This PDF file includes:

• Fig. S1. A schematic of the electrochemical cell.
• Fig. S2. XRD patterns of FeS electrolyzed at −1.0 V versus SHE for different durations.
• Fig. S3. XRD patterns of metal sulfides before and after the 7-day electrolysis.
• Fig. S4. Total charges build up during the electrolysis.
• Fig. S5. Calibration curves for organic acids by the LC-electric conductivity detector system.
• Fig. S6. Calibration curves for NO₃⁻ and NO₂⁻ by the LC-electric conductivity detector system.
• Fig. S7. Calibration curves for amino acids and ammonia by the LC-fluorescence detector system.
• Fig. S8. Calibration curves for H₂, CO, CH₄, and C₂H₆ by the GC-BID detector system.
• Fig. S9. Nonenzymatic reactions in the presence of pure H₂ gas, FeCl₂, FeS, FeS_PERM, and Fe⁰ and those examined in the absence of reductant.
• Fig. S10. Analytical results of fumarate (5 mM, 1.5 ml) incubated with the FeS_PERM (100 mg) at 80°C for 2 days.
• Fig. S11. Reductive amination of four keto acids promoted by the FeS_PERM in one serum bottle.
• Fig. S12. XRD patterns of CuS electrolyzed at −0.8 and −1.0 V (versus SHE) for short durations.
• Fig. S13. XRD patterns of pure Fe⁰ used in the present study.
• Fig. S14. GC chromatograms of the gas headspaces of serum bottles measured after the reduction experiments of organic/inorganic compounds.
• Table S1. Summary of the reduction experiments of organic/inorganic compounds.
• Table S2. Amounts of H₂, CO, CH₄, and C₂H₆ in the serum bottles (30 ml) after the reduction experiments of organic/inorganic compounds.
• Table S3. Thermodynamic data for sulfide minerals.

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