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Description of RCT Methods

Participants and Procedure

Of the participants assessed at baseline, 354 were enrolled in the clinical trial. To be eligible for the clinical trial and follow-up in the community, participants had to give informed consent, be between the ages of 18 and 65, evidence a DSM-IV substance dependence, receive at least one treatment session in the randomized clinical trial, and plan to reside within the 6-county (within ≈ 2.5-hour drive) catchment area of the inpatient treatment site for at least 6 months after completion of the inpatient treatment. 172 participants were randomized into supportive counseling, whereas 182 were randomized into the target treatment, Skills for Improving Distress Intolerance [SIDI; Bornovalova et al. (2012)].

Informed consent was obtained via a two-step procedure. Participants were evaluated by a clinician who described the study and referred interested people to the second stage, during which they were quizzed on the consent form and procedures to evaluate their understanding of the study protocol. Next, participants completed a clinical interview (see below), a battery of self-report measures (e.g., measures of pathological personality traits and distress), and a series of self-report and behavioral measures of distress tolerance including the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005), the Mirror Tracing Persistence Task (Strong et al., 2003), and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (Lejuez et al., 2003). Participants were then randomized into two treatment conditions: (1) SIDI, which targets difficulty withstanding psychological distress, which combined structured skills training with emotional exposure, or (2) supportive counseling, which served as a control for therapist contact time and non-specific therapeutic factors. Participants then completed 10 sessions of SIDI (6 main, 4 booster) or supportive counseling over the next 2 months.

At posttest following treatment, participants completed measures of distress and pathological personality traits along with other measures relevant to the main outcomes of the trial (e.g., distress tolerance self-report and behavioral measures). Participants were followed for 6 months (at 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge into the community from residential treatment) to monitor distress tolerance, normal and pathological personality traits, psychopathology, and drug use outcomes. All study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at University of South Florida.

Psychiatric Diagnoses

To characterize the sample, we collected data on past-year psychiatric and substance use disorder diagnoses (see Table S1) via the computer-assisted Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI, Sheehan et al., 1998). A subsample (N = 54) also completed the antisocial (ASPD) and borderline (BPD) personality disorder modules from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II, First et al., 1997) at baseline. Interrater reliabilities ranged from .71 (panic disorder) to 1.0 (antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorders).

Treatment Conditions

SIDI is a treatment targeted at increasing distress tolerance among substance users. It is heavily based on treatments such as mindfulness-based relapse prevention, dialectical behavior therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. SIDI includes two main components. The first is skills training, encompassing affect and interpersonal regulation skills such as mindfulness, distraction strategies, cognitive defusion, and interpersonal effectiveness. These are abbreviated and targeted to fit the context of substance use, relapse, and residential addictions treatment. The second is emotional exposure, which draws heavily on contemporary learning theory (Bouton, 2019; Schepers & Bouton, 2019). The rationale for using emotional exposure comes from research documenting the importance of contextual cues in triggering drug-use responses (Drummond & Glautier, 1994; Franken et al., 1999; Monti et al., 1993, 1999; O’Brien et al., 1990; Powell et al., 1993). Seminal research indicates that many of these cues are emotional [Lowman et al. (1996); OConnell1987; Sinha et al. (2000); Sinha et al. (2006)]. Following from these results, Otto et al. (2004) highlighted that adding emotional exposure and in-person practice to existing treatments provided encouraging results for drug and alcohol problems (Pollack et al., 2002). Thus, SIDI treatment has at its core, the systematic and repeated exposure to negative mood states, during which clients are allowed to practice distress tolerance-enhancing strategies (see Bornovalova et al., 2012, for a further description of the initial pilot trial).

In contrast, supportive counseling is a non-specific ‘talk’ therapy that is included as an experimental control for common factors such as therapist–patient contact time and therapeutic alliance. Patients receive the same number of sessions as in SIDI, but the focus is on validation, building rapport, and support of current distress. Based on independent ratings of audiotaped sessions, there was high fidelity across SIDI and SC. The strategies outlined in the SIDI manual appeared in the SIDI sessions (prescriptive components), but did not appear in the SC sessions (proscriptive components).

Missingness Analyses

Regarding diagnostic information, 51 participants did not receive the psychosis assessment module. Additionally, due to administrative constrains, only 54 participants received the SCID-II assessment of BPD and ASPD. Diagnostic data indicate a high prevalence of BPD and ASPD. To confirm that this high prevalence of BPD and ASPD is representative of the full sample and not only the subsample receiving the SCID-II, we compared individuals receiving the SCID-II to those who did not on demographic and psychopathology characteristics. Participants assessed on the SCID-II did not differ from those not assessed on any of the psychopathological personality traits, distress, rates of other psychopathology, or demographics with two exceptions: those assessed had lower rates of cocaine dependence and higher rates of PTSD than those not assessed. Similarly, participants who received the psychosis module did not differ from those who were not assessed on any pathological personality traits, distress, psychopathology rates, or demographics. Overall, these results suggest that baseline diagnostic data are missing at random (Little & Rubin, 1983).

Measurement Invariance

Method

We tested for measurement non-invariance (differential item functioning; DIF) of the PID-5 scales across gender and age using multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) interaction models (Jöreskog & Goldberger, 1975). Notably, for the PID-5 domain scales, as indicators, we used estimated factor scores for component facet scales from their final measurement. This approach accounts for estimated item-level DIF effects within each facet scale, so the domain-level DIF reflects only differential facet–domain relationships across groups.

The MIMIC model specifies the demographic factors as additional predictors of the items besides the latent trait factor. Uniform DIF (differences in item intercepts) is represented by the main effect of the demographic factor on the item. Non-uniform DIF (differences in factor loadings) is represented by the interaction of the demographic and latent trait factors on the item. Latent interactions were estimated using product indicators from the double-mean centering approach. This approach has been found to outperform other approaches when data are non-normal (Lin et al., 2010).

We used the sequential-free baseline procedure to test for DIF (Chun et al., 2016). This procedure exhibited high power and low Type I error in simulation studies (Chun et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2006). The sequential-free baseline procedure first identifies a single most discriminating ‘DIF-free’ item to use an anchor.

We identified an anchor for each scale by fitting a constrained baseline model fixing all item parameters to be equal across groups. Then, for each item, we fit a model freeing that item’s parameters (adding regression paths from demographic factors and demographic × latent trait interactions to the item). We used Satorra–Bentler likelihood ratio tests (Satorra & Bentler, 2001) to test for improvement in model fit of these freed models over the constrained baseline. For each scale, we selected, as an anchor, the item that showed a nonsignificant likelihood ratio test that had the highest factor loading on the latent trait.

Next, we fit a free baseline model, which fixed the anchor item parameters to be equal across groups but allowed parameters for all other items to freely vary across groups. For each model, we compared the free baseline model to a model that constrained the item’s parameters to be equal across groups using Satorra–Bentler likelihood ratio (LR) tests. Finally, we fit a final measurement model that allowed the parameters of items with DIF LR test p < .05 to vary across groups but constrained all other items to have equal item parameters across groups. In this model, we computed expected score standardized differences for individual items (ESSDi) and for the total scale score [ESSDt; Meade (2010); Stark et al. (2004)]. These effect sizes estimate the expected Cohen’s d value between groups for observed item/scale scores that would be expected just due to DIF (rather than to group differences on the latent traits). Computing DIF effect sizes is an important step in measurement invariance analysis, as it enables researchers and test users to determine whether potential DIF has practically meaningful impacts on item and scale scores. If the ESSD for an item or scale score is small, this suggests that DIF would have minor consequences, even if statistically significant.

We estimated FIML factor scores from the final measurement model and applied these in the survival analyses. We estimated all measurement invariance analyses using the lavaan R package (Rosseel, 2012, version 0.6-6).

Results

Tables S3–S4 show measurement invariance results and estimated latent trait mean differences across gender and age. A small proportion of indicators showed DIF; 25 of 220 items (11%) on PID-5 facet scales and 3 of 15 component scales (12%) on PID-5 domain scales showed gender/age DIF LR tests with p < .05. DIF effects were primarily uniform (group differences in item means, rather than factor loadings).

Gender DIF effects were small to moderate (| ESSDi | < .50) and intuitive (e.g., men were less likely to endorse “never harm another” [Callousness], “avoid risky sports” [Risk Taking], and “ashamed let people down” [Depressivity], regardless of latent trait standing). Combined DIF effects on test-level total scores were minimal (ESSDt ranged −.092 to .084).

Age DIF effects (scaled as a 10-year difference) were generally small (| ESSDi | < .20) and intuitive (e.g., older participants were less likely to endorse “often have physical fights” [Callousness] and more likely to endorse “trouble pursuing goals” [Distractibility], regardless of latent trait standing). Aggregate age DIF effects on test-level total scores were negligible (ESSDt ranged −.057 to .040).

Dropout Before 30 Days

We also examined whether PID-5 traits predicted dropout before 30 days in treatment (Nevents = 26 pre-30 day terminations; Table S8). Any dropout within 30 days would be regarded as premature, regardless of individual circumstances. PID-5 trait differences between this very-early termination group and others showed a similar pattern as comparisons of overall treatment completion versus termination groups, with generally larger effect sizes. Facets Perseveration, Manipulativeness, Distractibility, Impulsivity, and Rigid Perfectionism and domains Antagonism and Disinhibition were moderately to strongly higher (d ≳ .40, 95% CI ± .40) in participants who terminated within 30 days versus those persisting in treatment past 30 days. Several other scales also showed small differences between these groups. Because most participants persisted past 30 days, survival analyses predicting persistence versus termination within 30 days would be relatively low-powered. Thus, we focus on interpreting survival results for the full treatment range.

Tables

Table 1

Demographics

Baseline Characteristics of Participants Completing vs Terminating Treatment

Variable Complete Tx Mean or Prop. Complete Tx SD Terminate Tx Mean or Prop. Terminate Tx SD Diff 95% CI
Days in treatment 135.35 48.94 78.48 50.56 −56.87 −67.87 −45.87
Age (years) 35.74 11.00 32.26 9.83 −3.47 −5.84 −1.11
Prop. male 0.62 — 0.68 —  0.06 −0.04  0.17
Prop. White 0.83 — 0.74 — −0.09 −0.18  0.00
Prop. completed high school 0.77 — 0.66 — −0.11 −0.21 −0.01
Prop. court mandate 0.82 — 0.87 —  0.05 −0.04  0.13
Prop. active condition (SIDI) 0.51 — 0.53 —  0.02 −0.10  0.14

Note: Tx = treatment, prop. = proportion, SD = standard deviation, Diff. = difference, d = Cohen’s d, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

PID-5 Trait Scores

Baseline PID-5 Trait Scores of Participants Completing vs Terminating Treatment

Variable α ω Complete Tx Mean Complete Tx SD Terminate Tx Mean Terminate Tx SD d 95% CI
Negative Affectivity 0.93 0.93 −0.06 1.00  0.11 1.02  0.16 −0.06 0.39
Emotional Lability 0.87 0.87 −0.07 1.00  0.09 1.02  0.16 −0.07 0.38
Anxiousness 0.89 0.90 −0.04 1.00  0.10 1.00  0.14 −0.08 0.36
Separation Insecurity 0.88 0.89 −0.07 0.99  0.12 1.04  0.18 −0.04 0.41
Submissiveness 0.77 0.77  0.04 0.99 −0.09 1.02 −0.12 −0.34 0.10
Hostility 0.89 0.89 −0.11 0.97  0.21 1.04  0.32  0.09 0.54
Perseveration 0.86 0.86 −0.07 0.99  0.13 1.02  0.20 −0.02 0.42
Detachment 0.91 0.92 −0.05 1.01  0.07 1.00  0.12 −0.10 0.34
Anhedonia 0.82 0.82 −0.05 0.99  0.08 1.04  0.13 −0.09 0.35
Depressivity 0.92 0.92 −0.04 1.01  0.05 1.02  0.09 −0.14 0.31
Intimacy Avoidance 0.79 0.80 −0.02 1.01 −0.01 1.01  0.01 −0.21 0.23
Restricted Affectivity 0.74 0.74 −0.09 0.94  0.11 1.09  0.19 −0.03 0.42
Suspiciousness 0.65 0.68 −0.04 1.02  0.06 0.97  0.10 −0.13 0.32
Withdrawal 0.89 0.89 −0.05 1.00  0.06 1.01  0.11 −0.11 0.33
Antagonism 0.91 0.92 −0.05 0.98  0.12 1.05  0.18 −0.05 0.40
Attention Seeking 0.88 0.89 −0.05 1.01  0.11 0.98  0.16 −0.07 0.38
Grandiosity 0.75 0.75 −0.08 0.96  0.13 1.05  0.22 −0.01 0.44
Callousness 0.89 0.90 −0.13 0.89  0.24 1.14  0.38  0.15 0.60
Deceitfulness 0.87 0.88 −0.05 0.99  0.10 1.02  0.15 −0.08 0.37
Manipulativeness 0.86 0.86 −0.04 0.96  0.14 1.09  0.18 −0.04 0.40
Disinhibition 0.91 0.91 −0.10 1.01  0.18 0.96  0.28  0.05 0.50
Distractibility 0.90 0.90 −0.08 1.02  0.13 0.99  0.21 −0.01 0.43
Impulsivity 0.83 0.84 −0.08 0.99  0.17 0.98  0.25  0.02 0.47
Irresponsibility 0.74 0.74 −0.08 1.00  0.13 1.01  0.22 −0.01 0.44
Rigid Perfectionism 0.89 0.89 −0.06 0.98  0.09 1.05  0.15 −0.07 0.37
Risk Taking 0.88 0.88 −0.09 1.00  0.21 0.99  0.31  0.08 0.53
Psychoticism 0.96 0.96 −0.04 1.04  0.02 0.91  0.06 −0.17 0.28
Eccentricity 0.95 0.95 −0.07 1.02  0.10 0.96  0.17 −0.05 0.40
Perceptual Dysregulation 0.88 0.88 −0.04 1.04  0.00 0.89  0.04 −0.18 0.26
Unusual Beliefs 0.86 0.87 −0.02 1.01  0.01 0.97  0.02 −0.20 0.25

Note: Tx = treatment, prop. = proportion, SD = standard deviation, Diff. = difference, d = Cohen’s d, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.; values are for estimated factor scores accounting for any differential item functioning; comparisons for PID-5 sum scores are available in Table S1.

Figures

Figure 1

Participants who successfully completed treatment did so after a median of 155 days (IQR = 94, 182).

Participants who prematurely terminated treatment did so after a median of 72 days (IQR = 37, 118).

Figure 2

Hazard ratios for PID-5 z-scores predicting premature treatment

Figure 3

Predicted termination probability by number of days in treatment and PID-5 trait z-score

Trait interactions with gender

Overall, 46% of age-18 men with mean-level Disinhibition scores (z = 0), but 86% of age-18 men with highly-elevated Disinhibition (z = +2), are expected to prematurely terminate.

By 61 days, 21% of age-18 men with mean-level Disinhibition scores (z = 0), but 58% of age-18 men with highly-elevated Disinhibition (z = +2), are expected to prematurely terminate.

Among age-18 men who terminate treatment, median expected time to termination is 75 days (IQR = 37, 118) when Disinhibition z = 0, but 43 days (IQR = 23, 81) when Disinhibition z = +2.

Figure 4

Predicted termination probability by number of days in treatment and PID-5 trait z-score

Trait interactions with age

Supplemental Tables

Table S1

PID-5 Sum Scores

Baseline PID-5 Trait Sum Scores of Participants Completing vs Terminating Treatment

Variable Complete Tx Mean Complete Tx SD Terminate Tx Mean Terminate Tx SD d 95% CI
Negative Affectivity 1.38 0.68 1.52 0.70  0.19 −0.03 0.42
Emotional Lability 1.34 0.80 1.48 0.80  0.18 −0.04 0.40
Anxiousness 1.67 0.79 1.77 0.78  0.13 −0.10 0.35
Separation Insecurity 1.15 0.85 1.31 0.88  0.18 −0.04 0.40
Submissiveness 1.13 0.75 1.03 0.77 −0.13 −0.35 0.09
Hostility 1.21 0.72 1.43 0.77  0.30  0.07 0.52
Perseveration 1.19 0.69 1.33 0.71  0.20 −0.02 0.42
Detachment 0.98 0.56 1.01 0.53  0.06 −0.16 0.28
Anhedonia 1.00 0.64 1.04 0.62  0.07 −0.16 0.29
Depressivity 0.91 0.67 0.97 0.68  0.09 −0.14 0.31
Intimacy Avoidance 0.72 0.66 0.70 0.66 −0.03 −0.25 0.20
Restricted Affectivity 1.03 0.60 1.14 0.69  0.19 −0.04 0.41
Suspiciousness 1.43 0.58 1.47 0.54  0.08 −0.14 0.30
Withdrawal 1.22 0.72 1.30 0.72  0.10 −0.12 0.33
Antagonism 0.91 0.57 1.03 0.63  0.20 −0.02 0.42
Attention Seeking 1.02 0.76 1.16 0.73  0.19 −0.03 0.41
Grandiosity 0.77 0.59 0.88 0.65  0.18 −0.04 0.40
Callousness 0.60 0.53 0.86 0.69  0.43  0.21 0.66
Deceitfulness 0.85 0.65 0.94 0.67  0.14 −0.08 0.36
Manipulativeness 1.11 0.78 1.26 0.89  0.19 −0.03 0.41
Disinhibition 1.26 0.61 1.42 0.56  0.27  0.05 0.49
Distractibility 1.39 0.79 1.55 0.76  0.21 −0.02 0.43
Impulsivity 1.46 0.74 1.66 0.72  0.27  0.05 0.50
Irresponsibility 0.92 0.61 1.04 0.62  0.19 −0.03 0.41
Rigid Perfectionism 1.20 0.72 1.31 0.76  0.15 −0.07 0.38
Risk Taking 1.70 0.63 1.88 0.61  0.29  0.06 0.51
Psychoticism 0.99 0.69 1.05 0.63  0.09 −0.13 0.32
Eccentricity 1.15 0.83 1.31 0.78  0.19 −0.04 0.41
Perceptual Dysregulation 0.86 0.69 0.89 0.58  0.05 −0.17 0.27
Unusual Beliefs 0.95 0.79 0.96 0.76  0.01 −0.21 0.23

Note: Tx = treatment, prop. = proportion, SD = standard deviation, Diff. = difference, d = Cohen’s d, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.; values are for PID-5 sum scores.

Baseline Psychopathology Diagnoses

Baseline Psychopathology Diagnoses of Participants Completing vs Terminating Treatment

Variable Complete Tx Mean or Prop. Terminate Tx Mean or Prop. Diff 95% CI
Major depressive disorder 0.16 0.21  0.04 −0.04 0.13
Panic disorder 0.15 0.16  0.00 −0.08 0.08
Post-traumatic stress disorder 0.14 0.20  0.06 −0.02 0.14
Psychosis 0.18 0.16 −0.02 −0.11 0.08
Antisocial personality disorder 0.36 0.71  0.36  0.08 0.63
Borderline personality disorder 0.46 0.68  0.22 −0.07 0.50
Alcohol use disorder 0.48 0.39 −0.09 −0.20 0.02
Stimulant use disorder 0.33 0.29 −0.04 −0.15 0.06
Cocaine use disorder 0.36 0.43  0.07 −0.04 0.18
Narcotics use disorder 0.38 0.44  0.05 −0.05 0.16
Hallucinogenic use disorder 0.10 0.13  0.03 −0.04 0.10
Cannabis use disorder 0.36 0.51  0.15  0.04 0.26
Tranquilizer use disorder 0.15 0.20  0.05 −0.04 0.13

Note: Tx = treatment, prop. = proportion, SD = standard deviation, Diff. = difference, d = Cohen’s d, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval..

Table S2

Correlations Among Study Variables

Treatment termination and censorship

Tx term Term (30d) Censor Censor (30d) Num. days
Treatment termination (vs. complete)
Term. bef. 30 days (vs. compl. 30 days)  .40
Censored status (overall) — −.06
Censored status (30 days) — —  .33
Num. days in treatment −.48 −.47 −.03 −.12
Age −.15 −.07 −.03 −.09  .00
Gender (male)  .06  .03  .06  .05  .04
Race (White) −.10 −.04 −.13 −.14  .07
Education (completed high school) −.12 −.10  .02 −.04  .07
Court mandate  .06 −.07 −.16  .03  .27
Trial condition (SIDI)  .02  .11 −.01 −.05 −.01
Major depressive disorder  .05  .01  .02 −.03 −.05
Panic disorder  .01 −.03  .07 −.03  .00
Post-traumatic stress disorder  .08 −.01  .10 −.03 −.05
Psychosis −.02  .04  .10 −.04  .03
Antisocial personality disorder  .35  .19 −.01  .13 −.02
Borderline personality disorder  .22 −.06  .10 −.16  .05
Alcohol use disorder −.08 −.01 −.05  .01 −.05
Stimulant use disorder −.04  .06 −.05 −.05  .04
Cocaine use disorder  .06  .00 −.10 −.06 −.02
Narcotics use disorder  .05  .02 −.10 −.06  .00
Hallucinogenic use disorder  .05  .05 −.08 −.02 −.02
Cannabis use disorder  .14  .05  .04  .09 −.05
Tranquilizer use disorder  .06 −.06 −.06 −.03 −.05
Negative Affectivity  .08  .06  .02 −.00 −.07
Emotional Lability  .07  .03  .09  .05 −.05
Anxiousness  .07  .09 −.03 −.04 −.07
Separation Insecurity  .09  .02  .03  .03 −.08
Submissiveness −.06 −.05  .01 −.01 −.00
Hostility  .15  .07  .03  .05 −.11
Perseveration  .09  .11  .00 −.02 −.04
Detachment  .06  .06  .05  .05 −.03
Anhedonia  .06  .08  .03  .03 −.04
Depressivity  .04  .06  .03 −.00 −.04
Intimacy Avoidance  .00  .00  .07  .05 −.01
Restricted Affectivity  .09  .02  .11  .06 −.04
Suspiciousness  .05  .06  .03  .07 −.08
Withdrawal  .05  .05  .04  .04 −.02
Antagonism  .08  .10 −.01 −.00 −.03
Attention Seeking  .07  .00 −.00 −.01 −.03
Grandiosity  .10 −.00  .05  .05 −.02
Callousness  .17  .08  .05  .11 −.06
Deceitfulness  .07  .09  .01 −.01 −.02
Manipulativeness  .08  .13 −.07 −.01 −.04
Disinhibition  .13  .12  .03  .02 −.08
Distractibility  .10  .12  .05 −.01 −.05
Impulsivity  .12  .12 −.01  .05 −.12
Irresponsibility  .10  .06  .05  .01 −.03
Rigid Perfectionism  .07  .17  .04 −.01 −.09
Risk Taking  .14  .08 −.04  .00 −.05
Psychoticism  .03  .02  .10 −.00  .03
Eccentricity  .08  .05  .07  .04 −.04
Perceptual Dysregulation  .02  .02  .11 −.01  .03
Unusual Beliefs  .01 −.03  .05 −.02  .07

Note: Tx term = treatment termination (vs. complete); pairwise correlations; term (30d) = termination before 30 days (vs. complete at least 30 days); censor = final status at 185 days censored (vs. known); censor (30d) = status at 30 days censored (vs. known); num. days = number of days in treatment; pairwise correlations; PID-5 variables are estimated factor scores from the final measurement invariance models.

Demographic variables

Age Gender Race Educ Crt Man Condit
Age
Gender (male) −.02
Race (White) −.08 −.14
Education (completed high school)  .11 −.08  .15
Court mandate −.23 −.06  .02 −.01
Trial condition (SIDI) −.09 −.09  .11 −.05  .04
Major depressive disorder  .00 −.00 −.05 −.16 −.10  .05
Panic disorder  .06 −.11  .08  .05 −.09  .03
Post-traumatic stress disorder  .04 −.13  .08 −.01 −.06  .05
Psychosis  .08  .02 −.17 −.21 −.15  .02
Antisocial personality disorder −.22  .22  .10 −.20  .15 −.11
Borderline personality disorder −.04 −.19  .03 −.16  .12 −.14
Alcohol use disorder  .20  .12 −.08 −.05 −.16 −.05
Stimulant use disorder −.25 −.06  .20 −.06  .01  .03
Cocaine use disorder  .07 −.10 −.17 −.03 −.02 −.01
Narcotics use disorder −.18 −.18  .31  .13  .12  .05
Hallucinogenic use disorder −.26  .01 −.04 −.06  .04  .02
Cannabis use disorder −.27  .10 −.07 −.08  .07  .10
Tranquilizer use disorder −.15  .00  .10  .02  .05 −.01
Negative Affectivity  .03 −.11  .05 −.16 −.09  .01
Emotional Lability  .06 −.11 −.01 −.14 −.07 −.01
Anxiousness  .01 −.09  .08 −.16 −.06  .02
Separation Insecurity −.15 −.04  .03 −.09 −.09  .03
Submissiveness  .05 −.12  .22  .01 −.10  .12
Hostility −.16  .07 −.03 −.19 −.02 −.07
Perseveration −.02 −.03  .04 −.17 −.11 −.00
Detachment  .08  .10 −.04 −.14 −.04 −.00
Anhedonia  .06  .08  .03 −.08 −.10  .01
Depressivity  .08 −.01  .09 −.05 −.10  .02
Intimacy Avoidance  .14 −.04 −.07 −.15 −.10 −.02
Restricted Affectivity −.05  .12 −.07 −.02 −.07  .03
Suspiciousness −.05 −.07 −.05 −.18 −.06  .06
Withdrawal  .07  .10 −.04 −.13 −.01 −.00
Antagonism −.09  .08  .02 −.03 −.04  .06
Attention Seeking −.14 −.02  .05 −.05 −.02  .07
Grandiosity  .00  .16 −.19 −.13 −.04  .06
Callousness −.13  .22 −.11 −.14 −.02 −.04
Deceitfulness −.07  .08  .03 −.04 −.07  .05
Manipulativeness −.11  .05  .06  .04  .04  .08
Disinhibition −.07 −.08  .14 −.13 −.04  .02
Distractibility −.03 −.09  .09 −.17 −.08  .06
Impulsivity −.05 −.07  .12 −.12  .02 −.01
Irresponsibility −.10 −.04  .13 −.04 −.06 −.00
Rigid Perfectionism −.00  .12 −.06 −.13 −.08  .08
Risk Taking −.18  .09  .16  .02  .02 −.07
Psychoticism  .03  .02 −.16 −.22 −.12 −.01
Eccentricity −.06  .05 −.07 −.19 −.06  .00
Perceptual Dysregulation  .04  .01 −.16 −.23 −.13 −.02
Unusual Beliefs  .07  .04 −.16 −.13 −.06  .02

Note: Pairwise correlations. PID-5 variables are estimated factor scores from the final measurement invariance models.

Note: Race = non-Latino White (versus other race/ethnicity groups); educ. = education (completed high school or higher vs. didn’t complete high school); crt. man. = court mandated treatment (vs. not); condit. = clinical trial condition SIDI (vs. SC); pairwise correlations; PID-5 variables are estimated factor scores from the final measurement invariance models.

Psychopathology diagnoses

MDD Panic PTSD Psychotic ASPD BPD Alc UD Stim UD Coc UD Narc UD Hal UD Can UD Tranq UD
Major depressive disorder
Panic disorder  .20
Post-traumatic stress disorder  .23  .22
Psychosis  .24  .14  .11
Antisocial personality disorder  .04  .08  .24  .09
Borderline personality disorder  .15  .18  .23  .15  .29
Alcohol use disorder  .07  .06 −.03  .08  .10  .21
Stimulant use disorder −.02  .05  .00  .06  .18  .18 −.00
Cocaine use disorder −.00  .04 −.00  .14 −.05  .09  .13 −.00
Narcotics use disorder −.06 −.00  .09 −.15  .10  .06 −.05  .29  .13
Hallucinogenic use disorder  .10  .02 −.03  .09 −.08  .04  .09  .19  .20  .13
Cannabis use disorder  .03  .02 −.03  .03  .19 −.14  .14  .11  .13  .06  .24
Tranquilizer use disorder  .10  .11 −.04  .02 −.01 −.06  .05  .11  .10  .37  .26  .12
Negative Affectivity  .30  .21  .27  .28  .51  .64  .14  .07  .13 −.04  .12  .04  .02
Emotional Lability  .26  .21  .24  .25  .41  .60  .12  .07  .07 −.09  .12  .06 −.03
Anxiousness  .30  .18  .26  .22  .43  .56  .12  .07  .13  .01  .10  .01  .05
Separation Insecurity  .15  .12  .15  .27  .50  .37  .10  .07  .13 −.01  .12  .10  .05
Submissiveness  .10  .15  .07  .08 −.09 −.05  .10  .03  .08  .02  .05  .00 −.02
Hostility  .24  .10  .16  .20  .64  .35  .07  .10  .14 −.01  .20  .20  .10
Perseveration  .28  .20  .23  .30  .41  .43  .12  .14  .15  .07  .15  .09  .08
Detachment  .31  .19  .26  .18  .31  .37  .08  .00  .04 −.06  .05  .00 −.00
Anhedonia  .34  .20  .25  .18  .33  .37  .15  .01 −.01  .06  .07  .05  .04
Depressivity  .36  .25  .22  .20  .27  .35  .19  .02  .06  .01  .06  .03  .01
Intimacy Avoidance  .20  .08  .14  .12 −.08  .24  .09 −.01  .02 −.09 −.01 −.01 −.04
Restricted Affectivity  .23  .03  .12  .19  .16  .17  .11  .03  .09  .01  .06  .12  .05
Suspiciousness  .28  .15  .22  .30  .19  .40  .10  .07  .16  .01  .17  .08  .06
Withdrawal  .28  .19  .24  .17  .33  .35  .05 −.00  .04 −.08  .05 −.01 −.00
Antagonism  .08  .00  .06  .12  .36  .12  .12  .07  .15  .14  .09  .13  .13
Attention Seeking  .00  .02  .05  .10  .13  .21  .04  .11  .10 −.02  .07  .08  .02
Grandiosity  .08  .06  .01  .24  .27  .15  .04 −.05  .08 −.16  .02  .05  .01
Callousness  .22  .05  .12  .21  .51  .11  .04  .07  .05 −.03  .11  .17  .07
Deceitfulness  .10  .01  .06  .10  .32  .10  .12  .04  .15  .13  .07  .12  .12
Manipulativeness  .01 −.04  .05  .10  .35  .12  .09  .15  .13  .19  .10  .13  .17
Disinhibition  .26  .11  .28  .23  .48  .37  .16  .24  .17  .19  .13  .10  .13
Distractibility  .28  .17  .26  .26  .41  .44  .15  .18  .13  .12  .13  .07  .10
Impulsivity  .16  .06  .20  .18  .34  .20  .13  .21  .16  .18  .11  .11  .09
Irresponsibility  .20  .03  .22  .13  .41  .23  .11  .20  .15  .19  .10  .08  .14
Rigid Perfectionism  .20  .11  .09  .25  .18  .18  .03  .04  .13 −.12  .10  .07 −.01
Risk Taking  .09 −.02  .11  .08  .45  .16  .06  .25  .08  .23  .15  .15  .15
Psychoticism  .32  .24  .21  .56  .33  .50  .12  .06  .15 −.13  .17  .11  .01
Eccentricity  .20  .15  .17  .40  .43  .44  .16  .12  .12 −.07  .20  .15  .04
Perceptual Dysregulation  .34  .24  .23  .52  .31  .49  .11  .05  .16 −.12  .14  .10  .00
Unusual Beliefs  .21  .20  .09  .63  .16  .39  .08  .07  .12 −.17  .15  .09 −.01

Note: Pairwise correlations; PID-5 variables are estimated factor scores from the final measurement invariance models.

PID-5 traits (estimated factor scores)

NegAffect Emolab Anxiou Sepinsec Submis Hostile Perserv Detach Anhed Depress Intavoid Restraffect Suspic Withdraw Antag Attenseek Grandi Callou Deceit Manip Disinhib Distract Impulse Irresp Rigper Risktake Psycho Eccentric Perdys Unbel
Negative Affectivity
Emotional Lability  .85
Anxiousness  .92  .64
Separation Insecurity  .71  .49  .54
Submissiveness  .39  .25  .36  .39
Hostility  .58  .55  .54  .35  .06
Perseveration  .75  .63  .69  .54  .35  .54
Detachment  .49  .41  .51  .20  .20  .47  .49
Anhedonia  .56  .45  .55  .36  .30  .41  .52  .70
Depressivity  .62  .52  .57  .44  .41  .39  .56  .57  .78
Intimacy Avoidance  .20  .20  .22 −.04  .13  .14  .29  .64  .39  .29
Restricted Affectivity  .19  .05  .26  .12  .14  .39  .34  .52  .39  .31  .34
Suspiciousness  .70  .59  .66  .52  .33  .51  .63  .51  .49  .53  .26  .31
Withdrawal  .46  .38  .48  .18  .17  .47  .45  .98  .59  .51  .54  .50  .49
Antagonism  .37  .31  .33  .32  .30  .49  .46  .30  .34  .32  .12  .40  .40  .28
Attention Seeking  .37  .33  .29  .39  .31  .34  .39 −.02  .05  .14 −.04  .11  .29 −.03  .54
Grandiosity  .33  .32  .26  .28  .16  .42  .36  .34  .27  .24  .21  .29  .39  .33  .58  .43
Callousness  .31  .28  .30  .20  .05  .68  .40  .49  .42  .35  .22  .55  .40  .48  .59  .25  .54
Deceitfulness  .37  .30  .33  .32  .33  .46  .46  .30  .36  .35  .12  .38  .38  .27  .97  .51  .52  .56
Manipulativeness  .28  .23  .26  .24  .19  .44  .35  .21  .23  .20  .05  .37  .32  .20  .89  .50  .46  .52  .78
Disinhibition  .61  .51  .58  .42  .35  .55  .72  .47  .53  .57  .28  .40  .58  .43  .54  .33  .29  .44  .53  .47
Distractibility  .66  .54  .63  .44  .32  .46  .73  .44  .49  .52  .29  .29  .57  .40  .35  .26  .24  .30  .35  .28  .85
Impulsivity  .45  .38  .42  .29  .25  .44  .55  .26  .34  .39  .13  .28  .42  .23  .41  .24  .18  .33  .39  .40  .83  .55
Irresponsibility  .41  .33  .38  .32  .31  .47  .50  .47  .51  .53  .26  .42  .45  .43  .61  .33  .32  .48  .60  .52  .81  .53  .52
Rigid Perfectionism  .50  .42  .48  .34  .18  .40  .60  .36  .30  .28  .19  .29  .44  .34  .35  .32  .40  .34  .33  .30  .33  .38  .24  .19
Risk Taking  .29  .24  .28  .24  .14  .46  .40  .23  .27  .29  .02  .33  .34  .21  .48  .30  .25  .44  .44  .50  .59  .36  .60  .52  .24
Psychoticism  .64  .54  .58  .47  .35  .46  .68  .53  .48  .55  .34  .36  .63  .50  .39  .30  .48  .46  .39  .26  .58  .58  .40  .45  .49  .29
Eccentricity  .58  .51  .54  .43  .32  .49  .62  .49  .45  .49  .28  .37  .61  .46  .39  .33  .37  .43  .37  .32  .60  .56  .49  .45  .41  .45  .79
Perceptual Dysregulation  .62  .53  .57  .46  .34  .46  .68  .54  .49  .56  .35  .36  .60  .50  .40  .28  .48  .46  .40  .25  .57  .58  .39  .45  .49  .26  .98  .70
Unusual Beliefs  .47  .42  .39  .38  .26  .25  .46  .31  .26  .35  .20  .18  .49  .31  .23  .23  .36  .28  .22  .13  .34  .38  .21  .26  .32  .15  .83  .59  .74

Note: Pairwise correlations. PID-5 variables are estimated factor scores from the final measurement invariance models.

Table S3

Measurement Invariance: Differential Item Functioning

Indicator Content Stage 1 ∆χ2 Std. loading Stage 2 ∆χ2 ESSDi.Age ESSDi.Gender
Negative Affectivity
emolab Emotional Lability scale 6.632 0.762 3.385
anxiou† Anxiety scale 2.222 0.845 —
sepins Separation insecurity scale 17.09** 0.638 13.784** −0.202 −0.106
Emotional Lability
emolab18 Emotions change no reason 1.807 0.549 1.935
emolab62 Stronger emotions than everyone 5.297 0.687 5.798
emolab102 Highly emotional person 4.395 0.719 3.396
emolab122† Emotional easy without reason 1.48 0.774 —
emolab138 Can’t predict emotions 5.324 0.707 4.935
emolab165 Emotional over everything 9.68* 0.742 5.605
emolab181 Emotions are unpredictable 4.035 0.705 4.189
Anxiety
anxiou79 Worry about terrible things 16.834** 0.752 15.051** −0.109 −0.100
anxiou93 Worry mistakes bring bad things 8.194 0.646 8.267
anxiou95 Nervous thinking about future 6.834 0.679 4.498
anxiou96R Rarely worry 15.776** 0.249 15.567** −0.020 0.355
anxiou109 Always worrying about something 13.661** 0.864 0.539
anxiou110† Worry about everything 6.369 0.852 —
anxiou130 Very anxious person 6.984 0.638 6.963
anxiou141 Always expect the worst 23.47*** 0.680 22.295*** −0.168 −0.162
anxiou174 Fearful bad things will happen 11.897* 0.758 8.278
Separation Insecurity
sepins12 Dread no one to love them 12.013* 0.653 8.778
sepins50 Worry about being alone 14.175** 0.780 6.151
sepins57 Prefer bad relationship to alone 5.313 0.654 4.866
sepins64 Hate being alone, even for hours 9.491 0.627 7.545
sepins127 Fear being alone most 9.637* 0.829 3.35
sepins149 Do anything to avoid abandonment 2.037 0.692 2.248
sepins175† Never want to be alone 0.121 0.817 —
Submissiveness
submis9 I change for others 0.839 0.597 0.392
submis15† Do what others think 5.08 0.758 —
submis63 I do what others say 7.10 0.711 5.704
submis202 Try to do what others want 1.432 0.656 0.993
Hostility
hostil28 I snap when people irritate me 11.478* 0.747 5.284
hostil32 Can be mean when needed 2.553 0.473 1.26
hostil38 Easily angered 5.923 0.816 9.943* 0.060 −0.067
hostil85 Resent instruction even by authority 2.007 0.524 1.191
hostil92† Very short temper 5.895 0.770 —
hostil116 Always get revenge 18.639** 0.617 15.857** −0.071 −0.274
hostil158 Easily irritated 6.126 0.685 4.153
hostil170 Usually pretty hostile 7.423 0.666 6.079
hostil188 Really angry when insulted 11.147* 0.613 10.914* 0.080 0.057
hostil216 Nasty when people deserve it 6.027 0.689 8.474
Perseveration
persev46 Can’t stop even when it’s time 7.169 0.538 5.661
persev51 Missed things trying to be perfect 4.897 0.590 4.527
persev60 Approach things the same way 8.153 0.613 6.055
persev78 Hard to shift activities 3.851 0.586 3.209
persev80 Trouble changing methods 3.549 0.684 2.412
persev100 Get fixated on things 2.145 0.677 0.576
persev121 Stuck on things often 8.106 0.709 3.54
persev128† Get stuck even when not working 1.642 0.757 —
persev137 Compelled to continue no matter logic 1.001 0.634 1.122
Detachment
withdr† Withdrawal scale score 4.995 0.905 —
anhedo Anhedonia scale score 3.57 0.666 4.725
intavo Intimacy avoidance scale score 13.159* 0.590 14.149** 0.111 0.372
Anhedonia
anhedo1 No pleasure from things 9.857* 0.583 10.694* 0.115 −0.152
anhedo23 Nothings interests me 3.976 0.622 3.414
anhedo26 Never enjoy 2.616 0.773 3.985
anhedo30R Energetic person 13.579** 0.331 15.145** 0.073 −0.225
anhedo124 Never feel happy during activities 11.044* 0.767 3.749
anhedo155R Really live to the fullest 13.588** 0.294 15.145** 0.137 0.087
anhedo157† Nothing feels good 4.33 0.824 —
anhedo189 Rarely enthusiastic 1.143 0.588 2.152
Depressivity
depress27 Nothing I do matters 0.712 0.749 1.547
depress61 Very dissatisfied with myself 2.75 0.706 2.258
depress66 Future looks hopeless 8.103 0.730 5.632
depress81 World better if I’m dead 2.70 0.762 2.155
depress86 Ashamed let people down 15.819** 0.368 12.085* −0.014 0.396
depress104 Feel like a failure 12.034* 0.685 6.623
depress119 Talk about suicide 1.396 0.544 1.547
depress148† Useless as a person 3.35 0.821 —
depress151 Life looks bleak 7.122 0.748 6.842
depress163 Everything seems pointless 6.404 0.728 4.101
depress168 Often feel miserable 3.021 0.695 3.358
depress169 No worth as a person 5.463 0.821 3.144
depress178 Commit suicide eventually 2.778 0.567 2.356
depress212 Guilty much of the time 21.337*** 0.541 13.691** 0.030 0.431
Intimacy Avoidance
intavo89 Keep romance away 10.408* 0.674 7.066
intavo97R Enjoy being in love 3.46 0.479 3.289
intavo108 Break relationships before serious 10.078* 0.567 6.75
intavo120 Not interested sexual relationships 7.677 0.527 6.692
intavo145† Avoid romantic relationships 1.057 0.795 —
intavo203 Prefer alone to romance 0.458 0.733 0.454
Restricted Affectivity
resaff8 “Cold fish” emotionally 1.536 0.438 0.869
resaff45 Don’t have long reactions 5.291 0.524 4.887
resaff84 Don’t get emotional 0.43 0.628 0.728
resaff91 Don’t show emotions strongly 4.204 0.562 3.764
resaff101 Difficult to read my emotions 3.011 0.403 3.154
resaff167† Never show emotions 1.149 0.635 —
resaff184 Don’t react to what others do 6.931 0.602 2.753
Suspiciousness
suspic2 People out to get me 1.51 0.444 2.224
suspic103 Others would take advantage 10.704* 0.595 8.714
suspic117 Always on guard 13.175* 0.555 12.121* −0.008 −0.340
suspic131R People are trustworthy 6.927 0.250 4.441
suspic133 Always getting a raw-deal 8.705 0.679 10.029* 0.088 −0.097
suspic177R Rarely feel people are exploiting 1.685 −0.061 1.909
suspic190† Suspect friends betray me 8.448 0.743 —
Withdrawal
withdr10 Prefer not to get close 12.036* 0.574 12.257* −0.026 0.396
withdr20 Keep to myself 1.042 0.544 0.372
withdr75 Avoid all group activities 6.30 0.462 5.013
withdr82 Keep my distance 5.671 0.748 3.404
withdr136 Dislike time with others 5.051 0.677 4.949
withdr146 Not interested in friends 0.577 0.659 0.884
withdr147 Say as little as possible 9.054 0.745 1.736
withdr161 Dislike getting close to others 17.007** 0.717 14.392** −0.005 0.321
withdr182† Avoid dealing with people 2.508 0.763 —
withdr186 Avoid social events 1.637 0.745 2.892
Antagonism
manipu Manipulation scale score 6.288 0.838 4.159
deceit† Deceitfulness scale score 1.047 0.929 —
grandi Grandiosity scale score 16.985** 0.550 15.583** 0.085 −0.496
Attention Seeking
attsee14 Do things for attention 2.988 0.664 3.617
attsee43 Do things for admiration 4.842 0.441 5.015
attsee74 Love getting attention 2.591 0.725 2.512
attsee111 Like standing out 8.259 0.753 4.662
attsee113 Bold behavior grabs attention 6.727 0.578 2.848
attsee173† Like getting noticed 3.535 0.815 —
attsee191 Crave attention 5.642 0.769 6.518
attsee211 Like drawing attention 3.027 0.808 4.50
Grandiosity
grandi40 More important than others 9.064 0.674 1.503
grandi65 Have rare outstanding qualities 8.048 0.388 9.532* −0.139 −0.134
grandi114 Better than everyone 3.65 0.627 3.756
grandi179 Achieved more than everyone 4.593 0.521 4.799
grandi187 Deserve special treatment 2.11 0.624 1.538
grandi197† Deal with less important people 6.877 0.647 —
Callousness
callou11 Often have physical fights 20.298*** 0.532 15.14** −0.193 0.122
callou13 Rude and unfriendly personality 9.89* 0.618 1.846
callou19 Don’t care if others suffer 9.071 0.726 6.223
callou54 Not bothered when others hurt 18.248** 0.764 20.316*** −0.011 −0.266
callou72 Indifferent to others’ feelings 1.297 0.763 4.836
callou73 Step on some toes 1.058 0.528 3.672
callou90R Never harm another 15.05** 0.340 16.213** 0.002 −0.501
callou153† Don’t care if actions hurt 2.283 0.808 —
callou166 Don’t care if hurt feelings 4.923 0.772 4.468
callou183 Don’t care others’ problems 2.277 0.604 5.288
callou198 Hit people to remind them 0.88 0.548 1.843
callou200 Make authority look stupid 11.631* 0.623 9.163
callou207 No point in feeling guilt 7.435 0.589 12.659* −0.021 −0.103
callou208 No point in being friendly 4.07 0.601 7.033
Deceitfulness
deceit41 Make up false stories 2.437 0.550 2.896
deceit53 Make up things to get ahead 2.447 0.701 2.342
deceit56 Flatter people for something 6.786 0.729 3.123
deceit76 Sneaky if reward 7.597 0.638 5.395
deceit126 Need exaggerate get ahead 0.916 0.717 1.762
deceit134 Will cheat to get ahead 13.814** 0.699 9.388
deceit142R Try to tell truth 4.438 0.160 4.732
deceit206 Use people 5.101 0.766 4.578
deceit214 Lying comes easily 7.788 0.690 4.718
deceit218† Stretch truth for advantage 3.142 0.750 —
Manipulativeness
manipu107 Make people do what I want 2.571 0.691 2.166
manipu125† Sweet talking others 1.314 0.799 —
manipu162 Good at conning 0.974 0.748 1.44
manipu180 Turn on the charm 5.885 0.759 5.462
manipu219 Easy to take advantage 3.772 0.746 1.541
Disinhibition
irresponsibility Irresponsibility scale score 4.034 0.711 4.043
impulsivity Impulsivity scale score 0.243 0.730 0.454
distra† Distractibility scale score 4.057 0.748 —
Distractibility
distra6 Lose track of conversations 9.575* 0.630 7.095
distra29 Can’t concentrate 10.111* 0.687 5.849
distra47 Poor future planning 0.865 0.494 0.584
distra68 Can’t focus to achieve goals 11.57* 0.706 7.881
distra88 Trouble pursuing goals 16.993** 0.617 11.857* 0.163 0.005
distra118† Trouble keeping mind focused 0.456 0.836 —
distra132 Easily distracted 2.301 0.799 1.315
distra144 Can’t focus for long 2.302 0.789 2.163
distra199 Pulled off task easy 4.137 0.734 3.048
Impulsivity
impuls4 Act totally on impulse 5.303 0.728 1.294
impuls16 Act impulse without thought 5.244 0.856 5.406
impuls17† Can’t stop rash decisions 3.391 0.712 —
impuls22 Always spur of moment 4.181 0.679 3.89
impuls58R Usually think before act 4.465 0.476 5.094
impuls204 Very impulsive 0.918 0.655 2.706
Irresponsibility
irresp31 Others call me responsible 6.103 0.607 2.437
irresp129 Careless with things 4.052 0.523 2.385
irresp156† Promises don’t intend to keep 1.584 0.538 —
irresp160 Forget to pay bills 16.941** 0.581 6.866
irresp171 Skip town avoid responsibilities 1.877 0.508 1.027
irresp201 Skip appointments 7.986 0.640 1.246
irresp210R Follow through on commitments 3.175 0.323 3.349
Rigid Perfectionism
rigper34 Too much time perfecting 9.274 0.629 5.686
rigper49 Too focused on minor details 3.286 0.549 3.746
rigper105 If not perfect, unacceptable 4.031 0.686 4.257
rigper115 Get complaints about perfectionism 5.156 0.585 3.81
rigper123† Insist on absolute perfectionism 2.531 0.783 —
rigper135 Check several times for perfection 17.505** 0.752 8.1
rigper140 Important things done right 14.841** 0.686 10.88* 0.142 −0.004
rigper176 Keep trying to make perfect 1.993 0.703 1.636
rigper196 Things must be in place 12.618* 0.701 9.832* 0.113 0.230
rigper220 Strict way of doing things 7.482 0.663 4.79
Risk Taking
ristak3 People call me reckless 0.887 0.537 1.224
ristak7R Avoid risky situations 11.428* 0.468 10.877* 0.026 0.182
ristak35R Avoid risky sports 24.15*** 0.189 23.147*** −0.178 −0.323
ristak39 No limits to danger 2.973 0.754 0.824
ristak48 Do things considered risky 4.712 0.788 3.127
ristak67† Like taking risks 0.558 0.786 —
ristak69 Don’t let risks stop me 3.183 0.630 3.494
ristak87R Avoid anything dangerous 7.203 0.450 6.278
ristak98R Prefer safety to risk 5.895 0.565 4.994
ristak112 Don’t mind risk 1.238 0.625 1.054
ristak159 Disregard how unsafe 2.825 0.757 2.021
ristak164R Never take risks 2.913 0.432 2.056
ristak195 Don’t think about injury 4.532 0.710 1.89
ristak215R Hate taking chances 2.962 0.391 2.543
Psychoticism
unubel Unusual Beliefs scale score 3.287 0.789 2.294
eccent Eccentricity scale score 9.210 0.751 8.218
perdys† Perceptual dysregulation scale score 5.152 0.937 —
Eccentricity
eccent5 Ideas too unusual to explain 11.188* 0.641 9.468
eccent21 Say things odd/strange 12.538* 0.749 8.661
eccent24 People think behavior is weird 6.658 0.763 3.93
eccent25 Think in a strange way 6.56 0.789 8.107
eccent33 Thought go in odd directions 3.644 0.680 4.145
eccent52 Thoughts don’t make sense 1.579 0.756 2.781
eccent55 I said something weird 3.156 0.789 0.693
eccent70† Others think I’m odd 2.327 0.845 —
eccent71 Thoughts strange and unpredictable 0.465 0.744 0.966
eccent152 Thoughts make no sense to others 3.91 0.843 4.866
eccent172 Number of odd habits 3.931 0.688 1.498
eccent185 Eccentric habits 1.654 0.734 1.486
eccent205 Thoughts only make sense to me 4.414 0.806 2.288
Perceptual Dysregulation
perdys36 Trouble differentiating reality and dreams 1.04 0.579 0.683
perdys37† Body parts dead 3.945 0.717 —
perdys42 Told I did things I forget 13.633** 0.478 7.961
perdys44 Objects seem weird shape 9.013 0.595 5.299
perdys59 Vivid images before/after sleep 2.407 0.516 1.022
perdys77 Familiar objects seem new 8.976 0.619 5.571
perdys83 Can’t control thoughts 4.645 0.587 3.243
perdys154 Thoughts controlled by others 2.676 0.663 2.015
perdys192 Removing thoughts from head 9.756* 0.684 6.958
perdys193 Periods of disconnection 10.989* 0.652 3.637
perdys213 Zone out for long periods 17.346** 0.611 8.685
perdys217 Things seem unreal or hyperreal 9.454 0.719 6.777
Unusual Beliefs & Experiences
unubel94 Unusual abilities, read minds 9.866* 0.498 8.253
unubel99 Heard things others couldn’t 6.312 0.848 2.167
unubel106 Usual experience, sensing presence 3.391 0.762 2.696
unubel139† Seen things not really there 3.262 0.828 —
unubel143 People move things with mind 2.863 0.579 1.385
unubel150 Influence others with thoughts 3.85 0.445 5.246
unubel194 See unusual connections 0.979 0.613 1.628
unubel209 Weird experiences to explain 4.236 0.658 4.644

Note: ∆χ² = difference in chi-square between baseline restricted model and freed-parameter model for each item/indicator; std. loading = standardized factor loading; ESSDi = expected item standard score difference (expected Cohen’s d due to differences in item parameters); all ∆χ² have df = 4; negative effects indicate stronger effect for men; ESSDi for age are differences per decade.
† anchor item;
* p < .05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001

Table S4

Measurement Invariance: Aggregate Differential Test Functioning and Estimated True Latent Group Differences

Scale ESSDt.Age ESSDt.Gender δAge 95% CI δGender 95% CI
Negative Affectivity −0.057 −0.032 0.03 −0.07 0.13 0.259 0.022 0.501
Emotional Lability — — 0.06 −0.04 0.15 0.246 0.018 0.479
Anxiousness −0.036 0.007 0.00 −0.10 0.10 0.204 −0.023 0.433
Separation Insecurity — — −0.14 −0.25 −0.05 0.098 −0.130 0.329
Submissiveness — — 0.05 −0.06 0.16 0.292 0.039 0.550
Hostility 0.009 −0.028 −0.15 −0.26 −0.06 −0.148 −0.384 0.083
Perseveration — — −0.02 −0.11 0.08 0.063 −0.165 0.290
Detachment 0.023 0.084 0.08 −0.02 0.18 −0.216 −0.444 0.009
Anhedonia 0.040 −0.031 0.05 −0.05 0.16 −0.182 −0.421 0.054
Depressivity 0.001 0.057 0.07 −0.03 0.17 0.029 −0.201 0.259
Intimacy Avoidance — — 0.14 0.03 0.25 0.096 −0.146 0.340
Restricted Affectivity — — −0.05 −0.16 0.05 −0.282 −0.547 −0.023
Suspiciousness 0.011 −0.065 −0.05 −0.17 0.07 0.174 −0.088 0.437
Withdrawal −0.004 0.076 0.07 −0.04 0.17 −0.219 −0.452 0.010
Antagonism 0.017 −0.092 −0.09 −0.19 0.01 −0.169 −0.397 0.057
Attention Seeking — — −0.14 −0.24 −0.04 0.056 −0.173 0.286
Grandiosity −0.023 −0.022 0.01 −0.10 0.12 −0.383 −0.638 −0.142
Callousness −0.016 −0.048 −0.12 −0.22 −0.02 −0.469 −0.700 −0.271
Deceitfulness — — −0.07 −0.17 0.03 −0.177 −0.402 0.046
Manipulativeness — — −0.11 −0.22 −0.01 −0.119 −0.353 0.113
Disinhibition — — −0.08 −0.19 0.03 0.196 −0.046 0.441
Distractability 0.018 0.001 −0.03 −0.13 0.07 0.208 −0.020 0.437
Impulsivity — — −0.05 −0.15 0.05 0.155 −0.074 0.385
Irresonsibility — — −0.11 −0.22 −0.01 0.091 −0.162 0.346
Rigid Perfectionism 0.025 0.021 0.00 −0.10 0.10 −0.256 −0.489 −0.027
Risk Taking −0.011 −0.013 −0.18 −0.28 −0.09 −0.197 −0.427 0.024
Psychotocism — — 0.03 −0.07 0.13 −0.050 −0.267 0.166
Eccentricity — — −0.05 −0.15 0.04 −0.097 −0.320 0.126
Perceptual Dysregulation — — 0.04 −0.07 0.15 −0.022 −0.256 0.211
Unusual Beliefs — — 0.07 −0.03 0.17 −0.102 −0.326 0.121

Note: ESSDt = expected test standard score difference (expected Cohen’s d due to differences in item parameters); δ = estimated latent trait mean difference (Cohen’s d); negative effects indicate stronger effect for men; effect sizes for age are differences per decade.

Table S5

Survival Analyses: Trait Interactions with Gender and Age

Reference group is men, age 18.

Trait

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.21 1.23 0.95 1.61
Terminate Tx  0.41 1.51 1.02 2.24
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.84 1.50
Terminate Tx  0.25 1.29 0.88 1.89
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.19 1.21 0.94 1.54
Terminate Tx  0.49 1.64 1.13 2.38
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.26 1.30 0.98 1.72
Terminate Tx  0.14 1.15 0.78 1.69
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 0.89 1.54
Terminate Tx −0.05 0.96 0.64 1.43
Hostility Complete Tx −0.02 0.99 0.74 1.31
Terminate Tx  0.61 1.83 1.31 2.57
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.12 1.12 0.84 1.51
Terminate Tx  0.31 1.36 0.96 1.92
Detachment Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.83 1.33
Terminate Tx  0.34 1.40 0.98 1.99
Anhedonia Complete Tx −0.00 1.00 0.77 1.29
Terminate Tx  0.36 1.43 1.04 1.98
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.76 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.38 1.46 0.99 2.16
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.73 1.28
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.67 1.53
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.73 1.21
Terminate Tx  0.40 1.49 1.02 2.20
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.39 1.47 1.14 1.91
Terminate Tx  0.38 1.47 1.03 2.08
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.08 1.09 0.86 1.37
Terminate Tx  0.35 1.41 0.99 2.02
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.74 1.37
Terminate Tx  0.39 1.48 1.06 2.06
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.18 1.20 0.91 1.58
Terminate Tx  0.23 1.26 0.89 1.79
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.02 1.02 0.76 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.44 1.56 1.14 2.14
Callousness Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.69 1.27
Terminate Tx  0.58 1.79 1.38 2.34
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.78 1.43
Terminate Tx  0.37 1.45 1.05 2.02
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.72 1.26
Terminate Tx  0.30 1.35 0.93 1.96
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.76 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.65 1.92 1.33 2.77
Distractability Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.74 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.44 1.55 1.07 2.24
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.83 1.59
Terminate Tx  0.60 1.82 1.27 2.61
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.73 1.27
Terminate Tx  0.59 1.80 1.27 2.57
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.08 1.08 0.83 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.21 1.24 0.86 1.77
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.77 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.53 1.71 1.18 2.47
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.07 1.08 0.82 1.41
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.22 0.88 1.70
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.76 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.28 1.32 0.93 1.88
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.81 1.36
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.22 0.88 1.69
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.19 1.21 0.91 1.61
Terminate Tx  0.07 1.07 0.77 1.48

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Age

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 1.06 1.33
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.98
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 1.06 1.33
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.81 0.66 0.99
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.05 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.80 0.65 0.97
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.15 1.17 1.04 1.31
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.67 0.99
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.17 1.18 1.05 1.33
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.68 1.00
Hostility Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.03 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.68 1.00
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.19 1.20 1.07 1.35
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.66 0.99
Detachment Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 1.05 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.81 0.66 0.98
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.04 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.66 0.99
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 1.05 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.65 0.98
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 1.03 1.31
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.98
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.05 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.81 0.66 0.98
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.15 1.17 1.04 1.30
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.80 0.66 0.97
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.17 1.18 1.06 1.33
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.97
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 1.04 1.33
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.97
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 1.02 1.30
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.67 0.99
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.18 1.20 1.07 1.34
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.98
Callousness Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 1.03 1.31
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.84 0.69 1.01
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.04 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.97
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 1.05 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.66 0.98
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.03 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.80 0.66 0.97
Distractability Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.04 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.67 0.99
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.15 1.17 1.03 1.33
Terminate Tx −0.24 0.79 0.65 0.97
Irresonsibility Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.04 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.25 0.78 0.64 0.95
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 1.05 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.81 0.66 0.98
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 1.02 1.33
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.67 0.99
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.19 1.20 1.08 1.35
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.98
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 1.04 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.67 0.98
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.19 1.21 1.08 1.35
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.98
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.19 1.21 1.08 1.35
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.81 0.66 0.98

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Female

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.88 1.50
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.55 1.23
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 0.90 1.53
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.83 0.56 1.24
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.88 1.49
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.83 0.56 1.25
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 0.89 1.51
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.59 1.30
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.15 1.17 0.90 1.51
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.58 1.31
Hostility Complete Tx  0.18 1.19 0.91 1.55
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.62 1.40
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.89 1.50
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.58 1.28
Detachment Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 0.90 1.51
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.59 1.32
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 0.90 1.53
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.58 1.29
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 0.90 1.53
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.57 1.27
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 0.91 1.54
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.89 0.60 1.32
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 0.90 1.51
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.62 1.38
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.88 1.47
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.58 1.28
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 0.90 1.51
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.88 0.59 1.32
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 0.89 1.51
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.90 0.61 1.34
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.18 1.20 0.92 1.56
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.91 0.61 1.35
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 0.90 1.53
Terminate Tx −0.11 0.90 0.59 1.36
Callousness Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 0.89 1.52
Terminate Tx −0.02 0.98 0.65 1.49
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.88 1.49
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.89 0.60 1.33
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.19 1.21 0.93 1.56
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.92 0.62 1.36
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 0.89 1.53
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.53 1.20
Distractability Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 0.91 1.55
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.55 1.22
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.12 1.12 0.85 1.49
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.79 0.52 1.20
Irresonsibility Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 0.91 1.55
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.58 1.28
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.18 1.19 0.92 1.55
Terminate Tx −0.08 0.93 0.62 1.39
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 0.92 1.55
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.89 0.59 1.33
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 0.91 1.54
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.88 0.59 1.31
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.15 1.17 0.90 1.52
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.88 0.60 1.31
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 0.91 1.55
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.59 1.31
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.17 1.18 0.91 1.54
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.88 0.59 1.32

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Age × Trait

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx −0.15 0.86 0.77 0.97
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.69 1.05
Emotional Lability Complete Tx −0.13 0.88 0.78 1.00
Terminate Tx −0.11 0.90 0.73 1.11
Anxiousness Complete Tx −0.12 0.89 0.79 1.00
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.68 1.00
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx −0.19 0.82 0.72 0.94
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.79 1.23
Submissiveness Complete Tx −0.08 0.92 0.82 1.03
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.69 1.05
Hostility Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.85 1.10
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.83 0.69 1.01
Perseveration Complete Tx −0.16 0.85 0.75 0.97
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.91 0.74 1.11
Detachment Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.86 1.08
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.70 1.06
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.90 1.13
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.70 1.04
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.86 1.10
Terminate Tx −0.17 0.84 0.67 1.05
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.93 1.16
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.81 1.21
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.86 1.10
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.82 0.65 1.04
Suspiciousness Complete Tx −0.20 0.82 0.73 0.92
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.70 1.03
Withdrawal Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.84 1.05
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.71 1.05
Antagonism Complete Tx −0.10 0.90 0.80 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.69 1.05
Attention Seeking Complete Tx −0.16 0.85 0.75 0.98
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.96 0.80 1.16
Grandiosity Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.79 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.73 1.03
Callousness Complete Tx −0.08 0.92 0.78 1.08
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.79 0.66 0.95
Deceitfulness Complete Tx −0.11 0.89 0.79 1.01
Terminate Tx −0.17 0.85 0.69 1.04
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.84 1.06
Terminate Tx −0.11 0.89 0.71 1.13
Disinhibition Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.83 1.04
Terminate Tx −0.25 0.78 0.64 0.94
Distractability Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.85 1.08
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.84 0.70 1.00
Impulsivity Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.80 1.03
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.67 0.98
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.84 1.07
Terminate Tx −0.24 0.78 0.63 0.97
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.81 1.03
Terminate Tx −0.05 0.95 0.77 1.17
Risk Taking Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.83 1.10
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.66 1.00
Psychotocism Complete Tx −0.12 0.89 0.80 0.99
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.79 1.10
Eccentricity Complete Tx −0.05 0.96 0.83 1.10
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.90 0.73 1.11
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.81 0.99
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.79 1.10
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx −0.19 0.83 0.72 0.94
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.83 1.18

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Female × Trait

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.09 1.10 0.85 1.41
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.67 1.51
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.08 1.09 0.83 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.14 1.15 0.78 1.70
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.09 1.10 0.85 1.41
Terminate Tx −0.11 0.89 0.60 1.34
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.86 1.45
Terminate Tx  0.07 1.07 0.72 1.59
Submissiveness Complete Tx −0.00 1.00 0.77 1.28
Terminate Tx  0.50 1.65 1.10 2.46
Hostility Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.88 1.50
Terminate Tx −0.32 0.73 0.50 1.05
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.21 1.24 0.96 1.59
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.69 1.48
Detachment Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.74 1.20
Terminate Tx −0.08 0.92 0.63 1.36
Anhedonia Complete Tx −0.09 0.92 0.70 1.20
Terminate Tx −0.06 0.95 0.65 1.39
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.70 1.19
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.89 0.61 1.28
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.76 1.24
Terminate Tx  0.09 1.10 0.70 1.71
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.83 1.38
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.94 0.63 1.39
Suspiciousness Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.76 1.25
Terminate Tx −0.11 0.90 0.62 1.30
Withdrawal Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.74 1.19
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.91 0.62 1.34
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.27 1.31 1.00 1.72
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.61 1.26
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.23 1.26 0.96 1.66
Terminate Tx −0.25 0.78 0.54 1.14
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.22 1.24 0.93 1.65
Terminate Tx −0.40 0.67 0.44 1.02
Callousness Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.81 1.58
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.75 0.51 1.12
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.21 1.23 0.94 1.61
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.61 1.27
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.35 1.42 1.09 1.87
Terminate Tx  0.00 1.00 0.68 1.48
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.09 1.09 0.84 1.42
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.59 1.25
Distractability Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.79 1.34
Terminate Tx  0.03 1.03 0.70 1.52
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.86 1.48
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.91 0.61 1.38
Irresonsibility Complete Tx  0.10 1.10 0.84 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.30 0.74 0.52 1.05
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.17 1.19 0.92 1.54
Terminate Tx −0.02 0.98 0.65 1.48
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.87 1.49
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.67 1.47
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.04 1.05 0.82 1.34
Terminate Tx −0.30 0.74 0.51 1.07
Eccentricity Complete Tx −0.01 0.99 0.74 1.31
Terminate Tx −0.05 0.95 0.67 1.35
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.84 1.35
Terminate Tx −0.34 0.71 0.49 1.02
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.05 1.06 0.81 1.38
Terminate Tx −0.21 0.81 0.53 1.24

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Concordance

Trait Concordance SE D 95% CI
Negative Affectivity 0.59 0.02 0.17 0.10 0.24
Emotional Lability 0.58 0.02 0.17 0.10 0.24
Anxiousness 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Separation Insecurity 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Submissiveness 0.59 0.02 0.19 0.12 0.25
Hostility 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Perseveration 0.58 0.02 0.17 0.10 0.24
Detachment 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Anhedonia 0.57 0.02 0.15 0.07 0.22
Depressivity 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Intimacy Avoidance 0.56 0.02 0.13 0.06 0.20
Restricted Affectivity 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Suspiciousness 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Withdrawal 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Antagonism 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Attention Seeking 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.08 0.23
Grandiosity 0.59 0.02 0.17 0.10 0.24
Callousness 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Deceitfulness 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Manipulativeness 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Disinhibition 0.59 0.02 0.19 0.11 0.26
Distractability 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Impulsivity 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Irresonsibility 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Rigid Perfectionism 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Risk Taking 0.58 0.02 0.17 0.10 0.23
Psychotocism 0.58 0.02 0.15 0.08 0.22
Eccentricity 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Perceptual Dysregulation 0.57 0.02 0.15 0.08 0.22
Unusual Beliefs 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23

Note: SE = standard error, D = Somers’s D, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; confidence intervals transformed normal-theory intervals for Fisher’s z’(D).

Table S6

Survival Analyses: Simple Slopes for PID-5 Traits Across Gender and Age Groups

Men, Age 18

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.21 1.23 0.95 1.61
Terminate Tx  0.41 1.51 1.02 2.24
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.84 1.50
Terminate Tx  0.25 1.29 0.88 1.89
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.19 1.21 0.94 1.54
Terminate Tx  0.49 1.64 1.13 2.38
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.26 1.30 0.98 1.72
Terminate Tx  0.14 1.15 0.78 1.69
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.16 1.17 0.89 1.54
Terminate Tx −0.05 0.96 0.64 1.43
Hostility Complete Tx −0.02 0.99 0.74 1.31
Terminate Tx  0.61 1.83 1.31 2.57
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.12 1.12 0.84 1.51
Terminate Tx  0.31 1.36 0.96 1.92
Detachment Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.83 1.33
Terminate Tx  0.34 1.40 0.98 1.99
Anhedonia Complete Tx −0.00 1.00 0.77 1.29
Terminate Tx  0.36 1.43 1.04 1.98
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.76 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.38 1.46 0.99 2.16
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.73 1.28
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.67 1.53
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.73 1.21
Terminate Tx  0.40 1.49 1.02 2.20
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.39 1.47 1.14 1.91
Terminate Tx  0.38 1.47 1.03 2.08
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.08 1.09 0.86 1.37
Terminate Tx  0.35 1.41 0.99 2.02
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.74 1.37
Terminate Tx  0.39 1.48 1.06 2.06
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.18 1.20 0.91 1.58
Terminate Tx  0.23 1.26 0.89 1.79
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.02 1.02 0.76 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.44 1.56 1.14 2.14
Callousness Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.69 1.27
Terminate Tx  0.58 1.79 1.38 2.34
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.78 1.43
Terminate Tx  0.37 1.45 1.05 2.02
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.72 1.26
Terminate Tx  0.30 1.35 0.93 1.96
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.76 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.65 1.92 1.33 2.77
Distractability Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.74 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.44 1.55 1.07 2.24
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.83 1.59
Terminate Tx  0.60 1.82 1.27 2.61
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.73 1.27
Terminate Tx  0.59 1.80 1.27 2.57
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.08 1.08 0.83 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.21 1.24 0.86 1.77
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.77 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.53 1.71 1.18 2.47
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.07 1.08 0.82 1.41
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.22 0.88 1.70
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.76 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.28 1.32 0.93 1.88
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.81 1.36
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.22 0.88 1.69
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.19 1.21 0.91 1.61
Terminate Tx  0.07 1.07 0.77 1.48

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Women, Age 18

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.30 1.35 1.01 1.82
Terminate Tx  0.42 1.52 1.01 2.30
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.20 1.22 0.90 1.66
Terminate Tx  0.39 1.48 1.01 2.18
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.28 1.32 0.98 1.78
Terminate Tx  0.38 1.46 0.95 2.25
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.37 1.45 1.08 1.96
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.23 0.81 1.86
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.15 1.17 0.88 1.54
Terminate Tx  0.45 1.58 1.09 2.27
Hostility Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.84 1.52
Terminate Tx  0.29 1.33 0.90 1.99
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.33 1.39 1.03 1.89
Terminate Tx  0.32 1.37 0.92 2.04
Detachment Complete Tx −0.01 0.99 0.77 1.27
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.29 0.88 1.89
Anhedonia Complete Tx −0.09 0.92 0.67 1.25
Terminate Tx  0.31 1.36 0.91 2.02
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.72 1.25
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.30 0.93 1.82
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.72 1.23
Terminate Tx  0.10 1.11 0.73 1.68
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.00 1.00 0.74 1.36
Terminate Tx  0.34 1.40 0.91 2.16
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.36 1.44 1.06 1.95
Terminate Tx  0.27 1.31 0.89 1.95
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.02 1.02 0.79 1.32
Terminate Tx  0.25 1.29 0.88 1.89
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.28 1.32 1.00 1.75
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.30 0.90 1.87
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.42 1.52 1.08 2.12
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.66 1.48
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.24 1.27 0.90 1.79
Terminate Tx  0.04 1.04 0.66 1.63
Callousness Complete Tx  0.05 1.06 0.68 1.64
Terminate Tx  0.30 1.35 0.90 2.04
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.26 1.29 0.98 1.70
Terminate Tx  0.24 1.28 0.88 1.86
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.30 1.35 1.00 1.83
Terminate Tx  0.30 1.35 0.90 2.04
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.87 1.49
Terminate Tx  0.50 1.65 1.16 2.34
Distractability Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.79 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.47 1.60 1.12 2.29
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.26 1.30 0.97 1.73
Terminate Tx  0.51 1.66 1.12 2.47
Irresonsibility Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.80 1.40
Terminate Tx  0.29 1.34 0.92 1.94
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.25 1.29 0.99 1.69
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.22 0.82 1.80
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.16 1.18 0.86 1.61
Terminate Tx  0.53 1.69 1.11 2.57
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.86 1.48
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.91 0.63 1.32
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.73 1.41
Terminate Tx  0.23 1.26 0.88 1.81
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.87 1.44
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.60 1.25
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.25 1.28 0.91 1.81
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.54 1.39

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Men, Age 30

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.87 1.22
Terminate Tx  0.22 1.24 0.98 1.58
Emotional Lability Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.80 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.12 1.13 0.89 1.43
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.89 1.23
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.29 1.02 1.63
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.86 1.24
Terminate Tx  0.12 1.13 0.90 1.43
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.87 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.24 0.79 0.60 1.03
Hostility Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.79 1.13
Terminate Tx  0.39 1.47 1.17 1.85
Perseveration Complete Tx −0.08 0.93 0.76 1.13
Terminate Tx  0.19 1.21 0.97 1.51
Detachment Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.86 1.18
Terminate Tx  0.16 1.17 0.94 1.46
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.86 1.20
Terminate Tx  0.17 1.18 0.95 1.47
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.00 1.00 0.81 1.24
Terminate Tx  0.17 1.19 0.93 1.52
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.84 1.23
Terminate Tx  0.00 1.00 0.78 1.29
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.77 1.08
Terminate Tx  0.17 1.19 0.93 1.51
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.98 1.37
Terminate Tx  0.19 1.21 0.97 1.52
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.86 1.19
Terminate Tx  0.16 1.18 0.94 1.48
Antagonism Complete Tx −0.11 0.89 0.73 1.09
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.22 0.99 1.50
Attention Seeking Complete Tx −0.01 0.99 0.83 1.19
Terminate Tx  0.19 1.21 0.97 1.50
Grandiosity Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.74 1.09
Terminate Tx  0.28 1.32 1.08 1.61
Callousness Complete Tx −0.17 0.84 0.70 1.02
Terminate Tx  0.31 1.36 1.12 1.64
Deceitfulness Complete Tx −0.08 0.92 0.75 1.12
Terminate Tx  0.17 1.19 0.97 1.46
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.12 0.88 0.73 1.07
Terminate Tx  0.17 1.18 0.93 1.50
Disinhibition Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.78 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.35 1.42 1.12 1.80
Distractability Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.78 1.18
Terminate Tx  0.22 1.25 0.98 1.60
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.02 1.02 0.83 1.27
Terminate Tx  0.35 1.41 1.12 1.78
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.10 0.90 0.75 1.09
Terminate Tx  0.30 1.35 1.08 1.67
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.81 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.15 1.17 0.93 1.46
Risk Taking Complete Tx −0.03 0.98 0.81 1.18
Terminate Tx  0.29 1.33 1.05 1.69
Psychotocism Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.77 1.12
Terminate Tx  0.12 1.13 0.91 1.39
Eccentricity Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.81 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.15 1.17 0.93 1.46
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx −0.08 0.92 0.76 1.11
Terminate Tx  0.12 1.12 0.91 1.38
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.80 1.15
Terminate Tx  0.05 1.05 0.86 1.29

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Men, Age 45

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx −0.20 0.82 0.68 0.99
Terminate Tx −0.03 0.97 0.70 1.36
Emotional Lability Complete Tx −0.22 0.80 0.66 0.98
Terminate Tx −0.05 0.96 0.67 1.35
Anxiousness Complete Tx −0.13 0.88 0.73 1.07
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.96 0.70 1.33
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx −0.26 0.77 0.62 0.96
Terminate Tx  0.11 1.11 0.78 1.59
Submissiveness Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.76 1.13
Terminate Tx −0.48 0.62 0.43 0.89
Hostility Complete Tx −0.10 0.90 0.75 1.09
Terminate Tx  0.11 1.12 0.79 1.59
Perseveration Complete Tx −0.32 0.73 0.59 0.90
Terminate Tx  0.04 1.04 0.73 1.48
Detachment Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.79 1.16
Terminate Tx −0.06 0.94 0.66 1.33
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.85 1.23
Terminate Tx −0.08 0.93 0.64 1.35
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.79 1.18
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.92 0.63 1.35
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.89 1.29
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.74 1.34
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx −0.13 0.88 0.70 1.09
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.89 0.59 1.34
Suspiciousness Complete Tx −0.16 0.85 0.71 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.05 0.95 0.68 1.33
Withdrawal Complete Tx −0.08 0.93 0.76 1.13
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.94 0.67 1.31
Antagonism Complete Tx −0.27 0.77 0.63 0.93
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.96 0.66 1.38
Attention Seeking Complete Tx −0.24 0.78 0.62 0.98
Terminate Tx  0.14 1.15 0.84 1.57
Grandiosity Complete Tx −0.27 0.77 0.63 0.94
Terminate Tx  0.07 1.07 0.81 1.43
Callousness Complete Tx −0.29 0.75 0.57 0.98
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.96 0.67 1.37
Deceitfulness Complete Tx −0.25 0.78 0.64 0.95
Terminate Tx −0.08 0.93 0.65 1.32
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.21 0.81 0.67 0.99
Terminate Tx −0.00 1.00 0.65 1.53
Disinhibition Complete Tx −0.16 0.86 0.72 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.02 0.98 0.70 1.36
Distractability Complete Tx −0.10 0.90 0.76 1.08
Terminate Tx −0.05 0.95 0.70 1.29
Impulsivity Complete Tx −0.12 0.89 0.74 1.06
Terminate Tx  0.03 1.03 0.75 1.41
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.18 0.83 0.69 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.65 1.34
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx −0.16 0.85 0.69 1.04
Terminate Tx  0.08 1.08 0.75 1.56
Risk Taking Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.71 1.16
Terminate Tx −0.03 0.98 0.68 1.39
Psychotocism Complete Tx −0.25 0.78 0.64 0.94
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.77 1.34
Eccentricity Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.73 1.13
Terminate Tx −0.00 1.00 0.70 1.43
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx −0.25 0.78 0.65 0.94
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.77 1.33
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx −0.32 0.72 0.59 0.89
Terminate Tx  0.03 1.04 0.77 1.39

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Table S7

Survival Analyses: Models Including Clinical Trial Condition

Trait

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.79 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.45 1.56 0.99 2.46
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.79 1.39
Terminate Tx  0.32 1.37 0.90 2.10
Anxiousness Complete Tx −0.02 0.98 0.75 1.27
Terminate Tx  0.46 1.58 1.03 2.43
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.20 1.22 0.91 1.63
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.29 0.83 2.02
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.29 1.33 1.00 1.78
Terminate Tx  0.12 1.12 0.71 1.78
Hostility Complete Tx  0.00 1.00 0.76 1.33
Terminate Tx  0.53 1.70 1.18 2.45
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.76 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.33 1.39 0.96 2.02
Detachment Complete Tx −0.11 0.89 0.69 1.16
Terminate Tx  0.16 1.18 0.76 1.82
Anhedonia Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.68 1.21
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.30 0.88 1.92
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.66 1.31
Terminate Tx  0.27 1.30 0.79 2.15
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.68 1.19
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.76 0.48 1.20
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx −0.23 0.80 0.61 1.04
Terminate Tx  0.20 1.22 0.79 1.89
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.20 1.22 0.91 1.65
Terminate Tx  0.32 1.37 0.92 2.05
Withdrawal Complete Tx −0.09 0.92 0.70 1.19
Terminate Tx  0.22 1.24 0.81 1.91
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.84 1.54
Terminate Tx  0.38 1.46 1.00 2.12
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.28 1.32 1.02 1.71
Terminate Tx  0.43 1.53 1.05 2.22
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.20 1.22 0.89 1.66
Terminate Tx  0.61 1.85 1.32 2.60
Callousness Complete Tx  0.02 1.02 0.76 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.50 1.64 1.25 2.16
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.18 1.19 0.88 1.62
Terminate Tx  0.35 1.42 0.95 2.11
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.00 1.00 0.75 1.34
Terminate Tx  0.28 1.32 0.88 1.99
Disinhibition Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.64 1.25
Terminate Tx  0.55 1.73 1.13 2.64
Distractability Complete Tx −0.23 0.79 0.57 1.09
Terminate Tx  0.35 1.41 0.93 2.15
Impulsivity Complete Tx −0.01 0.99 0.69 1.40
Terminate Tx  0.52 1.68 1.10 2.57
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.05 0.96 0.68 1.35
Terminate Tx  0.50 1.65 1.05 2.61
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx −0.06 0.94 0.72 1.24
Terminate Tx  0.22 1.24 0.81 1.90
Risk Taking Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.65 1.23
Terminate Tx  0.50 1.65 1.06 2.56
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 0.84 1.59
Terminate Tx  0.22 1.25 0.85 1.83
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.73 1.44
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.29 0.88 1.91
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.10 1.10 0.79 1.53
Terminate Tx  0.22 1.25 0.85 1.84
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.38 1.47 1.09 1.97
Terminate Tx  0.10 1.11 0.76 1.63

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Age

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 1.01 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.61 0.92
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 1.01 1.29
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.61 0.92
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 1.00 1.27
Terminate Tx −0.30 0.74 0.61 0.90
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.99 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.27 0.76 0.63 0.93
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 1.00 1.27
Terminate Tx −0.26 0.77 0.64 0.94
Hostility Complete Tx  0.11 1.11 0.98 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.25 0.78 0.64 0.94
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 1.03 1.30
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.76 0.62 0.93
Detachment Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 1.00 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.76 0.62 0.92
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.99 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.76 0.62 0.93
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 1.01 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.61 0.92
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.11 1.11 0.99 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.61 0.92
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 1.00 1.27
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.61 0.91
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 1.01 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.61 0.91
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.13 1.13 1.01 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.75 0.62 0.92
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.99 1.27
Terminate Tx −0.30 0.74 0.61 0.91
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.10 1.10 0.97 1.25
Terminate Tx −0.27 0.76 0.63 0.92
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 1.02 1.29
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.61 0.91
Callousness Complete Tx  0.10 1.11 0.98 1.25
Terminate Tx −0.24 0.79 0.65 0.95
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.99 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.30 0.74 0.61 0.91
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 1.00 1.27
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.62 0.92
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.12 1.12 0.99 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.31 0.73 0.60 0.89
Distractability Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 1.00 1.27
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.76 0.62 0.92
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.98 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.31 0.73 0.59 0.90
Irresonsibility Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.99 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.32 0.72 0.59 0.88
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.13 1.13 1.01 1.28
Terminate Tx −0.27 0.76 0.62 0.93
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.11 1.12 0.98 1.29
Terminate Tx −0.26 0.77 0.63 0.94
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 1.03 1.29
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.75 0.62 0.92
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.11 1.11 0.99 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.75 0.62 0.92
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 1.04 1.29
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.75 0.62 0.92
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 1.04 1.30
Terminate Tx −0.28 0.75 0.62 0.92

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Female

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.08 1.09 0.83 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.54 1.26
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.12 1.12 0.86 1.48
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.82 0.54 1.26
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.41
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.84 0.55 1.28
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.41
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.56 1.30
Submissiveness Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.39
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.87 0.57 1.34
Hostility Complete Tx  0.09 1.09 0.83 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.06 0.94 0.61 1.45
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.10 1.11 0.85 1.46
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.56 1.32
Detachment Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.39
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.57 1.32
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.07 1.08 0.82 1.41
Terminate Tx −0.17 0.84 0.55 1.29
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.09 1.09 0.84 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.86 0.56 1.30
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.09 1.10 0.84 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.88 0.58 1.35
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.81 1.37
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.92 0.60 1.39
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.40
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.57 1.32
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.39
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.57 1.32
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.81 1.39
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.57 1.33
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.08 1.09 0.83 1.42
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.90 0.59 1.37
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.79 1.38
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.56 1.37
Callousness Complete Tx  0.06 1.07 0.81 1.41
Terminate Tx −0.03 0.97 0.62 1.51
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.80 1.38
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.86 0.56 1.30
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.10 1.11 0.85 1.45
Terminate Tx −0.11 0.90 0.59 1.37
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.08 1.08 0.82 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.79 0.52 1.22
Distractability Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.86 1.48
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.83 0.55 1.28
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.78 1.39
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.80 0.52 1.23
Irresonsibility Complete Tx  0.09 1.09 0.83 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.84 0.55 1.27
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.87 1.48
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.92 0.59 1.44
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.09 1.09 0.83 1.42
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.91 0.59 1.40
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.08 1.08 0.83 1.41
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.57 1.32
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.40
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.58 1.33
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.08 1.09 0.83 1.42
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.57 1.31
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.80 1.39
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.57 1.33

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Condition: SIDI

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.70 1.18
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.69 1.51
Emotional Lability Complete Tx −0.12 0.89 0.69 1.16
Terminate Tx  0.03 1.03 0.70 1.53
Anxiousness Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.71 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.69 1.50
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx −0.08 0.92 0.71 1.19
Terminate Tx  0.03 1.03 0.70 1.52
Submissiveness Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.70 1.15
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.69 1.50
Hostility Complete Tx −0.10 0.90 0.70 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.68 1.52
Perseveration Complete Tx −0.08 0.93 0.71 1.20
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.68 1.50
Detachment Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.70 1.15
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.69 1.50
Anhedonia Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.71 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.70 1.51
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.70 1.15
Terminate Tx −0.00 1.00 0.67 1.47
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.71 1.16
Terminate Tx  0.03 1.03 0.70 1.52
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx −0.11 0.89 0.70 1.14
Terminate Tx  0.00 1.00 0.68 1.48
Suspiciousness Complete Tx −0.12 0.88 0.69 1.14
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.68 1.46
Withdrawal Complete Tx −0.11 0.89 0.69 1.15
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.69 1.50
Antagonism Complete Tx −0.13 0.88 0.68 1.14
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.67 1.45
Attention Seeking Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.71 1.17
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.97 0.65 1.42
Grandiosity Complete Tx −0.08 0.93 0.72 1.19
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.67 1.46
Callousness Complete Tx −0.14 0.87 0.67 1.12
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.67 1.47
Deceitfulness Complete Tx −0.13 0.88 0.68 1.13
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.68 1.46
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.12 0.89 0.69 1.14
Terminate Tx −0.02 0.98 0.67 1.44
Disinhibition Complete Tx −0.10 0.90 0.70 1.16
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.69 1.50
Distractability Complete Tx −0.08 0.92 0.72 1.18
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.68 1.49
Impulsivity Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.71 1.17
Terminate Tx  0.04 1.04 0.71 1.55
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.12 0.88 0.69 1.14
Terminate Tx  0.01 1.01 0.69 1.50
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.74 1.23
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.96 0.65 1.44
Risk Taking Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.71 1.17
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.66 1.47
Psychotocism Complete Tx −0.12 0.88 0.69 1.14
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.67 1.45
Eccentricity Complete Tx −0.12 0.89 0.69 1.15
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.67 1.45
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx −0.13 0.88 0.68 1.13
Terminate Tx −0.01 0.99 0.67 1.45
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx −0.08 0.92 0.71 1.18
Terminate Tx  0.00 1.00 0.68 1.48

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

SIDI is Skills for Improving Distress Intolerance, the active condition of the clinical trial; the control condition was supportive counseling.

Age × Trait

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx −0.14 0.87 0.77 0.98
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.86 0.68 1.07
Emotional Lability Complete Tx −0.14 0.87 0.76 0.99
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.91 0.74 1.13
Anxiousness Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.81 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.83 0.68 1.03
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx −0.19 0.83 0.72 0.95
Terminate Tx −0.03 0.97 0.78 1.20
Submissiveness Complete Tx −0.10 0.90 0.81 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.68 1.07
Hostility Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.84 1.09
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.83 0.69 1.00
Perseveration Complete Tx −0.17 0.85 0.74 0.97
Terminate Tx −0.17 0.85 0.69 1.04
Detachment Complete Tx −0.00 1.00 0.89 1.12
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.70 1.08
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.02 1.02 0.91 1.15
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.83 0.67 1.03
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.02 0.98 0.87 1.12
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.69 1.07
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.94 1.19
Terminate Tx  0.05 1.05 0.85 1.28
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.01 1.01 0.89 1.15
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.65 1.03
Suspiciousness Complete Tx −0.17 0.84 0.75 0.95
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.72 1.07
Withdrawal Complete Tx −0.02 0.98 0.87 1.10
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.69 1.06
Antagonism Complete Tx −0.12 0.88 0.78 1.00
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.82 0.67 1.02
Attention Seeking Complete Tx −0.19 0.83 0.72 0.95
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.91 0.75 1.10
Grandiosity Complete Tx −0.13 0.87 0.76 1.00
Terminate Tx −0.18 0.84 0.69 1.01
Callousness Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.76 1.06
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.79 0.66 0.95
Deceitfulness Complete Tx −0.14 0.87 0.76 0.99
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.83 0.67 1.02
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.85 1.07
Terminate Tx −0.15 0.86 0.69 1.07
Disinhibition Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.84 1.07
Terminate Tx −0.26 0.77 0.63 0.95
Distractability Complete Tx −0.01 0.99 0.87 1.12
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.82 0.68 1.00
Impulsivity Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.82 1.06
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.68 0.99
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.05 0.95 0.84 1.08
Terminate Tx −0.26 0.77 0.62 0.97
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx −0.08 0.93 0.82 1.05
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.90 0.73 1.12
Risk Taking Complete Tx −0.03 0.97 0.84 1.13
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.65 1.02
Psychotocism Complete Tx −0.14 0.87 0.78 0.97
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.78 1.11
Eccentricity Complete Tx −0.07 0.94 0.81 1.08
Terminate Tx −0.13 0.88 0.72 1.08
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx −0.13 0.88 0.79 0.98
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.78 1.10
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx −0.22 0.80 0.70 0.91
Terminate Tx  0.00 1.00 0.83 1.20

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Female × Trait

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.07 1.07 0.82 1.39
Terminate Tx −0.08 0.92 0.60 1.41
Emotional Lability Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.73 1.26
Terminate Tx  0.05 1.06 0.70 1.60
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.10 1.11 0.85 1.44
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.53 1.26
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.08 1.08 0.83 1.40
Terminate Tx  0.02 1.02 0.67 1.56
Submissiveness Complete Tx −0.09 0.92 0.71 1.18
Terminate Tx  0.37 1.45 0.96 2.19
Hostility Complete Tx  0.08 1.08 0.82 1.42
Terminate Tx −0.44 0.65 0.43 0.98
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.20 1.22 0.93 1.59
Terminate Tx −0.03 0.97 0.65 1.46
Detachment Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.75 1.22
Terminate Tx −0.06 0.94 0.63 1.40
Anhedonia Complete Tx −0.11 0.89 0.67 1.18
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.96 0.63 1.46
Depressivity Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.69 1.20
Terminate Tx −0.17 0.85 0.57 1.26
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.79 1.33
Terminate Tx  0.10 1.11 0.70 1.77
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.07 1.08 0.83 1.40
Terminate Tx −0.02 0.98 0.65 1.47
Suspiciousness Complete Tx −0.02 0.98 0.76 1.27
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.80 0.54 1.20
Withdrawal Complete Tx −0.06 0.95 0.74 1.21
Terminate Tx −0.08 0.92 0.61 1.39
Antagonism Complete Tx  0.21 1.23 0.94 1.61
Terminate Tx −0.29 0.75 0.51 1.11
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.20 1.22 0.93 1.59
Terminate Tx −0.33 0.72 0.48 1.06
Grandiosity Complete Tx  0.15 1.16 0.86 1.56
Terminate Tx −0.46 0.63 0.40 0.99
Callousness Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.74 1.52
Terminate Tx −0.38 0.68 0.45 1.04
Deceitfulness Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.88 1.51
Terminate Tx −0.30 0.74 0.49 1.11
Manipulativeness Complete Tx  0.30 1.35 1.03 1.78
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.91 0.60 1.37
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.10 1.10 0.84 1.44
Terminate Tx −0.26 0.77 0.52 1.14
Distractability Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.88 1.50
Terminate Tx −0.04 0.97 0.64 1.45
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.86 1.50
Terminate Tx −0.20 0.82 0.53 1.26
Irresonsibility Complete Tx −0.00 1.00 0.76 1.31
Terminate Tx −0.42 0.66 0.45 0.96
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.24 1.27 0.98 1.64
Terminate Tx −0.17 0.84 0.55 1.30
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.09 1.09 0.83 1.43
Terminate Tx −0.14 0.87 0.57 1.33
Psychotocism Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.81 1.37
Terminate Tx −0.31 0.73 0.50 1.08
Eccentricity Complete Tx −0.07 0.94 0.70 1.26
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.88 0.61 1.27
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx  0.09 1.10 0.85 1.42
Terminate Tx −0.34 0.71 0.49 1.04
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx  0.04 1.04 0.78 1.37
Terminate Tx −0.19 0.83 0.53 1.30

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

Condition: SIDI × Trait

Trait Transition ß HR 95% CI
Negative Affectivity Complete Tx  0.28 1.32 1.02 1.71
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.62 1.40
Emotional Lability Complete Tx  0.28 1.32 1.01 1.72
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.89 0.59 1.33
Anxiousness Complete Tx  0.29 1.34 1.04 1.73
Terminate Tx  0.04 1.04 0.69 1.55
Separation Insecurity Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.89 1.48
Terminate Tx −0.22 0.81 0.54 1.20
Submissiveness Complete Tx −0.12 0.89 0.69 1.14
Terminate Tx −0.23 0.79 0.54 1.17
Hostility Complete Tx  0.03 1.03 0.80 1.33
Terminate Tx  0.30 1.36 0.91 2.01
Perseveration Complete Tx  0.22 1.24 0.94 1.64
Terminate Tx  0.11 1.11 0.73 1.69
Detachment Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.89 1.45
Terminate Tx  0.22 1.25 0.85 1.83
Anhedonia Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.89 1.48
Terminate Tx  0.16 1.17 0.80 1.71
Depressivity Complete Tx  0.12 1.13 0.88 1.47
Terminate Tx  0.12 1.12 0.76 1.66
Intimacy Avoidance Complete Tx −0.02 0.98 0.76 1.26
Terminate Tx  0.34 1.41 0.93 2.12
Restricted Affectivity Complete Tx  0.10 1.11 0.87 1.42
Terminate Tx  0.31 1.36 0.92 2.01
Suspiciousness Complete Tx  0.14 1.15 0.90 1.46
Terminate Tx  0.10 1.10 0.75 1.62
Withdrawal Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.90 1.46
Terminate Tx  0.17 1.19 0.81 1.76
Antagonism Complete Tx −0.10 0.91 0.69 1.20
Terminate Tx  0.14 1.15 0.80 1.66
Attention Seeking Complete Tx  0.03 1.04 0.81 1.32
Terminate Tx −0.10 0.90 0.63 1.30
Grandiosity Complete Tx −0.17 0.85 0.65 1.11
Terminate Tx −0.16 0.85 0.60 1.22
Callousness Complete Tx −0.04 0.96 0.71 1.30
Terminate Tx  0.21 1.24 0.88 1.73
Deceitfulness Complete Tx −0.07 0.93 0.71 1.23
Terminate Tx  0.14 1.15 0.79 1.67
Manipulativeness Complete Tx −0.09 0.92 0.70 1.20
Terminate Tx  0.14 1.15 0.78 1.70
Disinhibition Complete Tx  0.18 1.20 0.93 1.55
Terminate Tx  0.29 1.33 0.91 1.95
Distractability Complete Tx  0.29 1.33 1.02 1.74
Terminate Tx  0.19 1.20 0.81 1.79
Impulsivity Complete Tx  0.13 1.14 0.88 1.47
Terminate Tx  0.18 1.20 0.81 1.78
Irresonsibility Complete Tx  0.05 1.05 0.80 1.38
Terminate Tx  0.26 1.30 0.90 1.89
Rigid Perfectionism Complete Tx  0.15 1.17 0.90 1.51
Terminate Tx  0.15 1.16 0.77 1.74
Risk Taking Complete Tx  0.21 1.23 0.94 1.61
Terminate Tx  0.18 1.20 0.80 1.80
Psychotocism Complete Tx −0.11 0.90 0.69 1.17
Terminate Tx −0.07 0.93 0.65 1.33
Eccentricity Complete Tx  0.06 1.06 0.80 1.41
Terminate Tx  0.07 1.07 0.75 1.54
Perceptual Dysregulation Complete Tx −0.09 0.91 0.70 1.19
Terminate Tx −0.09 0.91 0.64 1.30
Unusual Beliefs Complete Tx −0.24 0.79 0.61 1.02
Terminate Tx −0.12 0.89 0.61 1.29

Note: ß = unstandardized regression coefficient, HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; ß scaled in terms of 10 years for age and 1 SD for PID-5 scales; confidence intervals are transformed normal-theory intervals for ß.

SIDI is Skills for Improving Distress Intolerance, the active condition of the clinical trial; the control condition was supportive counseling.

Concordance

Trait Concordance SE D 95% CI
Negative Affectivity 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Emotional Lability 0.59 0.02 0.17 0.10 0.24
Anxiousness 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Separation Insecurity 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Submissiveness 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.24
Hostility 0.58 0.02 0.17 0.09 0.24
Perseveration 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.10 0.25
Detachment 0.57 0.02 0.13 0.06 0.20
Anhedonia 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Depressivity 0.56 0.02 0.13 0.06 0.20
Intimacy Avoidance 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Restricted Affectivity 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.22
Suspiciousness 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Withdrawal 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.06 0.21
Antagonism 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.24
Attention Seeking 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Grandiosity 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25
Callousness 0.60 0.02 0.19 0.12 0.26
Deceitfulness 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Manipulativeness 0.58 0.02 0.15 0.08 0.23
Disinhibition 0.59 0.02 0.19 0.12 0.26
Distractability 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.08 0.23
Impulsivity 0.58 0.02 0.17 0.09 0.24
Irresonsibility 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.24
Rigid Perfectionism 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Risk Taking 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.08 0.23
Psychotocism 0.58 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.23
Eccentricity 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.21
Perceptual Dysregulation 0.58 0.02 0.15 0.08 0.22
Unusual Beliefs 0.59 0.02 0.18 0.11 0.25

Note: SE = standard error, D = Somers’s D, 95% CI = 95% asymmetric confidence interval; confidence intervals transformed normal-theory intervals for Fisher’s z’(D).

Table S8

Baseline PID-5 Trait Scores of Participants Terminating Treatment Within 30 Days Versus Not

PID-5 Traits (Estimated Factor Scores)

Variable α ω Complete Tx Mean Complete Tx SD Terminate Tx Mean Terminate Tx SD d 95% CI
Negative Affectivity 0.93 0.93 −0.02 1.00  0.23 1.03  0.25 −0.15 0.65
Emotional Lability 0.87 0.87 −0.01 0.99  0.11 1.12  0.12 −0.28 0.52
Anxiousness 0.89 0.90 −0.02 1.01  0.35 0.90  0.37 −0.03 0.77
Separation Insecurity 0.88 0.89 −0.01 1.00  0.08 1.05  0.09 −0.31 0.49
Submissiveness 0.77 0.77  0.02 1.00 −0.19 1.01 −0.21 −0.60 0.19
Hostility 0.89 0.89 −0.02 0.99  0.24 1.11  0.27 −0.13 0.67
Perseveration 0.86 0.86 −0.03 0.99  0.39 1.04  0.42  0.02 0.82
Detachment 0.91 0.92 −0.02 1.00  0.21 1.04  0.23 −0.17 0.63
Anhedonia 0.82 0.82 −0.03 0.99  0.30 1.10  0.33 −0.07 0.73
Depressivity 0.92 0.92 −0.02 0.99  0.20 1.13  0.22 −0.18 0.62
Intimacy Avoidance 0.79 0.80 −0.00 0.99  0.01 1.14  0.01 −0.39 0.41
Restricted Affectivity 0.74 0.74 −0.01 0.98  0.09 1.30  0.10 −0.30 0.50
Suspiciousness 0.65 0.68 −0.02 0.99  0.21 1.06  0.24 −0.16 0.63
Withdrawal 0.89 0.89 −0.02 1.00  0.19 0.99  0.20 −0.20 0.60
Antagonism 0.91 0.92 −0.03 1.00  0.37 0.89  0.40 −0.00 0.80
Attention Seeking 0.88 0.89  0.00 1.00  0.01 1.04  0.01 −0.39 0.41
Grandiosity 0.75 0.75 −0.00 1.00 −0.02 1.00 −0.01 −0.41 0.39
Callousness 0.89 0.90 −0.03 0.98  0.29 1.16  0.32 −0.08 0.72
Deceitfulness 0.87 0.88 −0.02 1.01  0.32 0.85  0.35 −0.05 0.75
Manipulativeness 0.86 0.86 −0.03 0.99  0.46 1.12  0.49  0.09 0.89
Disinhibition 0.91 0.91 −0.03 1.01  0.44 0.86  0.47  0.07 0.87
Distractibility 0.90 0.90 −0.03 1.00  0.43 0.95  0.46  0.06 0.86
Impulsivity 0.83 0.84 −0.04 0.99  0.42 1.01  0.46  0.06 0.86
Irresponsibility 0.74 0.74 −0.02 1.02  0.20 0.81  0.22 −0.18 0.62
Rigid Perfectionism 0.89 0.89 −0.05 0.98  0.62 1.11  0.67  0.27 1.08
Risk Taking 0.88 0.88 −0.02 1.00  0.30 0.91  0.33 −0.07 0.73
Psychoticism 0.96 0.96 −0.00 1.00  0.06 1.00  0.06 −0.34 0.46
Eccentricity 0.95 0.95 −0.02 1.00  0.19 0.97  0.20 −0.20 0.60
Perceptual Dysregulation 0.88 0.88 −0.00 1.00  0.07 0.99  0.07 −0.33 0.47
Unusual Beliefs 0.86 0.87  0.01 1.01 −0.11 0.97 −0.11 −0.51 0.28

Note: Tx = treatment, prop. = proportion, SD = standard deviation, Diff. = difference, d = Cohen’s d, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval..

PID-5 Traits (Sum Scores)

Variable Complete Tx Mean Complete Tx SD Terminate Tx Mean Terminate Tx SD d 95% CI
Negative Affectivity 1.42 0.68 1.59 0.71  0.25 −0.15 0.65
Emotional Lability 1.38 0.79 1.52 0.86  0.17 −0.23 0.57
Anxiousness 1.68 0.79 1.96 0.69  0.36 −0.04 0.76
Separation Insecurity 1.20 0.86 1.29 0.90  0.10 −0.30 0.50
Submissiveness 1.11 0.75 0.99 0.76 −0.16 −0.56 0.23
Hostility 1.27 0.73 1.46 0.83  0.26 −0.14 0.66
Perseveration 1.22 0.69 1.50 0.73  0.41  0.01 0.81
Detachment 0.99 0.55 1.10 0.58  0.20 −0.20 0.60
Anhedonia 1.00 0.64 1.20 0.62  0.30 −0.10 0.70
Depressivity 0.93 0.66 1.09 0.75  0.24 −0.16 0.64
Intimacy Avoidance 0.72 0.65 0.74 0.75  0.03 −0.37 0.43
Restricted Affectivity 1.07 0.62 1.15 0.78  0.13 −0.27 0.52
Suspiciousness 1.43 0.56 1.64 0.61  0.37 −0.03 0.76
Withdrawal 1.24 0.72 1.37 0.70  0.17 −0.22 0.57
Antagonism 0.93 0.59 1.13 0.52  0.34 −0.06 0.74
Attention Seeking 1.07 0.76 1.07 0.74  0.00 −0.40 0.40
Grandiosity 0.81 0.61 0.77 0.65 −0.06 −0.46 0.33
Callousness 0.67 0.59 0.88 0.68  0.35 −0.05 0.75
Deceitfulness 0.86 0.66 1.08 0.51  0.34 −0.06 0.73
Manipulativeness 1.12 0.81 1.53 0.92  0.51  0.11 0.91
Disinhibition 1.29 0.60 1.56 0.51  0.45  0.04 0.84
Distractibility 1.43 0.78 1.77 0.69  0.44  0.04 0.84
Impulsivity 1.50 0.74 1.83 0.76  0.45  0.05 0.85
Irresponsibility 0.96 0.62 1.08 0.49  0.19 −0.21 0.59
Rigid Perfectionism 1.21 0.72 1.70 0.81  0.68  0.28 1.08
Risk Taking 1.74 0.64 1.93 0.56  0.30 −0.10 0.70
Psychoticism 1.02 0.67 1.08 0.68  0.09 −0.31 0.49
Eccentricity 1.20 0.82 1.37 0.78  0.22 −0.18 0.61
Perceptual Dysregulation 0.88 0.66 0.93 0.62  0.08 −0.32 0.47
Unusual Beliefs 0.97 0.78 0.92 0.83 −0.06 −0.46 0.34

Note: Tx = treatment, prop. = proportion, SD = standard deviation, Diff. = difference, d = Cohen’s d, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval..

Table S9

Correlations of PID-5 Estimated Factor Scores with Sum Scores

Trait r
Negative Affectivity 0.98
Emotional Lability 0.99
Anxiousness 0.98
Separation Insecurity 0.99
Submissiveness 0.99
Hostility 0.99
Perseveration 1.00
Detachment 0.94
Anhedonia 0.96
Depressivity 0.98
Intimacy Avoidance 0.98
Restricted Affectivity 0.99
Suspiciousness 0.93
Withdrawal 0.99
Antagonism 0.96
Attention Seeking 0.99
Grandiosity 0.98
Callousness 0.98
Deceitfulness 0.99
Manipulativeness 1.00
Disinhibition 0.99
Distractability 0.99
Impulsivity 0.98
Irresonsibility 0.99
Rigid Perfectionism 0.99
Risk Taking 0.97
Psychotocism 0.96
Eccentricity 1.00
Perceptual Dysregulation 0.99
Unusual Beliefs 0.97

Note: Corr = correlation; Given both scores are computed from the same items, a traditional confidence interval is not accurate.

Analysis Session Information

Packages and versions used 
## - Session info ---------------------------------------------------------------
##  setting  value                       
##  version  R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18)
##  os       Windows 10 x64              
##  system   x86_64, mingw32             
##  ui       RTerm                       
##  language (EN)                        
##  collate  English_United States.1252  
##  ctype    English_United States.1252  
##  tz       America/New_York            
##  date     2021-06-25                  
## 
## - Packages -------------------------------------------------------------------
##  package      * version    date       lib source                              
##  assertthat     0.2.1      2019-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  backports      1.2.1      2020-12-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  boot           1.3-28     2021-05-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  broom        * 0.7.6      2021-04-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  bslib          0.2.5      2021-05-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  cachem         1.0.5      2021-05-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  callr          3.7.0      2021-04-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  cli            2.5.0      2021-04-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  coda           0.19-4     2020-09-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  colorspace     2.0-2      2021-06-24 [1] standard (@2.0-2)                   
##  cowplot        1.1.1      2020-12-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  crayon         1.4.1      2021-02-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  curl           4.3.1      2021-04-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  data.table     1.14.0     2021-02-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  DBI            1.1.1      2021-01-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  desc           1.3.0      2021-03-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  devtools       2.4.1      2021-05-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  digest         0.6.27     2020-10-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  dplyr        * 1.0.7      2021-06-17 [1] Github (tidyverse/dplyr@33d7782)    
##  ellipsis       0.3.2      2021-04-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  emmeans        1.6.0      2021-04-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  estimability   1.3        2018-02-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  evaluate       0.14       2019-05-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  fansi          0.5.0      2021-05-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  farver         2.1.0      2021-02-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  fastmap        1.1.0      2021-01-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  forcats        0.5.1      2021-01-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  fs             1.5.0      2020-07-31 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  generics       0.1.0      2020-10-31 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  ggplot2      * 3.3.5      2021-06-25 [1] standard (@3.3.5)                   
##  ggtext       * 0.1.1      2020-12-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  ggthemes       4.2.4      2021-01-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  glue           1.4.2      2020-08-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  gridtext       0.1.4      2020-12-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  gtable         0.3.0      2019-03-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  here         * 1.0.1      2020-12-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  highr          0.8        2019-03-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  hms            1.1.0      2021-05-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  htmltools      0.5.1.1    2021-01-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  httr           1.4.2      2020-07-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  jquerylib      0.1.4      2021-04-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  jsonlite       1.7.2      2020-12-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  knitr        * 1.33       2021-04-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  labeling       0.4.2      2020-10-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  lattice        0.20-44    2021-05-02 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  lavaan       * 0.6-8      2021-03-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  lifecycle      1.0.0      2021-02-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  magrittr       2.0.1      2020-11-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  markdown       1.1        2019-08-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  mathjaxr       1.4-0      2021-03-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  Matrix         1.3-4      2021-06-01 [1] standard (@1.3-4)                   
##  memoise        2.0.0      2021-01-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  mnormt         2.0.2      2020-09-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  munsell        0.5.0      2018-06-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  mvtnorm        1.1-1      2020-06-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  nlme           3.1-152    2021-02-04 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  patchwork    * 1.1.1      2020-12-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  pbivnorm       0.6.0      2015-01-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  pillar         1.6.1      2021-05-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  pkgbuild       1.2.0      2020-12-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  pkgconfig      2.0.3      2019-09-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  pkgload        1.2.1      2021-04-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  prettyunits    1.1.1      2020-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  processx       3.5.2      2021-04-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  progress       1.2.2      2019-05-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  ps             1.6.0      2021-02-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  psych        * 2.1.6.20   2021-06-24 [1] standard (@2.1.6.2)                 
##  psychmeta      2.6.0      2021-05-31 [1] local                               
##  purrr          0.3.4      2020-04-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  R6             2.5.0      2020-10-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  ragg           1.1.1      2021-02-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  Rcpp           1.0.6      2021-01-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  rdocsyntax     0.5.0.9000 2021-06-18 [1] Github (kiendang/rdocsyntax@0becb9d)
##  readr          1.4.0      2020-10-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  remotes        2.3.0      2021-04-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  rlang          0.4.11     2021-04-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  rmarkdown      2.8.6      2021-06-05 [1] Github (rstudio/rmarkdown@9dc5d97)  
##  rprojroot      2.0.2      2020-11-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  rvest          1.0.0      2021-03-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  sass           0.4.0      2021-05-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
##  scales         1.1.1      2020-05-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)                      
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