AnimaliaAlcyonaceaPlexauridaeHorvathElizabeth AnneA review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia – Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and PlexauridaeZookeys04720198606718210.3897/zookeys.860.33597 Placogorgia Studer, 1887 Placogorgia Studer, 1887: 56 [without species]. Wright and Studer 1889: 113. Nutting 1912: 83. Kükenthal 1919: 841; 1924: 209–210. Deichmann 1936: 141–142. Bayer 1956a: F206; 1959b: 54–55. Grasshoff 1977 (pars): 26. Muzik 1979: 80–81. ? nec Placogorgia Nutting (part), 1910a: 76 [= Discogorgia Kükenthal]. Clematissa Studer, 1887: 106–107. Pseudothesea Kükenthal, 1919: 843. Discomuricea Gordon, 1926: 521.Type species.

Placogorgiaatlantica Wright & Studer, 1889; SM Wright and Studer 1889 (= Pseudothesea Kükenthal, 1919).

Diagnosis.

Colonies usually branched laterally in one plane; main stem generally long; primary branches with tendency to curve upwards; primary branches tend to run parallel with main stem, tips button-shaped, prominent swellings. Polyp height moderately low, on all sides of branches; especially dense at branch tips. Calyces truncated, cone shaped, armed with spindles (thorn scales). With crown (collaret) and points arrangement (= operculum of Paramuricidae): each of eight points composed of two-three pointed, convergent spindles in triangular arrangement above collaret of spinous rods, latter forming spiny transverse ring; fairly large triangular space free from sclerites between each point, situated in tentacle base. Thorn scales of calyx typically large, coarse, thick; wider than tall, each with broad, abundantly branched basal root (broad, flat), and a (usually) short, stout, more or less laciniated but usually strong, blunt spine; these sclerites overlap like roof tiles. Coenenchymal sclerites diverse spindles, simple, branched, often flattened, occasionally with one or more projections. Outer coenenchyme with long, often bent, sclerites (spindles), blunt points on both ends; at calyx base these form enclosing annular ring.

WrightEPStuderT (1889) Report of the Alcyonaria collected by HMS ’Challenger’ during the years 1873–1876.Challenger Reports: Zoology31(64): 1314. [pls 1–43] https://www. archive.org/details/reportonscientif04grea/page/87/mode/1upNuttingCC (1912) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Fisheries Steamer ‘Albatross’ primarily in Japanese waters during 1906.Proceedings of the United States National Museum,43(1923): 1104. [21 pls] https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.43-1923.1KükenthalW (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen ‘Valdivia’ 1898–99 13(2): 1–946. [pls 30–89]KükenthalW (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47.Walter de Gruyter & Company, Berlin, 478 pp.DeichmannE (1936) XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII. Cambridge, Massachsetts, 1–317. [37 pls] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4363631BayerFM (1956) Octocorallia, Part F. Coelenterata. In: Moore RC (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence-Kansas, F166–F231.GrasshoffM (1977) Die Gorgonarien des ostlichen Nordatlantik und des Mittelmeeres. III. Die Familie Paramuriceidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa).’Meteor‘ Forschungs-Ergebnisse D27: 576. [figs 1–73]MuzikKM (1979) A systematic revision of the Hawaiian Paramuriciidae and Plexauridae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). PhD Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.