This PDF file includes:

• Fig. S1. Five-year moving average of VPD.
• Fig. S2. Spatial distributions of the difference of VPD trends (kPa year⁻¹) before and after TP years.
• Fig. S3. Spatial pattern of VPD changes between 1982–1986 and 2011–2015 derived from CRU dataset.
• Fig. S4. Interannual variability of SVP (red dots and lines), AVP (green dots and lines), and air temperature (T_a; blue dots and lines) derived from four datasets.
• Fig. S5. Global mean LAI and linear trends during 1982–2015.
• Fig. S6. Differences of LAI trends over the globally vegetated areas between before and after TP years.
• Fig. S7. Model validation of random forest models for simulating NDVI.
• Fig. S8. Environmental regulations on long-term changes of global NDVI.
• Fig. S9. Correlations of LUE and VPD at the different temperature ranges taking DE-Tha site as an example.
• Fig. S10. Correlations between VPD and tree-ring width.
• Fig. S11. Comparison on changes of global mean GPP trend simulated by ecosystem models.
• Fig. S12. Projected future changes in VPD.
• Fig. S13. Validation of EC-LUE model.
• Table S1. Climate and satellite datasets used in this study.
• Table S2. Responses of GPP simulated by EC-LUE, MODIS, and TRENDY models to climate variables, satellite-based NDVI and fPAR, and atmospheric CO₂ concentration.
• Table S3. Name, location, and durations of the study EC sites used for revised EC-LUE model calibration and validation.
• Table S4. Correlations between VPD and LUE at different temperature ranges.
• Table S5. CMIP5 models used to estimate VPD from 1850 to 2100.
• Table S6. Correlation matrixes for global VPD simulated by the six CMIP5 ESMs and four historical datasets (CRU, ERA-Interim, HadISDH, and MERRA).
• Table S7. Model parameters of EC-LUE for different vegetation types.

Download PDF