This PDF file includes:

• Section S1. Dimensions of gold nanorods
• Section S2. Custom-built dark-field microscope
• Section S3. M1 and M9 carboranethiol adsorption experiments
• Section S4. Theoretical protocol
• Section S5. Dipole moments of carboranethiols and gold
• Section S6. Density of states and Persson theory
• Fig. S1. Dimensions of gold nanorods.
• Fig. S2. Representative TEM image of 22 ± 2 nm by 66 ± 4 nm chemically prepared gold nanorods.
• Fig. S3. Cumulative distributions of plasmon linewidths and resonance energies of all individual gold nanorods.
• Fig. S4. Plasmon resonance energy shift ΔE_res of gold nanorods during adsorption of M1 and M9 carboranethiols and during a control experiment in pure solvent (ethanol) without thiols.
• Fig. S5. Plasmon linewidth broadening ∆Γ of individual gold nanorods during adsorption of M1 and M9 carboranethiols (red and green circles) for all three M1 and M9 adsorption experiments.
• Fig. S6. Plasmon linewidth broadening ∆Γ of gold nanorods during adsorption of M1 and M9 carboranethiols and during a control experiment in pure solvent (ethanol) without thiols.
• Fig. S7. The projected DOS for the atoms comprising the M1 carboranethiol molecule adsorbed on Au in a face-centered cubic (fcc) hollow site, according to DFT-PBE-D3 calculations.
• Fig. S8. The projected DOS for the atoms comprising the M9 carboranethiol molecule adsorbed on Au in an fcc hollow site, according to DFT-PBE-D3.
• Fig. S9. Predicted projected DOS and Lorentzian functions for M1 and M9 molecules on Au(111).
• Table S1. Calculated dipole moment vector components in debye (D) for M1 and M9 carboranethiol molecules adsorbed on Au (“Total”) and in the gas-phase (“Gas-Phase Thiol”).
• References (52–78)

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