl-CoA hydrolase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0102391+F [248]{Rv0766c,ALDH5A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH5A1 only] GO:0005739+C cellular_component [name] mitochondrion [def] "A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0009013+F molecular_function [name] succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0009450+P biological_process [name] gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC [249]{Rv0766c,CBS} [common GO terms] GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0766c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0036199+F [CBS only] GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0004122+F molecular_function [name] cystathionine beta-synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004124+F molecular_function [name] cysteine synthase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006535+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process from serine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC GO:0006563+P biological_process [name] L-serine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0006565+P biological_process [name] L-serine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0008652+P biological_process [name] cellular amino acid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [ISBN GO:0016829+F molecular_function [name] lyase activity [def] "Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring." [EC GO:0019343+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine." [GOC GO:0019344+P biological_process [name] cysteine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC GO:0019346+P biological_process [name] transsulfuration [def] "The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes." [MetaCyc GO:0019448+P biological_process [name] L-cysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [CHEBI GO:0019825+F molecular_function [name] oxygen binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2)." [GOC GO:0019899+F molecular_function [name] enzyme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme." [GOC GO:0030170+F molecular_function [name] pyridoxal phosphate binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6." [GOC GO:0031625+F molecular_function [name] ubiquitin protein ligase binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins." [GOC GO:0042262+P biological_process [name] DNA protection [def] "Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress." [GOC GO:0042802+F molecular_function [name] identical protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins." [GOC GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043418+P biological_process [name] homocysteine catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid." [GOC GO:0050421+F molecular_function [name] nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0050667+P biological_process [name] homocysteine metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine." [ISBN GO:0070025+F molecular_function [name] carbon monoxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO)." [GOC GO:0070026+F molecular_function [name] nitric oxide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO)." [GOC GO:0070814+P biological_process [name] hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S." [CHEBI GO:0072341+F molecular_function [name] modified amino acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a modified amino acid." [CHEBI GO:1904047+F [250]{Rv0778,ALDH9A1} [common GO terms] GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0778 only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005886+C cellular_component [name] plasma membrane [def] "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN GO:0006707+P biological_process [name] cholesterol catabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC GO:0008395+F molecular_function [name] steroid hydroxylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2." [ISBN GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0036199+F GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC [ALDH9A1 only] GO:0001822+P biological_process [name] kidney development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine." [GOC GO:0001889+P biological_process [name] liver development [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes." [GOC GO:0004028+F molecular_function [name] 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0004029+F molecular_function [name] aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0006081+P biological_process [name] cellular aldehyde metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC GO:0008152+P biological_process [name] metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation." [GOC GO:0016620+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP." [GOC GO:0019145+F molecular_function [name] aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0033737+F molecular_function [name] 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0042136+P biological_process [name] neurotransmitter biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell." [CHEBI GO:0042445+P biological_process [name] hormone metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone." [CHEBI GO:0042803+F molecular_function [name] protein homodimerization activity [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer." [GOC GO:0043176+F molecular_function [name] amine binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group." [GOC GO:0045329+P biological_process [name] carnitine biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane." [GOC GO:0047105+F molecular_function [name] 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0051287+F molecular_function [name] NAD binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions_ binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH." [GOC GO:0070062+C cellular_component [name] extracellular vesicular exosome [def] "A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane." [GOC [251]{Rv0764c,IMPDH1} [common GO terms] GO:0005737+C cellular_component [name] cytoplasm [def] "All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [ISBN GO:0005829+C cellular_component [name] cytosol [def] "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC GO:0016491+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced." [GOC GO:0046872+F molecular_function [name] metal ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion." [GOC GO:0055114+P biological_process [name] oxidation-reduction process [def] "A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons." [GOC [Rv0764c only] GO:0004497+F molecular_function [name] monooxygenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water." [http GO:0005506+F molecular_function [name] iron ion binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with iron (Fe) ions." [GOC GO:0005515+F molecular_function [name] protein binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules)." [GOC GO:0006629+P biological_process [name] lipid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids_ neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps_ long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes_ sphingoids and other long-chain bases_ glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids_ and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC GO:0006694+P biological_process [name] steroid biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus_ includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC GO:0008202+P biological_process [name] steroid metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [ISBN GO:0008398+F molecular_function [name] sterol 14-demethylase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0016125+P biological_process [name] sterol metabolic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [ISBN GO:0016126+P biological_process [name] sterol biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC GO:0016705+F molecular_function [name] oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen [def] "Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor." [GOC GO:0020037+F molecular_function [name] heme binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring." [CHEBI GO:0070988+P biological_process [name] demethylation [def] "The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule." [GOC [IMPDH1 only] GO:0000166+F molecular_function [name] nucleotide binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose." [GOC GO:0003676+F molecular_function [name] nucleic acid binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid." [GOC GO:0003677+F molecular_function [name] DNA binding [def] "Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)." [GOC GO:0003723+F molecular_function [name] RNA binding [def] "Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof." [GOC GO:0003824+F molecular_function [name] catalytic activity [def] "Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic." [ISBN GO:0003938+F molecular_function [name] IMP dehydrogenase activity [def] "Catalysis of the reaction GO:0005634+C cellular_component [name] nucleus [def] "A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent." [GOC GO:0005654+C cellular_component [name] nucleoplasm [def] "That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus." [GOC GO:0006164+P biological_process [name] purine nucleotide biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC GO:0006177+P biological_process [name] GMP biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN GO:0009168+P biological_process [name] purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process [def] "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar." [GOC GO:0009409+P biological_process [name] response to cold [def] "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism." [GOC GO:0030054+C cellular_component [name] cell junction [def] "A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix." [GOC GO:0046651+P biological_process [name] lymphocyte proliferation [def] "The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division." [GOC GO:0060041+P biological_process [name] retina development in camera-type eye [def] "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [GOC