Reference	Year	Democracy_measure	Democracy_measure_long	Averaging	Years_averaged_over	Democracy_source	Democracy_source_full	Biodiversity_measure	Biodiversity_measure_full	Biodiversity_source	Biodiversity_source_full	Spatial_scale	Time_start	Time_end	Time_full	Prediction_effect	Overall_concluded_impact_of_democracy_on_biodiversity	Direction_of_the_effect_full	Stable_link	Comment	Manually_added
abman	2018	level	level of democracy, average over 2001-2012	yes	12	polity iv	polity score	protected area	deforestation of protected area during the period 2001-2012	"hansen et al. (2013); international union for conservation of nature"	"protected area deforested between 2001 and 2012; forest cover from hansen et al. (2013) and protected area from the iucn."	global	2001	2012	2001-2012	significantly negative	positive	"level of democracy is statistically significant and negative to the probability of a protected area being deforested during 2001-2012; effect seems larger in the tropical sub-sample."	doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.004	na	no
arvin and lew	2011	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation damages in us dollars per capita, yearly 	the world bank	damages from deforestastion in constant us dollars 2000	developing countries	1976	2003	1976-2003	significantly negative, but mixed regionally	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significant and negative in full sample, indicating that democracy decrease the monetary damages from deforestation (original scoring); across income groups, democracy is statistically significant and negative in group 1 and 3, but non-significant in 2 and 4 (4 = richest group); across world regions, democracy is statistically significant and positive in South Asia and Latin America/Caribbean, but statistically significant and negative in East Asia and Pacific, Eastern Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa, and non-significant in Central Asia and MENA; in total, effect of democracy is complex in developing countries."	doi.org/10.1080/00036840802600277	na	no
baliamoune-lutz	2017	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	polity iv	"polity score; institutionalized democracy"	deforestation	deforestation, net forest depletion, yearly	"world development indicators; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	net forest depletion	african countries	1990	2008	1990-2008	complex, non-linear effects, results not identical across the two democracy measures	mixed	"level of (institutionalized) democracy is linearly negative and statistically significant and the squared term is positive and statistically significant; level of (polity) democracy is linearly not statistically significant but the sqaured term is negative and statistically significant."	doi.org/10.1057/s41302-016-0076-8	na	no
bhattarai and hammig	2001	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, annual change in forest cover, yearly	"world development indicators; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	forest and woodland cover	tropical countries	1972	1991	1972-1991	significant, direction differening regionally	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significant in all regional sub-samples, coefficients are negative for Latin American and African samples but positive in the Asian sample (reversed scoring); study show different effect direction across regions."	doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00019-5	na	no
bhattarai and hammig	2004	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	deforestation	"deforestation rate, average annual change in natural forest cover (1980-1990; 1990-1995)"	"world resource institute; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	natural forest cover	tropical countries	1980	1995	1980-1995	not significant	null	level of democracy is a not statistically significant.	doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X03001293	na	no
buitenzorgy and mol	2011	level	level of democracy, average over 1990-2000	yes	11	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change in forest cover, average over 1990-2000	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	global	1990	2000	1990-2000	complex, non-linear effects, positive for low levels of democracy, negative at higher levels	mixed	"level of democracy predicts deforestation statistically significant and non-linearly; when democracy first increase so does deforestation rates, reaching its peak in the middle of the polity scale, and then decreases with additional increases in the level of democracy."	doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9397-y	na	no
carbonnell	2016	level	level of democracy, in 2000	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	state compliance 	share of reporting requirements fufilled under cites in 2000	environmental performance index (2002)	reporting requirements under cites	global	2000	2000	2000	significantly positive	positive	level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to the share of reporting requirements fufilled, indicating that countries being more democratic also fulfill their commitments to cites.	doi.org/10.1007/s10784-015-9290-9	na	no
ceddia et al.	2014	level	level of democracy, average over 1996-2006, yearly	yes	11	world-wide governance indicators	voice and accuntability score	land use change	agricultural land expansion, share of agricultural land of total land area, yearly	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	fao-stat	tropical south america	1970	2006	1970-2006	complex, interaction effects	mixed	"level of democracy interacts statistically significant and positive with agricultural intensification to predict the spatial expansion of agriculture, where unconditional effect of agricultural intensification is negative; indicating that when the level of democracy is higher, agricultural intensification is associated with a spatial expansion, which is not the case when the level of democracy is lower."	doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317967111	na	yes
damette and delacote	2011	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, annual change in forest cover, yearly	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	global	1972	1994	1972-1994	significant positive, complex	positive	"for models including the volume of timber harvest: level of democracy is statistically significant and positive across both global and developing country samples and robust to two-way fixed effects (but only at 10%-level using two-way effects, original scoring);  models including the value of timber: democracy is statistically significant and postive across both the global and developing country samples, but only robust to country fixed effects and not two-way effects (original scoring); these results indicate that more democracy predicts less deforestation; level of democracy is non-significant using 5-year averages of deforestation as response variable."	doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.01.025	na	yes
damette and delacote	2012	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, annual change in forest cover, yearly	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	developing countries	1972	1994	1972-1994	not significant	null	level of democracy is not statistically significant.	doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.06.015	na	yes
deacon	1994	"level; stability"	level of democracy and instability event, both averaged over 1970-1975, 1975-1979, 1980-1985	yes	6	arthur banks csts	"constitutional change; military executive; elected legislature; no legislature; political purges; non-elected executive"	deforestation	deforestation rate, forest cover loss between 1980-1985	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	global	1970	1985	1970-1985	not significant	null	military executive and constitutional change are neither statistically significant.	doi.org/10.2307/3146638	na	yes
didia	1997	level	level of democracy, average over 1981-1985	yes	5	arthur banks csts	the sum of the political participation score (elected chief executive and competitively elected legislator that is efficient) and the political competitiveness score (no parties are excluded and the largest party holds less than 70% of all seats).	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change, average over 1981-1985	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	tropical/developing countries	1981	1985	1981-1985	significantly negative	positive	level of democracy is statistically significant and negative to deforestation rates in bivariate regression analysis, indicating that a higher democracy score is associated with afforestation.	doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(96)00024-6	presents correlations or bivariate regressions	no
dietz and adger	2003	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	species loss	predicted species richness from forest data, compared to 1970, yearly	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	species-area relationship predicted from forest diversity data	tropical countries	1972	1992	1972-1992	significantly negative	negative	level of democracy is statistically significant and negative to predicted species richness, indicating that democracy reduce predicted species richness (reversed scoring).	doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00231-1	na	no
dobbs et al.	2014	level	level of democracy, average over 2006-2011	yes	6	economist intelligence unit	democracy index	habitat potential	habitat potential at city-level, average over 2006-2011.	normalized difference vegetation index	share of landscape with forest, woodland, shrubland and meadow area with distance to non-vegetation area greater than 60 meters, using remote sensing	global	2006	2011	2006-2011	significantly negative	negative	"level of democracy at the national level is statistically significant and negative to habitat potential at city-level; anova show that autocratic and intermediary regimes have higher proportions of habitat potentital than democratic regimes."	doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113000	na	no
ehrhardt-martinez et al.	2002	level	level of democracy in 1980	no	NA	polity ii	polity score	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change between, average over 1980-1995	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	developing countries	1980	1995	1980-1995	significant and negtive at higher levels of state capacity, significant and positive at lower levels of state capacity	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to deforestation rate; democracy interacts statistically significantly and negative with state capacity, indicating that democracies with higher capacity decreases the rate of deforestation."	doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00080	na	no
erhardt	2018	level	level of democracy, average over five-year intervals for five periods	yes	5	freedom house imputed polity iv	freedom house imputed polity score	overfishing	"share of collapsed fish species over the number of all assessed species within exclusive economic zone; share of overused fish species over the number of all assessed fish species within exclusive economic zone."	sea around us	collapsed and overused fish species	global	1986	2006	1986-2006	not significant, negative	mixed	"collapsed fish species as response variable: level of democracy is mostly non-significant, but statistically significant and positive to the share of collapsed fish species in one model; overused fish species as response variable: no statistically significant effect of democracy."	doi.org/10.1086/698362	na	no
fouqueray and papyrakis	2019	level	level of democracy, each period	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	protected area	share of total territorial waters under marine protection, each period (1990, 2000, 2004)	"international union for conservation of nature; world database on protected areas"	share of total territorial waters under marine protection	global	1990	2014	1990-2014	significantly positive	positive	level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to marine protected area, indicating that more democracy is associated with more marine area under protection.	doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.10.017	na	no
gren et al.	2016	level	level of democracy, in 2010	no	NA	economist intelligence unit	democracy index	threatened species	number of threatened mammals, birds, amphibians, plants and reptiles	international union for conservation of nature	red list status	global 	2010	2010	2010	not significant, interaction effects	mixed	"level of democracy is non-significant, but it interacts statistically significant and negative with GDP per capita to predict the number of threatened species; indicating that at higher levels of income, democracy has a negative effect on species threat."	doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0754-9	na	no
hermanrud and de soysa	2017	type	binary regime type, yearly	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	deforestation, annual change in forest cover and economic forest depletion, yearly	"world development indicators; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	"forest cover; net forest depletion"	developing countries	1986	2013	1986-2013	complex, interaction effects	mixed	"forest depletion as response variable: autocratic indicator is mostly statistically significant and negative; democracy indicator is mostly non-significant apart from one model, where it is significant and negative; both indicators show mixed results over different time-periods; forest cover change as response variable: both indicators perform inconsistently and are never statistically significant when country-fixed effects are included; interaction between democracy and forest governance aid show that forest-aid can reduce forest depletion when recepient countries are highly democratic, using the 10%-significance threshold."	doi.org/10.1177/2233865916682430	na	no
imai et al.	2018	level	level of democracy,  average over two 10-year intervals and two five-year intervals	yes	10	"freedom house; polity iv"	first principal component of polity score, political rights and civil liberties	deforestation	deforestation, forest cover change per interval (1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2004, 2005-2009)	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	south-east asia	1980	2009	1980-2009	complex, non-linear, positive change at low and high levels, negative change in the intermediary range	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significantly and non-linearly related to forest area change; forest area increase at higher and lower levels of democracy, but decrease when democracy is in the intermediary range."	doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197391	na	no
kashwan	2017	level	level of democracy, average over 1995-2005 and 2003-2005.	yes	11	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	protected area	protected terrestrial area as share of total land area in 2012	world development indicators	terrestrial protected area	global	1995	2012	1995-2012	significantly positive, significantly negative inteaction with income inequality, not significant in the sample with developed countries	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to the share of protected areas in the global sample; level of democracy interacts statistically significant and negative with income inequality, indicating that at higher levels of inequality the effect of democracy is relatively weaker (reversed scoring); subsetting across developed and developing countries show mixed effects: in the developing country sample, level of democracy is statistically significant and positive and the interaction term with income inequality is negative and significant at 10%; in the developed country sample, democracy is not significant."	doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.018	na	no
kuusela and amacher	2016	stability	binary regim change, yearly	no	NA	polity iv	regime change according to polity (non-reversed during the following 5 years)	land use change	annual percentage change in agricultural land as share of total land area, yearly	"world development indicators; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	agricultural land area	tropical countries	1961	2008	1961-2008	complex, significantly negative and positive, regionally mixed	mixed	"democratic regime change is statistically significant and positive related to agricultural expansion in the Latin American and African samples but statistically significantly negative in the Asian sample; autocratic regime change is statistically significant and positive in the Latin American and Asian samples, but statistically significantly negative in the African sample."	doi.org/10.1007/s10640-015-9880-6	na	no
larjavaara	2012	level	"level of democracy, in 2006 (EIU) and 2005 (FH); average over 2000-2010 (Polity)"	mix	11	"economist intelligence unit; freedom house; polity iv"	"democracy index; index of political rights and civil liberties (reversed); polity score"	deforestation	deforestation, average annual change in forest cover	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	developing countries	2000	2010	2000-2010	significantly negative	negative	level of democracy is a statistically significant and negative to forest area change across all three measures, indicating that higher level of  democracy is associated with loss of forest.	doi.rg/10.1505/146554812802646666	presents bivariate regressions	no
leblois et al.	2017	"level; stability"	"level of democracy, yearly; binary regime stability, yearly"	no	NA	polity iv	"polity score; regime durability"	deforestation	deforestation rate, annual change in forest cover, normalized by land area, yearly	"world resource institute; hansen et al. (2013)"	forest cover	global	2001	2010	2001-2010	mostly non-significant effects, regime stability is significant and positive in Sub-Saharan sample	mixed	"level of democracy or regime stability are neither statistically significant in the global sample using ols fixed effects; using system-gmm estimation renders regime stability statistically significant and positive in the global sample, but only so for the the sub-saharan african sample according to regional analysis; in total, democracy variables are mostly non-significant but there are indications of a positive relationship between regime stability and loss of forest cover in the sub-saharan african sample."	doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.012	na	yes
li and reuveny	2006	"level; type"	"level of democracy, average over 1980-1990 and 1990-2000; binary regime type,  average over 1980-1990; 1990-2000"	yes	11	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	"deforestation rate, average annual change per decade (1980-1990, 1990-2000); forested area/land area in 1980, 1990 and 2000"	"world resource institute; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	"natural forest cover; forest cover"	global	1980	2000	1980-2000	significantly negative to rates, significant and positive to forest cover	positive	"deforestation as response variable: level of democracy is statistically significant and negative to deforestation rates; forested area as response variable: level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to forested area as share of total area; binary democracy measures are all statistically significant and show that democracies are associated with having lower deforestation rates and larger forested areas; inverse pattern with binary autocratic measures; in total,  democracy is associated with positive outcomes for forest cover."	doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00432.x	na	no
li and reuveny	2007	type	binary regime type, average over 1980-1990 and 1990-2000	yes	11	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change per decade (1980-1990, 1990-2000)	"world resource institute; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	natural forestcover	global	1980	2000	1980-2000	significantly negative, interaction effects	negative	"binary democracy is significant and negative in global and least developed countries samples, indicating that democracies have higher rates of deforestation; democracy have a significant and negative interaction with trade openness in all samples, indicating that when trade openness increase in democracies, so does deforestation rates; in autocracies, trade openness decrease deforestation rates."	doi.org/10.1080/07388940701468492	na	no
lopez and galinato (1)	2005	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	land use change	road expansion and crop expansion in forested regions	"various microstudies; country-specific statistical yearbook"	road expansion and crop expansion in forested regions	brazil, indonesia, malaysia, philippines	1975	1995	1975-1995	"complex, interaction effect, direction mixed across countries for road expansion; not significant for crop expansion"	mixed	"road expanstion in forested areas as the response variable: level of democracy is statistically significant and negative, but interacts positively with gdp per capita, indicating that at higher levels of economic development more democracy is associated with more road expansion; crop expansion in forested areas as the response variable: level of democracy is not statistically significant."	doi.org/10.1177/1070496504273878	this study is represented by two rows in this spreadsheet	no
lopez and galinato (2)	2005	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	change in forest cover, estimated through combining the authors own results of regressing democracy on road expansion and crop expansion in forested regions together with the marginal effects from previous (micro)studies on the country-specific effects of road expansion and crop expansion on forest cover.	"various microstudies; country-specific statistical yearbook"	forest cover, road expansion and crop expansion in forested regions	brazil, indonesia, malaysia, philippines	1975	1995	1975-1995	"complex, interaction effect, direction mixed across countries for road expansion; not significant for crop expansion"	mixed	"marginal effects on forest cover: level of democracy is statistically significant and negative to forest cover in brazil, but positive in indonesia, malaysia, and the philippines; further, the level of democracy affects the forest-income curve differently across the four countries, delaying it in brazil but shifting it upwards in the other three countries; see lopez and galinato (1) for models with road and crop expansion."	doi.org/10.1177/1070496504273878	this study is represented by two rows in this spreadsheet	no
marchand	2015	level	level of democracy, average over four-year intervals for four periods	yes	4	freedom house imputed polity iv	freedom house imputed polity score	deforestation	deforestation rate, average change in forest cover per interval (1990-1993, 1994-1997, 1998-2001, 2002-2005)	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	non-european former colonies	1990	2005	1990-2005	complex, interaction effects	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to deforestation rate in the global sample, indicating an association between democracy and loss in forest cover; when level of democracy is interacted with dummy variables for colonial origins, spanish and brittish ex-colonies have statistically significant and negative interaction terms with french category as reference; other categories are non-significant; this indicate that higher levels of democracy in former brittish and spanish colonies are associated with less deforestation, compared to democracy levels in former french colonies, where higher democracy is associated with loss of forest cover."	doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X1500025X	na	no
marquart-pyatt	2004	level	level of democracy, average over 1980-1988	yes	9	"freedom house; bollens liberal democracy"	"index of political rights and civil liberties; political rights; civil liberties (reversed scoring); all averaged over 1980-1988; bollen's liberal democracy averaged over 1980-1988"	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change in forest cover, average over 1990-1995	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	developing countries	1975	1995	1975-1995	significantly positive 	negative	level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to deforestation rates, indicating that more democracy is associated with higher loss of forest (reversed scoring)	doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2004.11043128	na	yes
mather and needle	1999	level	level of democracy, average over 1970-1980 and 1980-1990	yes	11	freedom house	"political rights; civil liberties; average of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)"	deforestation	deforestation, average annual percentage change in forest cover, average over 1980-1990.	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	global	1980	1990	1980-1990	significant and positive correlation	positive	levels of political rights, civil liberties and their joint average are all positively correlated to the average annual change in forest cover (both mean and median change), indicating that democracy is positively associated with afforestation (original scoring).	doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(98)00035-1	presents correlations	no
mcpherson and nieswiadomy	2005	level	level of democracy, average over 1981-2000	yes	20	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	threatened species	"share of threatened bird species to total bird species in 2000; share of threatened mammal species to total mammal species in 2000"	international union for conservation of nature	red list status	global	1981	2000	1981-2000	significantly positive	mixed	"threatened mammal species as response variable: level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to the share of threatened mammals when multicollinear variables (legal system dummies and anti-government demonstrations) are omitted; threatened bird species as response variable: level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to the share of threatened birds when multicollinear variables (legal system dummies and anti-government demonstrations) are omitted, using the 10%-rule; in total, more democratic countries correlate with have smaller proportions of threatened mammal species, but with less certainty for bird species (original scoring)."	doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.12.004	na	yes
midlarsky (1)	1998	level	level of democracy, average over 1973-1987 (FH), in 1980 (Bollen's) and 1980 (Polity)	mix	15	"freedom house; bollens liberal democracy; polity iii"	"political rights (fh, reversed scoring); liberal democracy (bollen); polity score"	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change in forest cover, averaged over 1981 and 1990	world resource institute	forest cover	global	1973	1990	1973-1990	significantly positive	negative	two out of three democracy measures (political rights and liberal democracy) are statistically significant and positive to the deforestation rate, indicating that more democracy is associated with a loss of forest	http://www.jstor.org/stable/424940	this study is represented by two rows in this spreadsheet	no
midlarsky (2)	1998	level	level of democracy, average over 1973-1987 (FH), in 1980 (Bollen's) and 1980 (Polity)	mix	15	"freedom house; bollens liberal democracy; polity iii"	"political rights (fh, reversed scoring); liberal democracy (bollen); polity score"	protected area	protected areas as share of land in 1993 	world resource institute	terrestrial protected area	global	1973	1993	1973-1993	significantly positive	positive	two out of three democracy measures (liberal democracy and polity score) are statistically significant and positive to  the share of land area under protection.	http://www.jstor.org/stable/424940	this study is represented by two rows in this spreadsheet	no
neumayer (1)	2002	level	level of democracy, in 1997 and 2000	no	NA	"freedom house; polity iii; world-wide governance indicators; vanhanen"	"index of political rights and civil liberties (fh, original scoring); polity score; voice and accountability score; vanhanen's polyarchy score"	protected area	protected terrestrial area as share of total land area in 1997	international union for conservation of nature	terrestrial protected area	global	1997	1997	1997-1997	mostly significantly positive albeit with variation in significance levels	positive	"protected area as response variable: freedom house: dummy coeffients for the mid and low categories (with high as the reference category) are statistically significant and negative for both developed and developing countries, individually and combined; polity: dummy coefficients for the mid and low categories (high = reference) are statistically significant and negative in the full sample, but for the less developed countries it is only the mid category that remains significant, combined p-values are significant in both samples; world-wide governance indicators: all dummy coefficients for the mid and low categories (high = reference) are statistically significant and negative in the full sample, the mid category is not statistically significant in the less developed sample, combined p-values are only significant in the full sample; vanhanen: dummy coefficient for autocracy is not statistically significant in any sample (democracy = reference); in total, the level of democracy seems to be positively associated with a higher commitment to biodiversity, measured through three proxy variables."	doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039002001	this study is represented by three rows in this spreadsheet	no
neumayer (2)	2002	level	level of democracy, in 1997 and 2000	no	NA	"freedom house; polity iii; world-wide governance indicators; vanhanen"	"index of political rights and civil liberties (fh, original scoring); polity score; voice and accountability score; vanhanen's polyarchy score"	state compliance	share of reporting requirements fufilled under cites in 2000	world resource institute	reporting requirements under cites	global	1997	1997	1997	mostly significantly positive albeit with variation in significance levels	positive	"freedom house: dummy coefficients for low category is statistically significant and negative for both developed and less developed samples (high = reference), combined p-values are significant for both samples; polity: same pattern as for the freedom house indicators; world-wide governance indicator: same pattern as for the freedom house indicators, except that the mid category is not statistically significant in the less developed country sample; vanhanen: dummy coefficient for autocracy (democracy = reference) is statistically significant and negative in both samples; n total, the level of democracy seems to be positively associated with a higher commitment to biodiversity."	doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039002001	this study is represented by three rows in this spreadsheet	no
neumayer (3)	2002	level	level of democracy, in 1997 and 2000	no	NA	"freedom house; polity iii; world-wide governance indicators; vanhanen"	"index of political rights and civil liberties (fh, original scoring); polity score; voice and accountability score; vanhanen's polyarchy score"	international commitment to biodiversity	having signed the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2000	cartagena biodiversity protocol website	list of countries that have joined the protocol	global	1997	2000	1997-2000	mostly significantly positive albeit with variation in significance levels	positive	"freedom house: dummy coefficient for low category (high = reference) is statistically significant and negative in both samples, mid category is not significant, combined p-values are significant; polity: dummy coefficients for low and mid categories (high = reference) are statistically significant and negative, combined p-values are significant; world-wide governance indicators: same pattern as freedom house for developing countries, and same as polity for developed countries; vanhanen: dummy coefficient for autocracy is statistically significant (democracy = reference) and negative; in total, the level of democracy seems to be positively associated with a higher commitment to biodiversity."	doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039002001	this study is represented by three rows in this spreadsheet	no
nguyen van	2003	level	level of democracy, in 1997	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	protected area	share of national territory as protected area in 1997	international union for conservation of nature	share of national territory under terrestrial and marine protective status	global	1996	1997	1996-1997	not significant	null	level of democracy is a not statistically significant.	doi.org/10.1080/1350485032000129098	na	no
nguyen van and azomahou	2007	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, annual change in forest cover, yearly	world resource institute	forest cover	developing countries	1972	1994	1972-1994	significantly positive	positive	level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to the rate of deforestation, indicating that more democracy is associated with less deforestation (orginal scoring).	doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.10.004	na	no
obydenkova et al.	2016	level	level of democracy, average over 1990-2010	yes	21	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change in total forest area, average over 1990-2010	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	global	1990	2010	1990-2010	complex, interaction effects	mixed	"level of democracy is non-linearly related to deforestation, the linear term is statistically significant os positively associated with the rate of deforestastion and the squared term is negative and statistically significant (bell-shape); level of democracy interacts statistically significantly and positive with aggregated iq levels, indicating that higher iq scores at the country-level is negatively associated with deforestation when democracy is low (reversed scoring)."	doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.039	na	no
peimer et al.	2017	level	level of democracy, in 2015	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	wetland policy	stringency of wetland policy	authors own calculation	comprehensive wetland policy in place, ratification of ramsar convention, number of established official ramsar sites, states wetland policy goals, completed wetland inventory, wetland offsetting employed, incentives and punishment in place.	global	NA	NA	at various time points, mostly 2015	significantly positive	positive	level of democracy is statistically significantly and positively associated with countries having a wetland-specific policy in place.	doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0766-3	na	no
povitkina et al.	2015	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house imputed polity iv	freedom house imputed polity score	overfishing	changes in marine trophic index, yearly	sea around us	marine trophic index	global	1972	2006	1972-2006	significantly negative in global sample, significantly negative in one low-income group, significantly positive in one high-income group	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significant and negative to marine trophic levels in the global sample; across different levels of economic development, democracy is statistically significant and negative in the lowest category in low to middle-income category, but positive in the highest income countries category; in total, democracy is positively associated with marine trophic levels when economic development is higher, but negatively when development is low."	doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.12.023	na	no
puzon	2011	level	level of democracy, yearly	no	NA	freedom house	sum of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation, forest cover, yearly	"world development indicators; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	natural forest cover	east asia and the pacific	1994	2003	1994-2003	significantly negative	negative	level of democracy is statistically significant and positive, indicating that less democratic countries are associated with a increase in forest cover.	doi.org/10.1504/IJGE.2011.044236	na	no
restivo et al.	2018	level	level of democracy in 2000	no	NA	vanhanen	index of political participation and political competition	deforestation	deforestation rate, forest loss between 2001-2014 normalized to forest cover in 2000	"world resource institute; hansen et al. (2013)"	forest cover	developing countries	2000	2014	2000-2014	not significant	null	level of democracy is not a statistically significant predictor of the deforestation rate.	doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2017.09.001	na	yes
reuveny et al.	2010	level	level of democracy, average over 1980-1990 and 1990-2000	yes	11	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual change per decade (1980-1990, 1990-2000)	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	global	1980	2000	1980-2000	significantly negative	negative	"level of democracy is statistically significant and negative to deforestation, indicating that more democratic countries experience higher forest cover loss; this is stable across global sample and sample with only developing countries."	doi.org/10.1177/0022343310382069	na	no
rydning gaarder and vadlamanatti	2017	type	binary indicator of regime type, yearly	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	deforestation, forested cover as share of land area, yearly	"world development indicators; food and agricultural organisation of the united nations"	forest cover	global	1990	2012	1990-2012	"democracy indicator is significant and negative but significant and positive in interaction with economic development; autocratic indicator is significantly positive"	mixed	"binary democracy is statistically significant and negative in the global and non-oecd samples; binary autocracy is statistically significant and positive; binary democracy interacts statistically significant and positive with gdp per capita in both the global and non-oecd samples, in these models binary autocracy is statistically significant and positive; in total, democracy is positive to afforestation at higher levels of economic development, and autocracy is positive to afforestation."	doi.org/10.1177/2233865916688846	na	no
salahodjaev	2016	level	level of democracy, average over 1990-2010	yes	21	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in total forest cover, average over 1990-2010	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	global	1990	2010	1990-2010	complex, non-linear effects, positive for low levels of democracy, negative at higher levels	mixed	"level of democracy is statistically significantly non-linearly related to deforestation, the linear term is positive and the squared term is negative (bell-shape, original scoring);"	doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.12.003	na	no
shandra	2007	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in total forest cover, average over 1990-2000	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	developing countries	1990	2000	1990-2000	complex, interaction effects	mixed	"level of democracy is mostly a non-significant unconditional predictor; level of democracy interact statistically significantly with three world-system variables including export partner concentration, commodity concentration and foreign direct investment to positively predict deforestation rates; indicating that in less democratic countries, higher values on the three conditional factors are positively associated with the deforestation rate (original scoring)."	doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2007.00209.x	Economic Dependency, Repression, and Deforestation: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis	no
shandra	2007	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in total forest cover, average over 1990-2000	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	developing countries	1990	2000	1990-2000	complex, interaction effects	mixed	"level of democracy is non-significant; level of democracy interacts statistically significantly with international environmental non-governmental organisation per capita to predict deforestation rates negatively, indicating that international environmental non-governmental organisation per capita are negatively associated with the deforestation rate when democracy is relatively higher (original scoring)."	doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00477.x	International Nongovernmental Organizations and Deforestation: Good, Bad, or Irrelevant?	no
shandra	2007	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (original scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in total forest cover, average over 1990-2000	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	forest cover	developing countries	1990	2012	1990-2000	not significant	null	level of democracy is a not statistically significant.	doi.org/10.1177/0020715207072157	The World Polity and Deforestation: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis	yes
shandra et al.	2008	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in natural forest cover, average over 1990-2005	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	natural forest cover	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	not significant	null	level of democracy is a not statistically significant.	doi.org/10.1007/s11111-008-0073-x	Women, non-governmental organizations, and deforestation: a cross-national study	no
shandra et al.	2012	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in natural forest cover, average over 1990-2005	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	natural forest cover	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	not significant, interaction effects	mixed	"level of democracy is a non-significant unconditional predictor; level of democracy interacts statistically significantly and negative with international and domestic environmental non-governmental organisation per capita to predict the rate of deforestation; indicating that when democracy is relatively higher non-governmental organisation per capita is associated with forest cover loss (reversed scoring)."	doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2011.573841	Nongovernmental Organizations, Democracy, and Deforestation: A Cross-National Analysis	no
shandra et al.	2011	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in natural forest cover, average over 1990-2005	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	natural forest cover	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	significantly positive 	negative	level of democracy is a statistically significant and positive predictor of deforestation rates, indicating that more democratic is associated with higher forest cover loss (reversed scoring)	doi.org/10.1177/0268580910392260	World Bank lending and deforestation: A cross-national analysis	no
shandra, leckband and london	2009	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in natural forest cover, average over 1990-2005	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	natural forest cover	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	significantly negative	negative	level of democracy is a statistically significant and positive predictor of the deforestation rate.	doi.org/10.1177/1086026609343097	Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Deforestation: A Cross-National Analysis of Forestry Export Flows	no
shandra, leckband, mckinney et al.	2009	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	average of political rights and civil liberties (reversed scoring)	threatened species	number of threatened mammal species in 2005	international union for conservation of nature	red list status	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	not significant	null	level of democracy is not statistically significant.	doi.org/10.1177/0020715209105143	Ecologically Unequal Exchange, World Polity, and Biodiversity Loss: A Cross-National Analysis of Threatened Mammals	yes
shandra, mckinney et al.	2010	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	threatened species	"number of threatened mammal species in 2005; number of threatened bird species in 2005"	international union for conservation of nature	red list status	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	"significantly positive to threatened mammal species; non-significant for bird species"	mixed	"threatened mammal species as response variable: level of democracy is statistically significant and postive to the number of threatened mammal species; threatened bird species as response variable: level of democracy is a non-significant predictor of the number of threatned bird species."	https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707512	Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Biodiversity Loss: A Cross-National Analysis of Threatened Mammals and Birds	no
shandra, restivo et al.	2011	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	polity iv	polity score	deforestation	deforestation rate, average annual percentage change in natural forest cover, average over 1990-2005	food and agricultural organisation of the united nations	natural forest cover	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	significantly positive	negative	"level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to deforestation rates in the majority of models, using 10% significance as threshold; indicating that democracy is positively associated with forest loss."	doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2011.01245.x	Do Commercial Debt for Nature Swaps Matter for Forests? A Cross National Test of World Polity Theory	no
shandra, rudel et al.	2010	level	level of democracy, in 1990	no	NA	freedom house	"political rights; civil liberties (reversed scoring)"	protected area	protected terrestrial area as share of total land area in 2005	international union for conservation of nature	terrestrial protected area	developing countries	1990	2005	1990-2005	not significant, interaction effects	mixed	"civil liberties and political rights interacts  statistically significant and positive with international environmental non-governmental organisation per capita; indicating that when the level of democracy is higher, non-governmental organisation per capita is associated with larger proportions of protected areas (reversed scoring)"	doi.org/10.2753/IJS0020-7659400205	Nongovernmental Organizations and Protected Land Area	no
sjostedt	2013	level	level of democracy, when marine water declared as exclusive economic zone	no	NA	freedom house imputed polity iv	freedom house imputed polity score	overfishing	level of marine trophic index	sea around us	marine trophic index	sub-saharan african coastal states	NA	NA	when each country declared its exclusive economic zone	significantly positive	positive	level of democracy is statistically significant and positive to marine trophic levels, both when the dependent variable is measured at a given year and when averaged across the time period since each country declared its exclusive economic zone.	doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2012.00481.x	na	no
sjostedt and jagers	2014	"level; age"	"level of democracy; age of democracy, yearly "	no	NA	freedom house imputed polity iv	freedom house imputed polity score	overfishing	changes in marine trophic index, yearly	sea around us	marine trophic index	sub-saharan african coastal states	1970	2006	1970-2006	significantly positive (levels of democracy), but non-significant when age of democracy is included (significantly positive) or temporal sample span restricted	positive	"levels of democracy is statistically significantly positive to marine trophic levels, both with staring year in 1970 and 1996; when sample is restricted to 1990-2000 level of democracy is non-significant; when age of democracy is included it is statistically significant, positive and renders the level-measure non-significant (starting in 1970); in total, this indicate that the age of democracy matter more than the level of democracy, but that both level and age can be positively associated with marine trophic levels."	doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.05.007	na	no
wehkamp et al.	2018	level	level of democracy	no	NA	metaanalysis	metaanalysis	deforestation	deforestation	metaanalysis	metaanalysis	global	1994	2016	1994-2016	decreasing the probability of positive outcomes	mixed	using democracy or political rights reduce the likelihood of finding a positive finding for deforestation outcomes and increases the likelihood of obtaining inconclusive findings.	doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.07.030	na	no
wurster	2013	"type; level"	"binary regime type, yearly; level of political constraints, yearly"	no	NA	"democracy and dictatorship; database of political institutions"	"dichotomous democracy indicator; political constraints score"	protected area	protected marine and terrestrial area, as share of total area, yearly	united nations statistical division	marine and terrestrial protected area 	global	1990	2005	1990-2005	"regime type is significantly positive; political constraints is non-significant"	mixed	"binary democarcy indicator is positive and statistically significant, indicating that democracies are positively associated with a higher share of marine protected area; polititical constraints is non-significant."	doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2013.773204	na	no