This PDF file includes:

• Fig. S1. Configurations of landmarks and semilandmarks used to describe the shape of posterior teeth.
• Fig. S2. Principal components analysis of dental shape in hominins.
• Fig. S3. Comparison between the two phylogenetic scenarios used in this study.
• Fig. S4. Relationship between the evolutionary rate at the SH branch and at the LCA branch in phylogeny-2.
• Fig. S5. Most likely Neanderthal–modern human divergence time obtained from the analysis of Dembo and colleagues’ MCC tree (phylogeny-2).
• Fig. S6. Rate analysis based on classic Neanderthals and phylogeny-1.
• Table S1. List of specimens used in this study.
• Table S2. Sample size per species and tooth position.
• Table S3. Comparison of observed and simulated SDs of rates across the tree for the different SH–modern human divergence times.
• Table S4. Comparison of observed and simulated SDs of rates across the tree for the different SH–modern human divergence times calculated when using the Dembo et al. phylogenetic tree (phylogeny-2).
• References (42–46)

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