The PDF file includes:

• Fig. S1. Bayesian model structure and OxCal coding.
• Fig. S2. OxCal modeling results.

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Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:

• Table S1 (Microsoft Excel format). Available ¹⁴C dates directly derived from remains of domesticated millet extracted from the literature.
• Table S2 (Microsoft Excel format). Newly obtained ¹⁴C dates directly derived from remains of domesticated millet from prehistoric cultural layers in the Khanka-Ussuri region and the Chinese province of Shandong.