Type species.

Taxon classification

Animalia

Araneae

Salticidae

Kanesharatnam

Nilani

P. Benjamin

Suresh

Multilocus genetic and morphological phylogenetic analysis reveals a radiation of shiny South Asian jumping spiders (

Araneae

Salticidae

)

Zookeys1612019839181

10.3897/zookeys.839.28312

Genus

Phintelloides

http://zoobank.org/DC99FB77-D3F9-4330-AFE7-304075FACB80

gen. n.

Type species.

Chrysillajesudasi Caleb & Mathai, 2014.

Etymology.

Combination of “Phintell” taken from Phintella and “oides” meaning “having the form of”. This name also refers to the closer relationship of Phintelloides to Phintella than to other chrysillines. Gender masculine.

Monophyly and phylogenetic placement.

The monophyly of Phintelloides is recovered in all ML molecular trees (except in the 18S single gene analysis; see supporting information) and the morphology parsimony tree (Figs 1, 3). Supported by the following morphological unambiguous putative synapomorphies: triangular-shaped bulbus, slightly oblique to apical lobe (39–1) (Figs 5D, 7A, 9D, 11A, 15D, 16A, 17D, 18A), conspicuous black blotches on the prosoma of females (7–1) (Figs 4D, G, H, 12A, E, 14D–F), duck-neck-shaped diverging curves at anterior margin of epigynum (46–1) (Figs 6C, D, G, H, 7C, D, 10C, D, G, H, 11C, D, 12C, D, G, H, 13A–D, 16C, D, 18C, D), apical origin of FD (55–3). The genus Phintelloides is a member of the tribe Chrysillini both as defined by Maddison (2015) and Proszynski (2016).

Figure 1.

The single most likely tree obtained by ML analysis of the combined molecular data in RAxML–VI–HPC. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap values (only values 60 and above are given). Nodes that are unsupported have been collapsed. Collection country is given if available. Key: “Navajo rugs” indicate presence (black) or absence (white) of a given node in the tree specified in the legend.* denotes taxa included in the morphological analysis; resulting tree is given in Fig. (3).

Figure 2.

The single most parsimonious tree obtained by analysis of the combined molecular data in TNT. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap values (only values above 60 are given). Nodes that are unsupported have been collapsed. Collection country is given if available.

Figure 3.

The single MP tree obtained by parsimony analysis in TNT under implied weights of the 56 morphological characters given in Table 2. Unambiguous character state changes are mapped using Farris optimisation. Characters are denoted by the numbers above the circles and character state changes by numbers below the circles. The values above the lines represent sympatric resampling frequencies/sympatric resampling frequency differences, while the values below the line represent Bremer support/relative Bremer support.

All molecular trees recover Phintelloidesbrunne and P.flavoviri as sister species with high support. This is in contrast to the morphological tree where P.orbisa and P.flavoviri are recovered as sister species (P.orbisa was not included in the molecular analysis, due to lack of fresh materials). We predict that it would branch with P.flavoviri, due to similar genital morphology (Fig. 12G, H). All genes trees, individual single gene phylogenetic trees as well as male and female habitus, palpal, and epigynal structure suggest that Chrysillajesudasi Caleb & Mathai, 2014 should be transferred to Phintelloides.

Diagnosis.

This genus can be recognised from other chrysillines by white tuft of hairs on the clypeus, white diamond-shaped mark behind PLE, pale white band on the anterior eye field, black median band bordered by two lateral bands on the abdomen. Further, presence of LP, comparably longer embolus in males and the duck-neck-shaped diverging curves of CD in females. This genus is closely related to Proszynskia in appearance than to Phintella and Chrysilla.

Description.

Medium sized spiders. Male with white tuft of hairs on the clypeus (described as “moustache” in Caleb and Mathai (2014); prosoma with pale yellow/ white band behind AME; white diamond-shaped mark behind the eye field; white belts on lateral prosoma; leg I slightly robust in males; abdomen with blackish or brownish grey longitudinal median band bordered by pale yellow bands; long embolus; apical portion of bulbus with lamellar process; small posterior lobe of bulbus; long RTA with bent tip. Female with black patches on the eye field and surrounding PME, behind PLE and posterior slope of prosoma; abdomen with longitudinal lateral stripes or devoid of markings; duck-neck-shaped diverging curves at anterior margin of epigynum; CO laterally outwards; CD medium or very long and bent or twisted; spermatheca pyriform or spherical; broad PEB. See species descriptions below.

Composition.

Phintelloidesalborea sp. n., P.brunne sp. n., P.flavoviri sp. n., P.flavumi sp. n., P.jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014) comb. n., P.orbisa sp. n., P.versicolor (CL Koch, 1846) comb. n.

Remarks.

The transfer of P.versicolor is based on the tree from the ML phylogenetic analysis of the combined matrix (Fig. 1). Additionally, P.versicolor shares with other species of Phintelloides the following characters: in males, the lateral white belts of the prosoma, white band on the anterior eye field, white diamond mark, black longitudinal abdominal median band bordered with pale yellow bands and similar shape of tegulum. In females, it differs in the absence of black blotches of prosoma, stripe pattern of abdomen and absence of DDC of the epigynum. It is also not clear if all specimens described under this name belong to a single species; special attention needs to be given to this matter in future studies.

Distribution.

India, Sri Lanka (excluding P.versicolor).

Table 2.

Phylogenetic data matrix scored for 17 taxa. The first state is ‘0’ followed by ‘1’ etc.; ‘?’ denotes missing data, ‘-‘ is inapplicable. * denotes outgroup taxa.

	0										1										2										3										4										5
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
Bristowia gandhii	0	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	2	1	1	0	1	0	1	2	0	0	-	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	4	0	-	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	-	–	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hasarius adansoni	0	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	-	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	4	0	-	0	0	-	-	-	0	0	0	1	0	-	1	0	-	–	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	1
Habrocestum kodigalaensis	0	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	-	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	-	0	1	3	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	-	1	0	-	–	0	0	0	0	5	0	1	1
H. hantaneensis	0	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	-	0	0	1	1	3	0	0	0	1	4	0	-	0	1	3	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	-	1	0	-	–	0	0	0	0	4	0	1	1
Siler semiglaucus	1	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	3	0	0	-	0	0	0	1	4	1	0	0	2	4	0	-	0	1	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	-	0	0	-	–	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Phintelloides jesudasi	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	2	2	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	1	2	0	2	1	1	0	2	0	-	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	3	0
P. brunne	0	1	1	2	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	-	1	1	2	0	2	1	1	0	2	0	-	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	3	0
P. orbisa	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	-	0	1	1	1	2	3	2	0	2	1	3	0
P. flavumi	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	2	1	0	0	0	0	2	2	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	1	2	0	2	1	1	0	2	0	-	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	3	0
P. alborea	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	2	2	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	1	2	0	2	1	1	0	2	0	-	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	3	0
P. flavoviri	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	-	0	1	1	0	2	3	1	0	0	0	3	0
Chrysilla lauta	1	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	1	1	2	0	0	0	2	1	2	?	?	0	-	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	0	-	1	1	0	1	2	0	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	?	?
C. volupe	1	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	1	1	2	0	0	0	2	0	2	3	0	0	-	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	0	-	1	1	1	1	2	0	1	0	1	0	-	0	0	-	-	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
Proszynskia diatreta	0	0	1	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	3	1	2	0	0	0	0	5	1	0	0	2	0	0	-	1	1	4	1	0	0	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	-	-	1	1	0	1	3	0	2	0
Phintella jaleeli	0	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	1	0	1	2	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	-	1	1	2	0	2	0	0	1	2	1	0	0	0	-	-	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
P. argentea	2	0	0	3	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	3	0	0	-	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	1	1	0	1	1	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	-	-	1	1	0	2	0	0	0	0
P. vittata	2	0	0	3	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	4	0	0	-	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	1	0	1	1	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	-	-	1	2	0	2	1	0	0	0

Figure 5.

Phintelloidesalborea (A, B) Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 7.

PhintelloidesalboreaA Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SC = scapum; TEB = tegular bump. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

Figure 9.

Phintelloidesbrunne (A, B). Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 11.

PhintelloidesbrunneA Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CY = cymbium; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

Figure 15.

Phintelloidesflavumi (A, B). Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 16.

PhintelloidesflavumiA Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; HS = head like structure; LP = lamellar process; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–B), 0.1 mm (C–D).

Figure 17.

Phintelloidesjesudasi (A, B). Male habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–E Male palp C prolateral view D ventral view E retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–E).

Figure 18.

PhintelloidesjesudasiA Palp, ventral view B Palp, retrolateral view C Epigynum, ventral view D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALT = apical lobe of tegulum; CD = copulatory ducts; CO = copulatory opening; CY = cymbium; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; LP = lamellar process; PEB = posterior epigynal border; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermatheca; SD = sperm duct; T: = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D).

Figure 4.

Phintelloidesalborea (A–D) from Dambulla, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Arboretum A, B Male in life C, D Female in life and Phintelloidesjesudasi (E–H) from Pilikuttuwa E, F Male in life G, H Female in life.

Figure 12.

Phintelloidesflavoviri (A–D) A, B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C, D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloidesorbisa (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C–D), 0.2 mm (G, H).

Figure 14.

PhintelloidesflavumiA, B Male from Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FRC Male from Singaraja FR, Kudawa D Female from Singaraja FR, Kudawa E, F Female from Hiyare, Kombala-Kottawa FR.

Figure 6.

Phintelloidesalborea (A–D) A–B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C, D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloidesjesudasi (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C, D, G, H).

Figure 10.

Phintelloidesflavumi (A–D) A–B Female habitus A dorsal view B ventral view C–D Epigynum C ventral view D dorsal view; Phintelloidesbrunne (E–H) E, F Female habitus E dorsal view F ventral view G, H Epigynum G ventral view H dorsal view. Abbreviation: SC = scapum. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.1 mm (C–D), 0.1 mm (G, H).

Figure 13.

Phintelloidesorbisa (A, B) and Phintelloidesflavoviri (C, D) A, C Epigynum, ventral view B, D Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory ducts; DDC = duck-neck-shaped diverging curves; FD = fertilisation ducts; HS = head like structure; S = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–D).

Maddison

(2015) A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (

Araneae

Salticidae

).Journal of Arachnology43: 231–292. https://doi.org/10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292

Caleb

Mathai

(2014) Description of some interesting jumping spiders (

Araneae

Salticidae

) from South India.Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies2: 63–71.