This PDF file includes:

• Table S1. MS settings for the analyses of Cys modifications.
• Fig. S1. LC-ESI-MS/MS profiles for CysSO₃H and CysSSO₃H.
• Fig. S2. Txndc17^fl and Txndc17^null alleles.
• Fig. S3. MS-based detection of LMW sulfur species from WT and TRP14 knockout mouse liver samples.
• Fig. S4. The partial reduction of oxidized HSA polysulfide species by TrxR1 is Sec dependent.
• Fig. S5. The TrxR1-dependent persulfidation-mediated protection of the peroxidative cysteine of Prx2 against overoxidation is more prominently observed under mild alkylating condition.
• Fig. S6. UPLC-MS analysis of perthiosulfenic acid modification in the active site of PTP1B and its derivatization with dimedone.
• Fig. S7. Reactivation of PTP1B by LMW thiols after inorganic polysulfide and H₂O₂ treatment.
• Fig. S8. A431 cells (cultured with or without 100 nM sodium selenite addition) treated with EGF ligand and 0 to 2000 μM polysulfides.
• Fig. S9. Suggested mechanism of PTP1B-mediated EGFR signaling regulation by persulfidation and TRP14.

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