This PDF file includes:

• Fig. S1. Map of Judean desert sites where ancient seeds were discovered.
• Fig. S2. PCA comparing current and ancient date (P. dactylifera) seeds.
• Fig. S3. Log probabilities between K values according to (44).
• Table S1. Judean desert archaeological sources of ancient date seeds and their preliminary measurements before planting.
• Table S2. Calibrated calendar ages of germinated ancient date seeds and controls.
• Table S3. Size parameters of 18 ungerminated ancient date seeds retrieved from potting soil.
• Table S4. Comparison of 18 ungerminated ancient date seeds with current date seeds from cultivated varieties and wild individual date palms.
• Table S5. Date palm varieties used for the genotyping reference matrix to compare ancient genotypes with current varieties.
• Table S6. Genetic diversity within ancient genotypes and geographic date palm groups.
• Table S7. Genetic distances (Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards) between ancient genotypes and current varieties.

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