Authors,Author(s) ID,Title,Year,Source title,Volume,Issue,Art. No.,Page start,Page end,Page count,Cited by,DOI,Link,Affiliations,Authors with affiliations,Abstract,Author Keywords,Index Keywords,Correspondence Address,Editors,Publisher,ISSN,ISBN,CODEN,PubMed ID,Language of Original Document,Abbreviated Source Title,Document Type,Publication Stage,Access Type,Source,EID
"Saylors K.E., Mouiche M.M., Lucas A., McIver D.J., Matsida A., Clary C., Maptue V.T., Euren J.D., LeBreton M., Tamoufe U.","36909092100;56002955500;57211654980;56178163400;57219181425;57219181182;57216188022;57191059962;55905668100;6506407424;","Market characteristics and zoonotic disease risk perception in Cameroon bushmeat markets",2021,"Social Science and Medicine","268",, 113358,"","",,,"10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113358","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091591883&doi=10.1016%2fj.socscimed.2020.113358&partnerID=40&md5=5decda1b172dc5dc84679c93162f2bec","Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States; Labyrinth Global Health, 546 15th Avenue, St. Petersburg, FL  33704, United States; Mosaic, BP, Yaounde, 35353, Cameroon; University of California San Francisco, 1825 4th St, San Francisco, CA  94158, United States; Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de l'Innovation, BP, Yaounde, 1457, Cameroon; HEADA Cameroon, Centre for Research and Military Health (CRESAR), BP, Yaounde, 7039, Cameroon","Saylors, K.E., Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States, Labyrinth Global Health, 546 15th Avenue, St. Petersburg, FL  33704, United States; Mouiche, M.M., Mosaic, BP, Yaounde, 35353, Cameroon; Lucas, A., Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States, Labyrinth Global Health, 546 15th Avenue, St. Petersburg, FL  33704, United States; McIver, D.J., Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States, University of California San Francisco, 1825 4th St, San Francisco, CA  94158, United States; Matsida, A., Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de l'Innovation, BP, Yaounde, 1457, Cameroon; Clary, C., Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States; Maptue, V.T., Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States, HEADA Cameroon, Centre for Research and Military Health (CRESAR), BP, Yaounde, 7039, Cameroon; Euren, J.D., Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States; LeBreton, M., Mosaic, BP, Yaounde, 35353, Cameroon; Tamoufe, U., Metabiota, Inc., 425 California Street, San Francisco, CA  94114, United States, HEADA Cameroon, Centre for Research and Military Health (CRESAR), BP, Yaounde, 7039, Cameroon","Behavioral practices are one of the key factors facilitating zoonotic disease transmission, especially in individuals who have frequent contact with wild animals, yet practices of those who work and live in high-risk animal-human interfaces, such as wild animal ‘bushmeat’ markets in the Congo Basin are not well documented in the social, health and medical sciences. This region, where hunting, butchering, and consumption of wild animal meat is frequent, represents a hotspot for disease emergence, and has experienced zoonotic disease spillover events, traced back to close human-animal contact with bats and non-human primates. Using a One Health approach, we conducted wildlife surveillance, human behavioral research, and concurrent human and animal biological sampling to identify and characterize factors associated with zoonotic disease emergence and transmission. Research was conducted through the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threats program between 2010 and 2019 including qualitative studies of bushmeat markets, with selected study sites prioritized based on proximity to bushmeat markets. Sites included two hospitals where we conducted surveillance of individuals with syndromes of acute febrile illness, community sites where we enrolled actors of the animal value chain (ie. hunters, middlemen, transporters), and bushmeat markets, where we enrolled bushmeat vendors, butchers, market managers, cleaners, and shoppers. Mixed methods research was undertaken at these sites and included investigation of bushmeat market dynamics through observational research, focus group discussions, quantitative questionnaires, and interviews. Participants were asked about their risk perception of zoonotic disease transmission and specific activities related to bushmeat trade, local market conditions, and regulations on bushmeat trade in Cameroon. Risks associated with blood contact and animal infection were not well understood by most market actors. As bushmeat markets are an important disease interface, as seen with CoVID19, risk mitigation measures in markets and bushmeat alternative strategies are discussed. © 2020 The Author(s)","Animal value chain; Behavioral surveillance; Risk reduction; Wild animal markets; Zoonotic disease","behavioral response; bushmeat; disease transmission; food market; risk perception; supply chain management; wild population; adult; animal hunting; Article; butchering; Cameroon; controlled study; disease association; disease surveillance; disease transmission; ecological procedures; environmental exposure; female; food contamination; hand washing; high risk behavior; human; human activities; infection risk; male; market; meat consumption; One Health; perception; population exposure; pyrexia idiopathica; risk reduction; seasonal variation; wild meat; zoonosis; Cameroon; Animalia; Primates","Saylors, K.E.; Labyrinth Global Health, 546 15th Avenue, United States; email: ksaylors@labyrinthgh.com",,"Elsevier Ltd",02779536,,SSMDE,"32992090","English","Soc. Sci. Med.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85091591883
"Philavong C., Pruvot M., Reinharz D., Mayxay M., Khammavong K., Milavong P., Rattanavong S., Horwood P.F., Dussart P., Douangngeun B., Theppangna W., Fine A.E., Robinson M.T., Newton P.N.","57208488970;24401854100;55909699000;6603556481;55583998900;57208495910;55401700000;24503135900;6506096992;25636725900;14826003500;23102566700;57197812167;57202763590;","Perception of health risks in Lao market vendors",2020,"Zoonoses and Public Health","67","7",,"796","804",,,"10.1111/zph.12759","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089549105&doi=10.1111%2fzph.12759&partnerID=40&md5=920254e4522f78f3192111ddd6c096d8","Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos; Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Laos; Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States; Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos; Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Laos; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Laos","Philavong, C., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos, Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Laos; Pruvot, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States; Reinharz, D., Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Laos, Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Mayxay, M., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos; Khammavong, K., Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Laos; Milavong, P., Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Laos; Rattanavong, S., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Horwood, P.F., College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Dussart, P., Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Douangngeun, B., Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Laos; Theppangna, W., Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Laos; Fine, A.E., Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States; Robinson, M.T., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Newton, P.N., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Wet markets are a critical part of South-East Asian culture and economy. However, their role in circulation and transmission of both endemic and emerging disease is a source of concern in a region considered a hotspot of disease emergence. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR, Laos), live and dead wild animals are frequently found in wet markets, despite legislation against the bushmeat trade. This is generally considered to increase the risk of disease transmission and emergence, although whether or not wildlife vendors themselves have indeed increased incidence of zoonotic disease has rarely been assessed. In preparation for a future longitudinal study of market vendors investigating vendors’ exposure to zoonotic pathogens, we conducted a pilot survey of Lao market vendors of wildlife meat, livestock meat and vegetables, to identify demographic characteristics and potential control groups within markets. We also investigated baseline risk perception for infectious diseases among market vendors and assessed the association between risk perception and risk mitigation behaviours. The surveys conducted with 177 vendors revealed similar age, sex, ethnic background and geographical origin between vendor types, but differences in professional background and work history for livestock meat vendors. The perception of disease risk was very low across all vendors, as was the reported use of personal protective equipment, and the two appeared unrelated. Personal risk discounting and assumptions about transmission routes may explain this lack of association. This information will help inform the development of future research, risk communication and risk mitigation policy, especially in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2020 The Authors. Zoonoses and Public Health published by Wiley-VCH GmbH","bushmeat; food; health risk; Laos; markets; one health; risk perception; wildlife; zoonoses",,"Newton, P.N.; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordLaos; email: paul.newton@tropmedres.ac",,"Wiley-VCH Verlag",18631959,,,"32812389","English","Zoonoses Public Health",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85089549105
"Lee T.M., Sigouin A., Pinedo-Vasquez M., Nasi R.","8527398100;57192397294;6507427933;18434563900;","The harvest of tropical wildlife for bushmeat and traditional medicine",2020,"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","45",,,"145","170",,,"10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060827","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094884194&doi=10.1146%2fannurev-environ-102016-060827&partnerID=40&md5=625e1f5c4f35643c99400fb06b525e61","State Key Lab of Biological Control, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY  10024, United States; Earth Institute and International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, New York, NY  10027, United States; Earth Innovation Institute, San Francisco, CA  94111, United States; Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","Lee, T.M., State Key Lab of Biological Control, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Sigouin, A., Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY  10024, United States; Pinedo-Vasquez, M., Earth Institute and International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, New York, NY  10027, United States, Earth Innovation Institute, San Francisco, CA  94111, United States; Nasi, R., Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","Bushmeat is not only an important source of fat, micronutrients, and macronutrients, but it also has medicinal uses. Extensive human-wildlife interactions may lead to pathogen exchange and trigger zoonotic infectious disease outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, and coronavirus disease 2019. In the tropics, bushmeat has become one of the most threatened resources due to widespread habitat loss and overexploitation, largely driven by increased global demand, weak governance, and lack of enforcement. Unsustainable harvesting, consumption, and production practices are common, although drivers are complex and intertwined and vary regionally, pointing to a looming rural nutrition security and wildlife conservation issue. Growing demand in fast urbanizing markets coupled with easy access fuels the illegal trade of bushmeat, medicinal products, and wildlife-based luxury goods. Although bushmeat contributes significantly to rural people's income and poverty alleviation, overharvesting impacts those who are most dependent on the forest. To balance the rural and cultural importance of bushmeat with conservation and public health priorities, strategies to safeguard tropical biodiversity, sustainable harvest of wildlife with reduced health risk for nutrition and medicine are urgently needed. © 2020 Annual Reviews Inc.. All rights reserved.","Cultural value; Extinction; Nutritional security; Poverty; Rural livelihood; Sustainability; Urbanization; Wildlife trade; Zoonotic diseases","Biodiversity; Commerce; Conservation; Diseases; Harvesting; Health risks; Nutrition; Tropics; Health priorities; Infectious disease outbreaks; Medicinal products; Poverty alleviation; Production practice; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Sustainable harvest; Wildlife conservation; Animals","Lee, T.M.; State Key Lab of Biological Control, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityChina; email: tienminglee@gmail.com",,"Annual Reviews Inc.",15435938,,,,"English","Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85094884194
"Elenga G., Bonenfant C., Péron G.","57219418423;6602253903;26027100600;","Distance sampling of duikers in the rainforest: Dealing with transect avoidance",2020,"PLoS ONE","15","10 October", e0240049,"","",,,"10.1371/journal.pone.0240049","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092671420&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0240049&partnerID=40&md5=41e922906675381c42afd68d4d75f87f","Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France; Department of the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo","Elenga, G., Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France, Department of the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Bonenfant, C., Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France; Péron, G., Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France","Bushmeat is a major source of protein and income in tropical regions but is often over-harvested. A better monitoring of bushmeat stocks could help achieve sustainability. We used a combination of simulations and transect survey data collected from blue duikers (Philantomba monticola) in the Lomako wildlife reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to investigate the use of transect-based distance sampling to monitor bushmeat stocks. The comparison of dung piles and direct observations of duikers evidenced that animals avoided both the transects in the absence of observers, and the observers themselves. This type of behavioural response appeared common in a literature survey. It causes a negative bias in the estimates of population densities from the standard distance sampling methodology. This negative bias would lead to over-pessimistic predictions of population viability, especially if the behavioural response is more intense in the locations where the animals are hunted. In turn, this would lead to excessively conservative management recommendations. To correct for the effect of the behavioural response of the animals to either the transects or the observers, we recommend recording both the forward and perpendicular distances to the observers (2D distance sampling), not just the perpendicular distance. We also recommend multiple-observer protocols. As a cautionary note, we also demonstrate a scenario where the intensity of the behavioural response is too high to reliably estimate the abundance of the population. As a perspective, we outline the general principles of a local stakeholder-based program combining distance sampling with less intensive types of ecological indicators to monitor wildlife populations. Copyright: © 2020 Elenga et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",,"article; avoidance behavior; conservative treatment; controlled study; Democratic Republic Congo; feces; human; population density; prediction; rain forest; simulation; wild meat","Bonenfant, C.; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRSFrance; email: christophe.bonenfant@univ-lyon1.fr",,"Public Library of Science",19326203,,POLNC,"33031377","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85092671420
"Schilling M.A., Estes A.B., Eblate E., Martin A., Rentsch D., Katani R., Joseph A., Kindoro F., Lyimo B., Radzio-Basu J., Cattadori I.M., Hudson P.J., Kapur V., Buza J.J., Gwakisa P.S.","57136331300;13104284000;8556293300;57212105740;36197294200;56109284600;57219020426;57209323485;56451020500;8515393000;6602827007;7202250860;7103095258;24597739100;6602556360;","Molecular species identification of bushmeat recovered from the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania",2020,"PLoS ONE","15","9 September", e0237590,"","",,,"10.1371/journal.pone.0237590","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091055156&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0237590&partnerID=40&md5=7aabef646a9005ab16cb8bd38b240283","Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Lincoln Park Zoo, Conservation and Science Department, Chicago, IL, United States; Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States","Schilling, M.A., Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Estes, A.B., Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Eblate, E., School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Martin, A., School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Rentsch, D., Lincoln Park Zoo, Conservation and Science Department, Chicago, IL, United States; Katani, R., Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Joseph, A., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kindoro, F., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lyimo, B., School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Radzio-Basu, J., Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Cattadori, I.M., Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Hudson, P.J., Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Kapur, V., Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Buza, J.J., School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Gwakisa, P.S., School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania","Bushmeat harvesting and consumption represents a potential risk for the spillover of endemic zoonotic pathogens, yet remains a common practice in many parts of the world. Given that the harvesting and selling of bushmeat is illegal in Tanzania and other parts of Africa, the supply chain is informal and may include hunters, whole-sellers, retailers, and individual resellers who typically sell bushmeat in small pieces. These pieces are often further processed, obscuring species-identifying morphological characteristics, contributing to incomplete or mistaken knowledge of species of origin and potentially confounding assessments of pathogen spillover risk and bushmeat offtake. The current investigation sought to identify the species of origin and assess the concordance between seller-reported and laboratory-confirmed species of origin of bushmeat harvested from in and around the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. After obtaining necessary permits, the species of origin of a total of 151 bushmeat samples purchased from known intermediaries from 2016 to 2018 were characterized by PCR and sequence analysis of the cytochrome B (CytB) gene. Based on these sequence analyses, 30%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI: 24.4–38.6) of bushmeat samples were misidentified by sellers. Misreporting amongst the top five source species (wildebeest, buffalo, impala, zebra, and giraffe) ranged from 20% (CI: 11.4–33.2) for samples reported as wildebeest to 47% (CI: 22.2–72.7) for samples reported as zebra although there was no systematic bias in reporting. Our findings suggest that while misreporting errors are unlikely to confound wildlife offtake estimates for bushmeat consumption within the Serengeti ecosystem, the role of misreporting bias on the risk of spillover events of endemic zoonotic infections from bushmeat requires further investigation. © 2020 Schilling et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",,"cytochrome b; animal; buffalo; commercial phenomena; ecosystem; epidemiology; Equidae; genetics; giraffe; human; meat; recreational park; Tanzania; wild animal; zoonosis; Animals; Animals, Wild; Buffaloes; Commerce; Cytochromes b; Ecosystem; Equidae; Giraffes; Humans; Meat; Parks, Recreational; Tanzania; Zoonoses","Buza, J.J.; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologyTanzania; email: joram.buza@nm-aist.ac.tz",,"Public Library of Science",19326203,,POLNC,"32925949","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85091055156
"Dell B.M., Souza M.J., Willcox A.S.","57217585840;57219284183;15027845900;","Attitudes, practices, and zoonoses awareness of community members involved in the bushmeat trade near Murchison Falls National Park, northern Uganda",2020,"PLoS ONE","15","9 September", e0239599,"","",,,"10.1371/journal.pone.0239599","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092039800&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0239599&partnerID=40&md5=e2b9bc0e3b806cc47d625e9fd14e8e5b","Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States","Dell, B.M., Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Souza, M.J., Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States; Willcox, A.S., Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States","The harvest of bushmeat is widespread in the tropics and sub-tropics. Often in these communities, there is a dependence on bushmeat for both food security and basic income. Despite the importance of bushmeat for households worldwide, the practice raises concern for transmission of zoonotic pathogens through hunting, food preparation, and consumption. In Uganda, harvest of wildlife is illegal, but bushmeat hunting, is commonplace. We interviewed 292 women who cook for their households and 180 self-identified hunters from 21 villages bordering Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda to gain insights into bushmeat preferences, opportunity for zoonotic pathogen transmission, and awareness of common wildlife-associated zoonoses. Both hunters and women who cook considered primates to be the most likely wildlife species to carry diseases humans can catch. Among common zoonotic pathogens, the greatest proportions of women who cook and hunters believed that pathogens causing stomach ache or diarrhea and monkeypox can be transmitted by wildlife. Neither women who cook nor hunters report being frequently injury during cooking, butchering, or hunting, and few report taking precautions while handling bushmeat. The majority of women who cook believe that hunters and dealers never or rarely disguise primate meat as another kind of meat in market, while the majority of hunters report that they usually disguise primate meat as another kind of meat. These data play a crucial role in our understanding of potential for exposure to and infection with zoonotic pathogens in the bushmeat trade. Expanding our knowledge of awareness, perceptions and risks enables us to identify opportunities to mitigate infections and injury risk and promote safe handling practices. Copyright: © 2020 Dell et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",,,"Dell, B.M.; Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of TennesseeUnited States; email: yjf729@vols.utk.edu",,"Public Library of Science",19326203,,POLNC,"32986741","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85092039800
"Barychka T., Purves D.W., Milner-Gulland E.J., Mace G.M.","57194054173;7005389072;7003731704;57219285995;","Modelling parameter uncertainty reveals bushmeat yields versus survival trade-offs in heavily-hunted duiker Cephalophus spp",2020,"PLoS ONE","15","9 September", e0234595,"","",,,"10.1371/journal.pone.0234595","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092065418&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0234595&partnerID=40&md5=9baf6bf95ead8edda7c6c825883f82d8","Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom; DeepMind, London, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom","Barychka, T., Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Purves, D.W., DeepMind, London, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Mace, G.M., Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom","Reliably predicting sustainable exploitation levels for many tropical species subject to hunting remains a difficult task, largely because of the inherent uncertainty associated with estimating parameters related to both population dynamics and hunting pressure. Here, we investigate a modelling approach to support decisions in bushmeat management which explicitly considers parameter uncertainty. We apply the approach to duiker Cephalophus spp., assuming either a constant quota-based, or a constant proportional harvesting, strategy. Within each strategy, we evaluate different hunting levels in terms of both average yield and survival probability, over different time horizons. Under quota-based harvesting, considering uncertainty revealed a trade-off between yield and extinction probability that was not evident when ignoring uncertainty. The highest yield was returned by a quota that implied a 40% extinction risk, whereas limiting extinction risk to 10% reduced yield by 50%-70%. By contrast, under proportional harvesting, there was no trade-off between yield and extinction probability. The maximum proportion returned a yield comparable with the maximum possible under quota-based harvesting, but with extinction risk below 10%. However, proportional harvesting can be harder to implement in practice because it depends on an estimate of population size. In both harvesting approaches, predicted yields were highly right-skewed with median yields differing from mean yields, implying that decision outcomes depend on attitude to risk. The analysis shows how an explicit consideration of all available information, including uncertainty, can, as part of a wider process involving multiple stakeholders, help inform harvesting policies. Copyright: © 2020 Barychka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",,"article; attitude; controlled study; population size; survival rate; uncertainty; wild meat; animal; Artiodactyla; biological model; endangered species; environmental protection; meat; physiology; uncertainty; Animals; Artiodactyla; Conservation of Natural Resources; Endangered Species; Meat; Models, Biological; Uncertainty","Barychka, T.; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College LondonUnited Kingdom; email: tatsiana.barychka.14@ucl.ac.uk",,"Public Library of Science",19326203,,POLNC,"32986703","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85092065418
"McNamara J., Robinson E.J.Z., Abernethy K., Midoko Iponga D., Sackey H.N.K., Wright J.H., Milner-Gulland E.","56305465600;55743426800;7004267574;11139897600;57218373248;35767090000;57218369136;","COVID-19, Systemic Crisis, and Possible Implications for the Wild Meat Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa",2020,"Environmental and Resource Economics","76","4",,"1045","1066",,,"10.1007/s10640-020-00474-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088998209&doi=10.1007%2fs10640-020-00474-5&partnerID=40&md5=fcb633669684bceac8a20c89ca0a165e","Conservation Research Consultants, London, United Kingdom; Gabon Biodiversity Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States; School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","McNamara, J., Conservation Research Consultants, London, United Kingdom, Gabon Biodiversity Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States; Robinson, E.J.Z., School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom; Abernethy, K., Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon; Midoko Iponga, D., Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon; Sackey, H.N.K., Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Wright, J.H., Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Wild animals play an integral and complex role in the economies and ecologies of many countries across the globe, including those of West and Central Africa, the focus of this policy perspective. The trade in wild meat, and its role in diets, have been brought into focus as a consequence of discussions over the origins of COVID-19. As a result, there have been calls for the closure of China’s “wet markets”; greater scrutiny of the wildlife trade in general; and a spotlight has been placed on the potential risks posed by growing human populations and shrinking natural habitats for animal to human transmission of zoonotic diseases. However, to date there has been little attention given to what the consequences of the COVID-19 economic shock may be for the wildlife trade; the people who rely on it for their livelihoods; and the wildlife that is exploited. In this policy perspective, we argue that the links between the COVID-19 pandemic, rural livelihoods and wildlife are likely to be more complex, more nuanced, and more far-reaching, than is represented in the literature to date. We develop a causal model that tracks the likely implications for the wild meat trade of the systemic crisis triggered by COVID-19. We focus on the resulting economic shockwave, as manifested in the collapse in global demand for commodities such as oil, and international tourism services, and what this may mean for local African economies and livelihoods. We trace the shockwave through to the consequences for the use of, and demand for, wild meats as households respond to these changes. We suggest that understanding and predicting the complex dynamics of wild meat use requires increased collaboration between environmental and resource economics and the ecological and conservation sciences. © 2020, The Author(s).","Bushmeat; COVID-19; Policy; Sub-Saharan Africa; Systemic crisis; Wild meat","Animals; Ecology; Meats; Tourism; Complex dynamics; Conservation science; Human population; International tourisms; Rural livelihood; Sub-saharan africa; Wildlife trades; Zoonotic disease; Commerce; disease transmission; economic conditions; habitat type; international tourism; meat; rural population; virus; wild population; Central Africa; China; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia","Robinson, E.J.Z.; School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of ReadingUnited Kingdom; email: e.j.robinson@reading.ac.uk",,"Springer",09246460,,ERECE,,"English","Environ. Resour. Econ.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85088998209
"Espinosa R., Tago D., Treich N.","57218387201;56398564300;6602731804;","Infectious Diseases and Meat Production",2020,"Environmental and Resource Economics","76","4",,"1019","1044",,,"10.1007/s10640-020-00484-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089020370&doi=10.1007%2fs10640-020-00484-3&partnerID=40&md5=14d61e6fa4b2b860e41db89993409ed8","CNRS, CREM, Rennes, France; Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand; Toulouse School of Economics, INRAE, Toulouse, France","Espinosa, R., CNRS, CREM, Rennes, France; Tago, D., Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand; Treich, N., Toulouse School of Economics, INRAE, Toulouse, France","Most infectious diseases in humans originate from animals. In this paper, we explore the role of animal farming and meat consumption in the emergence and amplification of infectious diseases. First, we discuss how meat production increases epidemic risks, either directly through increased contact with wild and farmed animals or indirectly through its impact on the environment (e.g., biodiversity loss, water use, climate change). Traditional food systems such as bushmeat and backyard farming increase the risks of disease transmission from wild animals, while intensive farming amplifies the impact of the disease due to the high density, genetic proximity, increased immunodeficiency, and live transport of farmed animals. Second, we describe the various direct and indirect costs of animal-based infectious diseases, and in particular, how these diseases can negatively impact the economy and the environment. Last, we discuss policies to reduce the social costs of infectious diseases. While existing regulatory frameworks such as the “One Health” approach focus on increasing farms’ biosecurity and emergency preparedness, we emphasize the need to better align stakeholders’ incentives and to reduce meat consumption. We discuss in particular the implementation of a “zoonotic” Pigouvian tax, and innovations such as insect-based food or cultured meat. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.","Biodiversity; Infectious diseases; Intensive farming; Meat consumption; Meat production; Prevention; Regulation; Taxation","Animals; Biodiversity; Climate change; Meats; Biodiversity loss; Direct and indirect costs; Disease transmission; Emergency preparedness; Impact on the environment; Infectious disease; Regulatory frameworks; Traditional food; Diseases; biodiversity; climate change; disease transmission; environmental impact; epidemic; infectious disease; meat; policy implementation; regulatory framework; Animalia; Hexapoda","Treich, N.; Toulouse School of Economics, INRAEFrance; email: nicolas.treich@inrae.fr",,"Springer",09246460,,ERECE,,"English","Environ. Resour. Econ.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85089020370
"van Velden J.L., Travers H., Moyo B.H.Z., Biggs D.","57191366026;51566037700;55082358000;37118524700;","Using scenarios to understand community-based interventions for bushmeat hunting and consumption in African savannas",2020,"Biological Conservation","248",, 108676,"","",,,"10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108676","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086937701&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2020.108676&partnerID=40&md5=ffd204abbdb16794078a3b15a801fa8a","Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia; Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom; Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa","van Velden, J.L., Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia; Travers, H., Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom; Moyo, B.H.Z., Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi; Biggs, D., Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa, Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa","Community-based interventions are an important strategy to reduce bushmeat hunting, one of the key threats to African wildlife. However, understanding the possible effects of such programs prior to implementation is vital, in order to ensure that scarce funds are correctly directed. Here we used scenario-based interviews to explore the potential effects of seven programs on proxies for bushmeat hunting and consumption, including the provision of alternative protein sources, the provision of alternative incomes, and the harvesting of natural resources from protected areas. We conducted 250 interviews with respondents living around four protected areas in Malawi, and investigated how time budgets, household and village meat availability, and perceptions of fairness would change under each program. Respondents were most likely to substitute their current activities (including illegal hunting) under alternative income projects such as microenterprise and skills-training programs. All programs except increased enforcement were likely to increase the availability of meat in both households and villages. However, the effect of the scenarios on meat availability was perceived to be greater at village level than household level. Projects that provided long-term benefits such as a microenterprise program or skills training, were preferred over, and seen to be fairer than, programs relating to resource use, such as regulated hunting or park-based resource harvesting schemes. These results illustrate that programs that can harness development goals, while linking back to conservation rules, may successfully reduce bushmeat hunting and consumption around protected areas. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Alternative livelihoods; CBNRM; Malawi; Poaching; Wild meat; Wildlife crime","bushmeat; community dynamics; conservation management; food consumption; hunting; perception; savanna; scenario analysis; wildlife management; Malawi","van Velden, J.L.; Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith UniversityAustralia; email: julia.vanvelden@griffithuni.edu.au",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85086937701
"Gbogbo F., Rainhill J.E., Koranteng S.S., Owusu E.H., Dorleku W.-P.","16401306800;57211635979;56201292400;36857822900;57195873249;","Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Trace Metals Via Bushmeat in Ghana",2020,"Biological Trace Element Research","196","2",,"419","429",,1,"10.1007/s12011-019-01953-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074715181&doi=10.1007%2fs12011-019-01953-7&partnerID=40&md5=758feae029c0dec91dbd920063a19961","Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana","Gbogbo, F., Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Rainhill, J.E., Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Koranteng, S.S., Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Owusu, E.H., Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Dorleku, W.-P., Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana","Consumption and trade in bushmeat are entrenched in sub-Saharan Africa amid growing land degradation and environmental pollution that raise safety concerns, yet sustainability of bushmeat extraction and zoonoses considerations have been the focus of bushmeat research. Here, we evaluated the health risk of trace metals in the skeletal muscle, bone, liver, and skin of the black duiker (Cephalophus niger), brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus), and Maxwell’s duiker (Cephalophus maxwelli) being the five most hunted and consumed species of bushmeat in Ghana. Sample tissues of the five species were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, As, Pb, and Hg. Targeted hazard quotient (THQ) of Se for black duiker, bushback, and Maxwell’s duiker as well as that of Pb for black duiker, Brush-tailed porcupine, and Maxwell’s duiker were concerning (> 1) for individuals foraging daily on bushmeat. Thus, cane rat was the only species that recorded both estimated daily intake (EDI) and THQ of Se and Pb within safe limits for daily consumption. In respect of Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Hg, EDI and THQ values indicated no perceived risk to consumers for all five species. Lifetime cancer risk (CR) of As was negligible for all species. At the rate of bushmeat consumption in sub-Saharan Africa (0.104 kg per day), the cane rat was the only species considered safe for daily consumption among the five species. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.","Bushmeat; Estimated daily intake; Health risk; Lead; Trace metals","arsenic; cadmium; copper; lead; mercury; selenium; trace metal; zinc; animal hunting; animal tissue; antelope; Article; Atherurus africanus; bone level; bone tissue; cancer risk; Cephalophus maxwelli; Cephalophus niger; controlled study; cutaneous parameters; food intake; food safety; foraging behavior; Ghana; health hazard; human; lifespan; liver level; liver tissue; muscle level; nonhuman; porcupine; rat; reference value; risk assessment; skeletal muscle; Thryonomys swinderianus; Tragelaphus scriptus; wild meat","Gbogbo, F.; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; email: fgbogbo@ug.edu.gh",,"Humana Press Inc.",01634984,,BTERD,"31673953","English","Biol. Trace Elem. Res.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85074715181
"Lucas A., Kumakamba C., Lange C.E., Obel E., Miningue G., Likofata J., Gillis A., LeBreton M., McIver D.J., Euren J., Johnson C.K., Goldstein T., Muyembe-Tamfum J.J., Saylors K.","57211654980;57201900679;23100539400;57219295392;57219294644;56781470800;56015918500;55905668100;56178163400;57191059962;23094404800;7004660880;6603743560;36909092100;","Serology and behavioral perspectives on Ebola virus disease among bushmeat vendors in Equateur, democratic republic of the Congo, after the 2018 outbreak",2020,"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","7","8", ofaa295,"","",,,"10.1093/ofid/ofaa295","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092074720&doi=10.1093%2fofid%2fofaa295&partnerID=40&md5=88877944ef698e185299506c6e34890f","Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States; Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, Canada; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Mbandaka Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Mbandaka, Democratic Republic Congo; Mosaic, Yaoundé, Cameroon; One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States","Lucas, A., Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kumakamba, C., Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Lange, C.E., Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, Canada; Obel, E., Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Miningue, G., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Likofata, J., Mbandaka Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Mbandaka, Democratic Republic Congo; Gillis, A., Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States; LeBreton, M., Mosaic, Yaoundé, Cameroon; McIver, D.J., Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, Canada; Euren, J., Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States; Johnson, C.K., One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Goldstein, T., One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Muyembe-Tamfum, J.J., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Saylors, K., Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States","After the 2018 Ebola outbreak in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, we conducted behavioral interviews and collected samples from bushmeat vendors and primates in Mbandaka to test for evidence of Ebola virus exposure. Although participants indicated being aware of Ebola, they did not consider themselves at occupational risk for infection. We found antibodies against Zaire ebolavirus in one participant despite no reported history of disease or contact with infected individuals. Our data underline concerns of possible subclinical or undiagnosed Ebola virus infections and the importance and challenges of risk communication to populations who are occupationally exposed to bushmeat. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com","Behavior; Bushmeat; Ebola virus disease; Risk perception; Serology",,"Lange, C.E.; Metabiota Inc., 38 Victoria Crescent, Canada; email: clange_virology@gmx.de",,"Oxford University Press",23288957,,,,"English","Open Forum Infect. Dis.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85092074720
"Chaves L.S., Alves R.R.N., Albuquerque U.P.","57031537500;35608472400;57195939764;","Hunters' preferences and perceptions as hunting predictors in a semiarid ecosystem",2020,"Science of the Total Environment","726",, 138494,"","",,4,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138494","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083338420&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.138494&partnerID=40&md5=9aace67f472cdf96b3d486f48344348e","Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE  52171-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE  50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, PB  58109-753, Brazil","Chaves, L.S., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE  52171-900, Brazil, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE  50670-901, Brazil; Alves, R.R.N., Departamento de Biologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, PB  58109-753, Brazil; Albuquerque, U.P., Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE  50670-901, Brazil","Game meat is a resource widely exploited by rural populations in various parts of the world. In recent decades, the growth in the number of people living near conserved areas has increased the demand for game meat. In this work, based on the Social-ecological Theory of Maximization, we seek to verify the influence of cost-benefit ratio, availability, and subjective preferences (flavor) in the selection of hunted species. We interviewed game-eating people in seven communities in the Brazilian semiarid region, recording information on hunting strategies, flavor preferences, and relative abundance of game fauna. We found that people hunt for the most available species regardless of the cost-benefit of this choice. Also, flavor preference can increase the odds of a species being hunted almost 100%. Our data show that hunters may prefer species that require less capture effort, even though they have energy-efficient alternatives. We found that flavor preference is proportionally the variable with the most significant effect on the chances of a species being hunted, suggesting that traditional optimal foraging models are too simple to cover the complexity involved in the selection of game species. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Bushmeat; Cost-effectiveness; Maximization; Optimal foraging","Arid regions; Ecology; Energy efficiency; Cost benefit ratio; Ecological theory; Energy efficient; Number of peoples; Recording information; Relative abundance; Semi-arid ecosystems; Semi-arid region; Cost benefit analysis; hunting; meat; preference behavior; semiarid region; article; cost effectiveness analysis; eating; fauna; flavor; human; optimal foraging; perception; theoretical study; wild meat; Brazil; ecosystem; environmental protection; meat; rural population; Brazil; Brazil; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Humans; Meat; Rural Population","Albuquerque, U.P.; Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrazil; email: ulysses.albuquerque@ufpe.br",,"Elsevier B.V.",00489697,,STEVA,"32320877","English","Sci. Total Environ.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85083338420
"Ingram D.J.","56457522000;","Wild Meat in Changing Times",2020,"Journal of Ethnobiology","40","2",,"117","130",,,"10.2993/0278-0771-40.2.117","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093092373&doi=10.2993%2f0278-0771-40.2.117&partnerID=40&md5=f6411c2664a1b831d62e897fdf9ad928","African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom","Ingram, D.J., African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom","Across the Global South, wildlife is harvested for food and livelihoods and for cultural and medicinal purposes, yet the dynamics of the wild meat sector are changing as remote areas become more accessible, more people are living in urban areas, and the world is becoming increasingly connected. The research articles in this special issue explore the contemporary use of wild meat in the lives and livelihoods of people across a rural-urban gradient, provide examples of how use may be evolving in relation to the changing social, political, economic, cultural, and environmental contexts, and what this means for sustainable wildlife management and biodiversity conservation. Urbanization, social change, and cultural dynamics contribute to the diversity of, and motivation for, wild meat uses, while human population growth and the changing state of the natural environment can ultimately influence sustainability. Given the diversity of wild meat uses across social-ecological contexts, and the potential for inequitable management decisions, incorporating social justice in wild meat management will ensure human-wellbeing while curbing biodiversity loss. © 2020 Society of Ethnobiology. All rights reserved.","bushmeat; conservation; rural-urban; sustainability; wildlife",,,,"Society of Ethnobiology",02780771,,,,"English","J. Ethnobiology",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85093092373
"Gibson L.","57219489284;","Bycatch of the Day: Wild Meat Consumption, Ecological Knowledge, and Symbolic Capital among Indigenous Maroon Parrot Hunters of Jamaica",2020,"Journal of Ethnobiology","40","2",,"167","182",,,"10.2993/0278-0771-40.2.167","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093083126&doi=10.2993%2f0278-0771-40.2.167&partnerID=40&md5=8418e0b44698b56e163b1bded73b2163","University College London, Department of Anthropology, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, United Kingdom","Gibson, L., University College London, Department of Anthropology, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, United Kingdom","Wild meat has been shown to engender social capital-building and strengthening of social networks and creating cultural pathways for the poor, the urban, and the diaspora to maintain cultural identity. This paper explores wild meat consumption among a very small group of Jamaican Maroons who maintain the declining practice of parrot hunting. Bycatch (incidental take of non-parrot species), particularly pigeons, is often highly valued and consumed together by the group during hunts. The hunters were observed over two hunting seasons, where significant changes to catch yields between one year and the next resulted in a reduction in hunt attendance by young hunters. This transformed group dynamics among the remaining hunters; cohesion relied on the shared consumption of bycatch. Wild meat consumption among the Maroons of Cockpit Country does not build social capital and create social bonds between members of the community and the diaspora. Rather, it accompanies highly specialized practices undertaken by small groups of villagers deep in the forest and is a mechanism through which membership of these groups is determined and maintained. The shared consumption of wild meat, instead, creates symbolic capital, which helps to maintain traditional practice amidst environmental and social change and protects very specific forms of knowledge-including the possible decline of the Black-billed Parrot (Amazona agilis). © 2020 Society of Ethnobiology. All rights reserved.","bushmeat; Cockpit Country; conservation; ecosystem services; social capital",,,,"Society of Ethnobiology",02780771,,,,"English","J. Ethnobiology",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85093083126
"Lubinza C.K.C., Lueert S., Hallmaier-Wacker L.K., Ngadaya E., Chuma I.S., Kazwala R.R., Mfinanga S.G.M., Failing K., Roos C., Knauf S.","57217054730;57201729386;57195570674;24576968700;57191665824;6602708970;6603198848;7006178405;7102389391;25629489100;","Serosurvey of Treponema pallidum infection among children with skin ulcers in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, northern Tanzania",2020,"BMC Infectious Diseases","20","1", 392,"","",,,"10.1186/s12879-020-05105-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085979323&doi=10.1186%2fs12879-020-05105-4&partnerID=40&md5=7b2e3359ae13016a16332af38531e019","National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 3436, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany; Primate Genetics Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Gene Bank of Primates, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany; Division Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department for Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Burkhardtweg 2, Goettingen, 37077, Germany","Lubinza, C.K.C., National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 3436, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lueert, S., Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany, Primate Genetics Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany; Hallmaier-Wacker, L.K., Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany, Primate Genetics Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany; Ngadaya, E., National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 3436, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Chuma, I.S., College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kazwala, R.R., College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mfinanga, S.G.M., National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 3436, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Failing, K., Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Roos, C., Primate Genetics Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany, Gene Bank of Primates, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany; Knauf, S., Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany, Division Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department for Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Burkhardtweg 2, Goettingen, 37077, Germany","Background: The first yaws eradication campaign reduced the prevalence of yaws by 95%. In recent years, however, yaws has reemerged and is currently subject to a second, ongoing eradication campaign. Yet, the epidemiological status of Tanzania and 75 other countries with a known history of human yaws is currently unknown. Contrary to the situation in humans in Tanzania, recent infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with the yaws bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (TPE) have been reported. In this study, we consider a One Health approach to investigate yaws and describe skin ulcers and corresponding T. pallidum serology results among children living in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, an area with increasing wildlife-human interaction in northern Tanzania. Methods: To investigate human yaws in Tanzania, we conducted a cross-sectional study to screen and interview skin-ulcerated children aged 6 to 15 years, who live in close proximity to two national parks with high numbers of naturally TPE-infected monkeys. Serum samples from children with skin ulcers were tested for antibodies against the bacterium using a treponemal (Treponema pallidum Particle Agglutination assay) and a non-treponemal (Rapid Plasma Reagin) test. Results: A total of 186 children aged between 6 and 15 years (boys: 10.7 ± 2.1 (mean ± SD), N = 132; girls: 10.9 ± 2.0 (mean ± SD), N = 54) were enrolled. Seven children were sampled at health care facilities and 179 at primary schools. 38 children (20.4%) reported active participation in bushmeat hunting and consumption and 26 (13.9%) reported at least one physical contact with a NHP. None of the lesions seen were pathognomonic for yaws. Two children tested positive for treponemal antibodies (1.2%) in the treponemal test, but remained negative in the non-treponemal test. Conclusions: We found no serological evidence of yaws among children in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem. Nevertheless, the close genetic relationship of human and NHPs infecting TPE strains should lead to contact prevention with infected NHPs. Further research investigations are warranted to study the causes and possible prevention measures of spontaneous chronic ulcers among children in rural Tanzania and to certify that the country is free from human yaws. © 2020 The Author(s).","Africa; Nonhuman primates; Serology; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue; Treponematoses; Tropics; Yaws","bacterium antibody; bacterium antibody; adolescent; agglutination test; antibody detection; Article; blood sampling; child; child health; cross-sectional study; disease surveillance; female; Haplorhini; health care facility; human; major clinical study; male; meat consumption; national park; poaching; preschool child; primary school; serology; skin ulcer; Tanzania; yaws; animal; blood; ecosystem; immunology; isolation and purification; microbiology; pathology; prevalence; primate disease; questionnaire; skin ulcer; Treponema pallidum; yaws; Adolescent; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ecosystem; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Primate Diseases; Skin Ulcer; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tanzania; Treponema pallidum; Yaws","Knauf, S.; Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Germany; email: sknauf@dpz.eu",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",14712334,,BIDMB,"32493291","English","BMC Infect. Dis.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85085979323
"Aguillon S., Din Dipita A., Lecompte E., Missoup A.D., Tindo M., Gaubert P.","57216929997;57216920524;9249299800;23486222600;6603242422;6603443283;","Development and characterization of 20 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the white-bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis (Mammalia, Pholidota)",2020,"Molecular Biology Reports","47","6",,"4827","4833",,,"10.1007/s11033-020-05511-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085313385&doi=10.1007%2fs11033-020-05511-6&partnerID=40&md5=52a39704ae7c040b10831d829019dada","Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31062, France; Unité de Zoologie, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Animaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, BP 24157, Douala, Cameroon","Aguillon, S., Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31062, France; Din Dipita, A., Unité de Zoologie, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Animaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, BP 24157, Douala, Cameroon; Lecompte, E., Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31062, France; Missoup, A.D., Unité de Zoologie, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Animaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, BP 24157, Douala, Cameroon; Tindo, M., Unité de Zoologie, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Animaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, BP 24157, Douala, Cameroon; Gaubert, P., Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9, 31062, France","Pangolins, or scaly anteaters, have recently been flagshiped as one of the most illegally traded mammals, and as a corollary, as potential intermediate hosts at the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to improve the traceability of their trade, we developed 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the white-bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis), the species most frequently found on African bushmeat markets. We genotyped 24 white-bellied pangolins from the Douala market, Cameroon, originating from the Ebo forest c. 75 km north-east of Douala. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12 (mean = 6.95), and mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.592 (0.208–0.875) and 0.671 (0.469–0.836), respectively. Genetic diversity was higher than that cross-estimated from microsatellite loci developed for other species of pangolins. Two loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and two loci showed linkage disequilibrium. Genetic variance (PCoA) was increased with the addition of 13 pangolins of unknown origin, possibly suggesting that the Douala market is fed from differentiated source populations of white-bellied pangolins. Each of the 37 individuals had a unique multilocus genotype. The unbiased probability of identity (uPI) and the probability of identity among siblings (PIsibs) were both very low (uPI = 8.443 e−21; PIsibs = 1.011 e−07). Only five microsatellite loci were needed to reach the conservative value of PIsibs < 0.01, overall indicating a powerful discriminating power of our combined loci. These 20 newly developed microsatellite loci might prove useful in tracing the local-to-global trade of the white-bellied pangolin, and will hopefully contribute to the DNA-assisted implementation of future conservation strategies at reasonable costs. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.","Bushmeat; Cameroon; Illegal wildlife trade; Microsatellite loci; Pangolins; Phataginus tricuspis","adult; allele; article; Cameroon; clinical article; coronavirus disease 2019; female; forest; gene linkage disequilibrium; genetic variability; heterozygosity; human experiment; illegal wildlife trade; male; microsatellite marker; nonhuman; Pholidota (animal); probability; sibling; animal; Betacoronavirus; Cameroon; Coronavirus infection; disease carrier; gene locus; genetic marker; genetics; genotype; human; pandemic; pathogenicity; placental mammal; virology; virus pneumonia; zoonosis; microsatellite DNA; Alleles; Animals; Betacoronavirus; Cameroon; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Eutheria; Female; Genetic Loci; Genetic Markers; Genotype; Humans; Linkage Disequilibrium; Male; Microsatellite Repeats; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Zoonoses","Gaubert, P.; Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, France; email: philippe.gaubert@univ-tlse3.fr",,"Springer",03014851,,MLBRB,"32419053","English","Mol. Biol. Rep.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85085313385
"Adenyo C., Ohya K., Qiu Y., Takashima Y., Ogawa H., Matsumoto T., Thu M.J., Sato K., Kawabata H., Katayama Y., Omatsu T., Mizutani T., Fukushi H., Katakura K., Nonaka N., Inoue-Murayama M., Kayang B., Nakao R.","55414289400;14060736700;55588865400;7103176256;8263085400;57215688428;56960346700;8606942800;7102985639;55983465300;16430189600;56038369800;55708717200;7005902529;7004943348;6701628539;6602308452;35291018400;","Bacterial and protozoan pathogens/symbionts in ticks infecting wild grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) in Ghana",2020,"Acta Tropica","205",, 105388,"","",,1,"10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105388","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081659738&doi=10.1016%2fj.actatropica.2020.105388&partnerID=40&md5=31c7906c162ba66b939158009a223483","Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan; Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH); Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of ZambiaLusaka  PO Box 32379, Zambia; Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, G-CHAIN, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu Tokyo, Japan; Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto UniversityKyoto  606-8203, Japan; Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan; Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana","Adenyo, C., Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Ohya, K., Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan, Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH); Qiu, Y., Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of ZambiaLusaka  PO Box 32379, Zambia; Takashima, Y., Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan, Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, G-CHAIN, Japan; Ogawa, H., Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Matsumoto, T., Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Thu, M.J., Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Sato, K., Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Kawabata, H., Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Katayama, Y., Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu Tokyo, Japan; Omatsu, T., Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu Tokyo, Japan; Mizutani, T., Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu Tokyo, Japan; Fukushi, H., Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan; Katakura, K., Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Nonaka, N., Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Inoue-Murayama, M., Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto UniversityKyoto  606-8203, Japan, Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan; Kayang, B., Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Nakao, R., Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan","Ticks and tick-borne pathogens constitute a great threat to livestock production and are a potential health hazard to humans. Grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) are widely hunted for meat in Ghana and many other West and Central African countries. However, tick-borne zoonotic risks posed by wild grasscutters have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to investigate bacterial and protozoan pathogens in ticks infecting wild grasscutters. A total of 81 ticks were collected from three hunted grasscutters purchased from Kantamanto, the central bushmeat market in Accra. Ticks were identified as Ixodes aulacodi and Rhipicephalus sp. based on morphological keys, which were further confirmed by sequencing mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes of specimens. Protozoan infections were tested by PCR amplifying 18S rDNA of Babesia/Theileria/Hepatozoon, while bacterial infections were evaluated by PCRs or real-time PCRs targeting Anaplasmataceae, Borrelia, spotted fever group rickettsiae, chlamydiae and Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii. The results of PCR screening showed that 35.5% (27 out of 76) of I. aulacodi were positive for parasite infections. Sequencing analysis of the amplified products gave one identical sequence showing similarity with Babesia spp. reported from Africa. The Ca. M. mitochondrii endosymbiont was present in 85.5% (65 out of 76) of I. aulacodi but not in the five Rhipicephalus ticks. Two Anaplasmataceae bacteria genetically related to Ehrlichia muris and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were also detected in two I. aulacodi. None of the ticks were positive for Borrelia spp., spotted fever group rickettsiae and chlamydiae. Since I. aulacodi on wild grasscutters are potential carriers of tick-borne pathogens, some of which could be of zoonotic potential, rigorous tick control and pathogen analyses should be instituted especially when wild caught grasscutters are being used as foundation stock for breeding. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Anaplasma; Babesia; Ehrlichia; Grasscutter; Ixodes; Tick-borne pathogens","DNA 16S; bacterium; cytochrome; DNA; endosymbiont; morphology; pathogen; protozoan; rodent; symbiont; tick; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Anaplasmataceae; Article; Babesia; bacterium; bacterium detection; Borrelia; Chlamydiae; controlled study; Ehrlichia muris; endosymbiont; female; Ghana; Hepatozoon; Ixodes; Ixodes aulacodi; male; nonhuman; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; protozoon; real time polymerase chain reaction; Rhipicephalus; Rickettsiaceae; rodent; symbiont; Theileria; Thryonomys swinderianus; tick infestation; animal; bacterium; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; parasitology; tick borne disease; Accra; Ghana; Greater Accra; Anaplasma; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Anaplasmataceae; Babesia; Bacteria (microorganisms); Borrelia; Chlamydiae; Ehrlichia; Ehrlichia muris; Ixodes; Ixodida; Protozoa; Rhipicephalus; Rickettsiaceae; Thryonomys swinderianus; Animals; Babesia; Bacteria; Female; Ghana; Humans; Ixodes; Male; Rodentia; Theileria; Tick-Borne Diseases","Kayang, B.; Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of GhanaGhana; email: bbkayang@hotmail.com",,"Elsevier B.V.",0001706X,,ACTRA,"32035054","English","Acta Trop.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85081659738
"Da Silva J.S., Do Nascimento A.L.B., Alves R.R.N., Albuquerque U.P.","57194043862;56272589000;35608472400;57195939764;","Use of game fauna by Fulni-ô people in Northeastern Brazil: Implications for conservation",2020,"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","16","1", 18,"","",,,"10.1186/s13002-020-00367-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083397169&doi=10.1186%2fs13002-020-00367-3&partnerID=40&md5=bc7f2bf4e76a946a8bbf7c7c19076484","Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brazil","Da Silva, J.S., Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Do Nascimento, A.L.B., Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Alves, R.R.N., Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brazil; Albuquerque, U.P., Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil","Background: Due to the influence of several factors on the hunting of game meat, we investigated how the seasonality of the environment, the abundance, and the biomass of wild animals, as well as the proximity to these resources, can affect the hunting. Methods: The research was developed with the Fulni-ô people in the municipality of Águas Belas, Agreste of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil. In order to do this, we applied snowball sampling to select the participants. Data from potentially useful game species were obtained from lists and semi-structured interviews to register their particular kind of uses, capture periods (daytime, night, or both), preferences, and perceived abundance. The hunters who allowed their game meat captured to be weighed and identified were followed for 1 year. Results: Our records pointed to a vast repertoire of potentially hunting animals. However, we did not verify relationships between the abundance, seasonality, and biomass of the animals that were hunted by the Fulni-ô. We observed a total of 209,866 (kg) of game meat hunted in the studied group, belonging to 23 species, distributed in three taxonomic groups, the birds being the most representative group with 59% of total reported. Conclusion: Such consumption by the group is well below in terms of biomass when compared to other ethnic or local groups in other regions of Brazil, or in Caatinga areas, characterizing an activity much more of cultural character than subsistence. Also, the use of game meat among the Fulni-ô seems to be actively directed to the preferred species, suggesting that in the case of an urbanized indigenous community, where other sources of income are available, the demand for game meat is lower when compared to other ethnic groups. © 2020 The Author(s).","Bushmeat; Ethnozoology; Traditional ecological knowledge; Vertebrates","adult; article; biomass; bird; ethnic group; fauna; human; human tissue; night; nonhuman; Pernambuco; seasonal variation; semi structured interview; wild meat","Albuquerque, U.P.; Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrazil; email: upa677@hotmail.com",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",17464269,,,"32303237","English","J. Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85083397169
"El Bizri H.R., Morcatty T.Q., Valsecchi J., Mayor P., Ribeiro J.E.S., Vasconcelos Neto C.F.A., Oliveira J.S., Furtado K.M., Ferreira U.C., Miranda C.F.S., Silva C.H., Lopes V.L., Lopes G.P., Florindo C.C.F., Chagas R.C., Nijman V., Fa J.E.","55939332500;55939284000;35316189900;7003985772;57211436323;57211435360;57211437085;57211438702;57211434629;57211446242;57211446515;57211438142;56963566000;56070688200;57211435931;6603777959;7003936013;","Urban wild meat consumption and trade in central Amazonia",2020,"Conservation Biology","34","2",,"438","448",,4,"10.1111/cobi.13420","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073997320&doi=10.1111%2fcobi.13420&partnerID=40&md5=20e0eddfebc9c17cc0ba8109c09d7a24","School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom; Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Peru; RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; FUNDAMAZONIA, Malecón Tarapacá, n°332, Iquitos, Peru; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, Manaus, AM  69067-005, Brazil; Departamento de Físico-química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP  13083–970, Brazil; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","El Bizri, H.R., School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil, ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Peru, RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Morcatty, T.Q., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Valsecchi, J., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil, ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Peru, RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Mayor, P., ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Peru, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain, FUNDAMAZONIA, Malecón Tarapacá, n°332, Iquitos, Peru; Ribeiro, J.E.S., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Vasconcelos Neto, C.F.A., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Oliveira, J.S., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Furtado, K.M., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Ferreira, U.C., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Miranda, C.F.S., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Silva, C.H., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Lopes, V.L., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Lopes, G.P., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, Manaus, AM  69067-005, Brazil; Florindo, C.C.F., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil, Departamento de Físico-química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP  13083–970, Brazil; Chagas, R.C., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM  69553-225, Brazil; Nijman, V., Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Fa, J.E., School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","The switch from hunting wild meat for home consumption to supplying more lucrative city markets in Amazonia can adversely affect some game species. Despite this, information on the amounts of wild meat eaten in Amazonian cities is still limited. We estimated wild meat consumption rates in 5 cities in the State of Amazonas in Brazil through 1046 door-to-door household interviews conducted from 2004 to 2012. With these data, we modeled the relationship between wild meat use and a selection of socioeconomic indices. We then scaled up our model to determine the amounts of wild meat likely to be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers in central Amazonia. A total of 80.3% of all interviewees reported consuming wild meat during an average of 29.3 (CI 11.6) days per year. Most wild meat was reported as bought in local markets (80.1%) or hunted by a family member (14.9%). Twenty-one taxa were cited as consumed, mostly mammals (71.6%), followed by reptiles (23.2%) and then birds (5.2%). The declared frequency of wild meat consumption was positively correlated with the proportion of rural population as well as with the per capita gross domestic product of the municipality (administrative divisions) where the cities were seated. We estimated that as much as 10,691 t of wild meat might be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers within central Amazonia, the equivalent of 6.49 kg per person per year. In monetary terms, this amounts to US$21.72 per person per year or US$35.1 million overall, the latter figure is comparable to fish and timber production in the region. Given this magnitude of wild meat trade in central Amazonia, it is fundamental to integrate this activity into the formal economy and actively develop policies that allow the trade of more resilient taxa and restrict trade in species sensitive to hunting. © 2019 Society for Conservation Biology","Amazon; bushmeat; food security; tropical forests; wildlife trade","bushmeat; food security; forestry production; household survey; hunting; poaching; rural population; socioeconomic impact; timber; tropical forest; wildlife management; Amazonas [Brazil]; Amazonia; Brazil; Aves; Mammalia; Reptilia; animal; Brazil; city; environmental protection; human; meat; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Brazil; Cities; Conservation of Natural Resources; Humans; Meat","El Bizri, H.R.; School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityUnited Kingdom; email: hanibiz@gmail.com",,"Blackwell Publishing Inc.",08888892,,CBIOE,"31538670","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85073997320
"Deith M.C.M., Brodie J.F.","57195717752;15755121500;","Predicting defaunation: Accurately mapping bushmeat hunting pressure over large areas",2020,"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","287","1922", 20192677,"","",,1,"10.1098/rspb.2019.2677","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081668156&doi=10.1098%2frspb.2019.2677&partnerID=40&md5=e79c9c72f443c0ad4b0c563a6cf66a4d","Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200-6270 University Boulevard 15, Vancouver, BC  V6T 1Z4, Canada; Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT  59812, United States","Deith, M.C.M., Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200-6270 University Boulevard 15, Vancouver, BC  V6T 1Z4, Canada; Brodie, J.F., Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT  59812, United States","Unsustainable hunting is emptying forests of large animals around the world, but current understanding of how human foraging spreads across landscapes has been stymied by data deficiencies and cryptic hunter behaviour. Unlike other global threats to biodiversity like deforestation, climate change and overfishing, maps of wild meat hunters’ movements—often based on forest accessibility—typically cover small scales and are rarely validated with real-world observations. Using camera trapping data from rainforests across Malaysian Borneo, we show that while hunter movements are strongly correlated with the accessibility of different parts of the landscape, accessibility measures are most informative when they integrate fine-scale habitat features like topography and land cover. Measures of accessibility naive to fine-scale habitat complexity, like distance to the nearest road or settlement, generate poor approximations of hunters’ movements. In comparison, accessibility as measured by high-resolution movement models based on circuit theory provides vastly better reflections of real-world foraging movements. Our results highlight that simple models incorporating fine-scale landscape heterogeneity can be powerful tools for understanding and predicting widespread threats to biodiversity. © 2020 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Circuit theory; Dispersal modelling; Exploitation; Hunting; Wild meat","biodiversity; bushmeat; climate change; heterogeneity; hunting; model validation; movement; topography; videography; Borneo; Animalia; animal; biodiversity; Borneo; ecosystem; environmental protection; human; mammal; meat; population dynamics; rain forest; species extinction; Animals; Biodiversity; Borneo; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Extinction, Biological; Humans; Mammals; Meat; Population Dynamics; Rainforest","Deith, M.C.M.; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200-6270 University Boulevard 15, Canada; email: mairin.deith@gmail.com",,"Royal Society Publishing",09628452,,PRLBA,"32156211","English","Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85081668156
"van Velden J.L., Wilson K., Lindsey P.A., McCallum H., Moyo B.H.Z., Biggs D.","57191366026;8046846900;8585167100;7005980838;55082358000;37118524700;","Bushmeat hunting and consumption is a pervasive issue in African savannahs: insights from four protected areas in Malawi",2020,"Biodiversity and Conservation","29","4",,"1443","1464",,2,"10.1007/s10531-020-01944-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079468050&doi=10.1007%2fs10531-020-01944-4&partnerID=40&md5=aef3759c1ed4e060d181442f9a493276","Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia; Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Australia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa; Wildlife Conservation Network, 209 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, 94107, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, PO Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia; IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, c/IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, Switzerland","van Velden, J.L., Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia; Wilson, K., Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Australia; Lindsey, P.A., Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa, Wildlife Conservation Network, 209 Mississippi Street, San Francisco, 94107, United States; McCallum, H., Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia; Moyo, B.H.Z., Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, PO Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi; Biggs, D., Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa, Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia, IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, c/IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, Switzerland","The hunting and consumption of wild meat (bushmeat) is recognized as a key threat to the world’s biodiversity and there are indications this threat may extend to much of the African continent. However, this problem is understudied in African savannah systems—particularly in southern Africa. Due to its illicit nature, little research on the drivers behind hunting and consumption exists, especially using methods appropriate to the topic’s sensitivity. We explored the prevalence of hunting and consumption of wild meat in the low-income country of Malawi, by conducting 1562 interviews in communities neighbouring four different protected areas. We identified characteristics of households illegally hunting and consuming wild meat, using the unmatched count technique and socio-demographic variables in linear models. Consumption had a higher prevalence than hunting, reaching up to 39% of the population, while 4–19% of the population engaged in hunting. Consumption was more prevalent in poorer households, while hunting was more prevalent in wealthier households. Increased involvement in community projects initiated by protected areas did not always lead to reduced consumption or hunting, including at protected areas with substantial outside investment, indicating these projects need a clearer link to conservation outcomes. A preference for the taste of wild meat and for added diversity in diet were key drivers of consumption, whereas hunting was primarily motivated by the need for income. Our results highlight the disparity between drivers of hunting and consumption of wild meat and the pervasive nature of this threat, despite considerable investment into community projects and enforcement. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.","Conservation; Illegal wildlife trade; Poaching; Savanna; Unmatched count technique; Wild meat","conservation management; hunting; legal system; meat; nature conservation; poaching; savanna; trade-environment relations; Malawi","van Velden, J.L.; Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith UniversityAustralia; email: julia.vanvelden@griffithuni.edu.au",,"Springer",09603115,,BONSE,,"English","Biodiversity Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85079468050
"Friant S., Ayambem W.A., Alobi A.O., Ifebueme N.M., Otukpa O.M., Ogar D.A., Alawa C.B.I., Goldberg T.L., Jacka J.K., Rothman J.M.","24922986000;57213157739;57213141608;57213155717;57213164385;57213143348;6506723979;7103004285;11840395700;22951884800;","Eating Bushmeat Improves Food Security in a Biodiversity and Infectious Disease “Hotspot”",2020,"EcoHealth","17","1",,"125","138",,5,"10.1007/s10393-020-01473-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079453431&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-020-01473-0&partnerID=40&md5=aabafd795fbca7ca80e74e6f0d9a3ea6","Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA  16802, United States; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 522 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA  16802, United States; Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, United States; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI  53706, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO  80309, United States","Friant, S., Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA  16802, United States, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 522 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA  16802, United States, Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, United States; Ayambem, W.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Alobi, A.O., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Ifebueme, N.M., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Otukpa, O.M., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Ogar, D.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Alawa, C.B.I., Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Goldberg, T.L., Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI  53706, United States; Jacka, J.K., Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO  80309, United States; Rothman, J.M., Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, United States","Hunting and consumption of wild animals, colloquially known as “bushmeat,” is associated with health trade-offs. Contact with wildlife increases exposure to wildlife-origin zoonotic diseases yet bushmeat is an important nutritional resource in many rural communities. In this study, we test the hypothesis that bushmeat improves food security in communities that hunt and trade bushmeat regularly. We conducted 478 interviews with men and women in six communities near Cross River National Park in Nigeria. We used interview responses to relate prevalence and diversity of bushmeat consumption to household food security status. Animal-based foods were the most commonly obtained items from the forest, and 48 types of wild vertebrate animals were consumed within the past 30 days. Seventy-five percent of households experienced some degree of food insecurity related to food access. Bushmeat consumption was significantly associated with relatively higher household food security status. Rodents were more important predictors of food security than other animal taxa. Despite increased bushmeat consumption in food-secure households, food-insecure households consumed a higher diversity of bushmeat species. Results show that consumption of bushmeat, especially rodents, is uniquely related to improved food security. Reliance on a wider diversity of species in food-insecure households may in turn affect their nutrition, exposures to reservoirs of zoonotic infections, and impact on wildlife conservation. Our results indicate that food security should be addressed in conservation and public health strategies aimed at reducing human–wildlife contact, and that improved wildlife protection, when combined with alternative animal-based foods, would positively affect food security in the long term. © 2020, EcoHealth Alliance.","Bushmeat; Ecosystem services; Food security; Nigeria; Nutrition; Zoonoses",,"Friant, S.; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 522 Carpenter Building, United States; email: sagan.friant@psu.edu",,"Springer",16129202,,,"32020354","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85079453431
"Deikumah J.P.","55886050500;","Vulture declines, threats and conservation: the attitude of the indigenous Ghanaian",2020,"Bird Conservation International","30","1",,"103","116",,1,"10.1017/S0959270919000261","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070638895&doi=10.1017%2fS0959270919000261&partnerID=40&md5=27a4421c1abdd6b7588ebe6292c38525","University of Cape Coast, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana","Deikumah, J.P., University of Cape Coast, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana","Understanding the attitude of people towards vultures, especially factors that influence behaviours that support their conservation, is crucial if the decline in vultures is to be slowed and reversed. Their vital ecosystem function in keeping the environment free of carcasses and reducing the spread of disease is not yet appreciated in Ghana. Little is known about the attitude of Ghanaians' about vultures. Structured questionnaires and key informant surveys were employed with a sample size of 460 respondents randomly selected across Ghana. Over 85% of respondents were familiar with the Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus and vultures were culturally important to 56% of respondents. Diseases that affect livestock are claimed to be treated with chemicals such as diclofenac sodium to which vultures are highly susceptible globally and livestock carcasses were not available to vultures as 53% of respondents bury carcasses. A new poisoning pathway has emerged in which furadan is used to poison wildlife for bushmeat and the offal removed which is then consumed by vultures, as indicated by 78% of respondents. The majority of respondents positively thought vultures were important and must be protected. Poisoning, habitat loss particularly the loss of silk cotton tree Ceiba pentandra and trade in vulture parts for traditional medicine are major threats to vultures in Ghana. Continuous awareness creation, positive attitude towards the environment, vulture conservation programmes and protection of breeding sites were some urgent conservation actions recommended to ensure the survival of vultures. © BirdLife International 2019.",,"bird; breeding site; ecosystem function; habitat conservation; indigenous population; species conservation; survival; Ghana; Ceiba pentandra; Cochlospermum religiosum; Necrosyrtes monachus","Deikumah, J.P.; University of Cape Coast, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Conservation Biology and EntomologyGhana; email: j.deikumah@ucc.edu.gh",,"Cambridge University Press",09592709,,,,"English","Bird Conserv. Int.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85070638895
"Luiselli L., Hema E.M., Segniagbeto G.H., Ouattara V., Eniang E.A., Parfait G., Akani G.C., Sirima D., Fakae B.B., Dendi D., Fa J.E.","35569133600;15925676300;15830173000;57193901110;6508194826;57193907530;6603752055;57192127523;6701327382;56444401500;7003936013;","Bushmeat consumption in large urban centres in West Africa",2020,"ORYX",,,,"731","734",,3,"10.1017/S0030605318000893","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079100788&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605318000893&partnerID=40&md5=2ab1c38b36d0bc194d3535c3b49d800c","Institute for Development Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, I-00144, Italy; Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, Université Ouaga, 1 Professeur Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Department de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Groupe des Expert en Gestion des Elephants et de la Biodiversite de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Center for International Forestry Research Bogor","Luiselli, L., Institute for Development Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, I-00144, Italy; Hema, E.M., Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, Université Ouaga, 1 Professeur Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Segniagbeto, G.H., Department de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Ouattara, V., Groupe des Expert en Gestion des Elephants et de la Biodiversite de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Eniang, E.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Parfait, G., Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, Université Ouaga, 1 Professeur Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Akani, G.C., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Sirima, D., Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, Université Ouaga, 1 Professeur Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Fakae, B.B., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Dendi, D., Institute for Development Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, I-00144, Italy; Fa, J.E., Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Center for International Forestry Research Bogor","There is an unprecedented demand for bushmeat in large cities in sub-Saharan Africa, and this is a major threat to many species. We conducted 2,040 interviews in six cities in four West African countries, in forest and savannah settings. We analysed age- A nd sex-related differences in the frequency of bushmeat consumption. Overall, we found similar patterns in all cities: 62.2% of men and 72.1% of women said they would never eat bushmeat, whereas 12.8% of men and 8.8% of women said they liked bushmeat and ate it regularly. Younger generations of both sexes tended not to eat bushmeat, regardless of their city of origin. This study of the effects of age, gender and geographical location on bushmeat consumption in African cities provides insights regarding which population groups to target in campaigns to change behaviours. © 2018 Fauna Flora International.","Age; Burkina Faso; gender; geographical location; Niger; Nigeria; Togo; wild meat",,"Luiselli, L.; Institute for Development Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Italy; email: l.luiselli@ideccngo.org",,"Cambridge University Press",00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Article in Press",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85079100788
"Volpato G., Fontefrancesco M.F., Gruppuso P., Zocchi D.M., Pieroni A.","8777804900;51663357300;57200540485;57216558841;7004092892;","Baby pangolins on my plate: Possible lessons to learn from the COVID-19 pandemic",2020,"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","16","1", 02000366,"","",,10,"10.1186/s13002-020-00366-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083871788&doi=10.1186%2fs13002-020-00366-4&partnerID=40&md5=113bb0a53918a17558a0f71c3d2c35aa","University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, Bra/Pollenzo, I-12042, Italy","Volpato, G., University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, Bra/Pollenzo, I-12042, Italy; Fontefrancesco, M.F., University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, Bra/Pollenzo, I-12042, Italy; Gruppuso, P., University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, Bra/Pollenzo, I-12042, Italy; Zocchi, D.M., University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, Bra/Pollenzo, I-12042, Italy; Pieroni, A., University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, Bra/Pollenzo, I-12042, Italy","The Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (JEET), throughout its 15 years of existence, has tried to provide a respected outlet for scientific knowledge concerning the inextricable links between human societies and nature, food, and health. Ethnobiology and ethnomedicine-centred research has moved at the (partially artificial and fictitious) interface between nature and culture and has investigated human consumption of wild foods and wild animals, as well as the use of wild animals or their parts for medicinal and other purposes, along with the associated knowledge, skills, practices, and beliefs. Little attention has been paid, however, to the complex interplay of social and cultural reasons behind the increasing pressure on wildlife. The available literature suggest that there are two main drivers that enhance the necessary conditions for infectious diseases to cross the species barrier from wild animals to humans: (1) the encroachment of human activities (e.g., logging, mining, agricultural expansion) into wild areas and forests and consequent ecological disruptions; and, connected to the former, (2) the commodification of wild animals (and natural resources in general) and an expanding demand and market for wild meat and live wild animals, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In particular, a crucial role may have been played by the bushmeat-euphoria and attached elitist gastronomies and conspicuous consumption phenomena. The COVID-19 pandemic will likely require ethnobiologists to reschedule research agendas and to envision new epistemological trajectories aimed at more effectively mitigating the mismanagement of natural resources that ultimately threats our and other beings’ existence. © The Author(s). 2020",,"animal; Betacoronavirus; coronavirus disease 2019; Coronavirus infection; human; meat; pandemic; traditional medicine; virus pneumonia; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Meat; Medicine, Traditional; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral","Pieroni, A.; University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, Italy; email: a.pieroni@unisg.it",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",17464269,,,"32316979","English","J. Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85083871788
"Silvestre S.M., Calle-Rendón B.R., De Toledo J.J., Hilário R.R.","57185338500;40461010800;57209987192;34978420700;","Drivers of hunting in the savannahs of Amapá: Implications for conservation",2020,"ORYX",,,,"","",,1,"10.1017/S0030605319000085","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078730340&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605319000085&partnerID=40&md5=188bee05dcdb264b7a617a3ce399576b","Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Jardim Marco Zero, - AP, Macapá, 68903 -419, Brazil","Silvestre, S.M., Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Jardim Marco Zero, - AP, Macapá, 68903 -419, Brazil; Calle-Rendón, B.R., Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Jardim Marco Zero, - AP, Macapá, 68903 -419, Brazil; De Toledo, J.J., Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Jardim Marco Zero, - AP, Macapá, 68903 -419, Brazil; Hilário, R.R., Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Jardim Marco Zero, - AP, Macapá, 68903 -419, Brazil","Although overhunting is amongst the main threats to biodiversity, wild meat is culturally and nutritionally important for many communities. Conservation initiatives should therefore address the drivers of hunting, rather than its practice alone. Here we gathered information from structured interviews with 68 local households to assess the drivers of hunting in a highly threatened Amazonian savannah complex, the Cerrado of Amapá in Brazil. We used regression models to evaluate the influence of socio-economic parameters and spatial variables on hunting prevalence and frequency. The only identified driver of hunting prevalence was forest cover, whereas five variables had significant effects on hunting frequency. The positive effect of forest cover and the negative effect of hunter's age on hunting frequency suggest that logistical and physical feasibility are important drivers of hunting frequency. Furthermore, we suggest that the negative effect of distance to urban centres may be related to the profitability of hunting. We base this on the negative effect of river length in the vicinity of households and per capita monthly income on hunting frequency, which corroborates the tendency of hunting frequency to decrease when alternatives to wild meat are more readily available. We argue that to reduce unsustainable hunting it is necessary both to raise awareness amongst local communities and involve them in the creation of management plans that conserve biodiversity and meet economic and social needs. Copyright © Fauna & Flora International 2020.","Amazon; Amazonian savannah; bushmeat; Cerrado of Amapá; commercial hunting; game species; subsistence hunting; wild meat",,"Silvestre, S.M.; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, S/N, Jardim Marco Zero, - AP, Brazil; email: saulomsilvestre@gmail.com",,"Cambridge University Press",00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Article in Press",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85078730340
"Martin E.A., Brull G.R., Funk S.M., Luiselli L., Okale R., Fa J.E.","57216974767;11940378700;7005723153;35569133600;57216978654;7003936013;","Wild meat hunting and use by sedentarised Baka Pygmies in southeastern Cameroon",2020,"PeerJ","8",, e9906,"","",,,"10.7717/peerj.9906","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093098993&doi=10.7717%2fpeerj.9906&partnerID=40&md5=36b8c27900e281f14b5ccb7c74ffc9eb","Zerca y Lejos ONGD, Madrid, Spain; Nature Heritage, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom; Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Rome, Italy; Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; CIFOR Headquarters, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia","Martin, E.A., Zerca y Lejos ONGD, Madrid, Spain; Brull, G.R., Zerca y Lejos ONGD, Madrid, Spain; Funk, S.M., Nature Heritage, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom; Luiselli, L., Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Rome, Italy, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Okale, R., Zerca y Lejos ONGD, Madrid, Spain; Fa, J.E., Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom, CIFOR Headquarters, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia","As a result of sedentarisation many Baka Pygmies have changed their mobility patterns away from nomadic lifestyles to living in roadside villages. These settled groups are increasingly dependent on cultivated foods but still rely on forest resources. The level of dependence on hunting of wild animals for food and cash, as well as the hunting profiles of sedentarised Pygmy groups is little known. In this study we describe the use of wild meat in 10 Baka villages along the Djoum-Mintom road in southeastern Cameroon. From data collected from 1,946 hunting trips by 121 hunters, we show that most trips are of around 13 hours and a median of eight hours. A mean±SD of 1.15±1.11 animal carcasses are taken in a single trip; there was a positive correlation between duration of trips and carcasses. A total of 2,245 carcasses of 49 species of 24 animal families were taken in the study; species diversity was similar in all villages except one. Most hunted animals were mammals, with ungulates contributing the highest proportion. By species, just over half of the animal biomass extracted by all hunters in the studied villages was provided by four mammal species. Most animals were trapped (65.77% ± 16.63), followed by shot with guns (22.56% ± 17.72), other methods (8.69% ± 6.96) and with dogs (2.96% ± 4.49). A mean of 7,569.7 ± 6,103.4 kg yr-1 (2,080.8±19,351.4) were extracted per village, giving 75,697 kg yr-1 in total, which is equivalent to 123 UK dairy cattle. In all villages, 48.07% ± 17.58 of animals hunted were consumed by the hunter and his family, around 32.73% ± 12.55, were sold, followed by a lower percentage of carcasses partially sold and consumed (19.21% ± 17.02). Between 60% and 80% of carcasses belonged to the ""least concern""category, followed by ""near threatened"", ""vulnerable""and, rarely ""endangered"". The only endangered species hunted was the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). We suggest that hunting is a critical activity that provides a vital source of food for our study communities. Measured wild meat extraction levels are likely to be sustainable if hunter densities do not increase. Copyright 2020 Avila Martin et al.","Africa; Bushmeat; Extraction rates; Harvest rates; Prey species composition; Shot guns; Trapping","animal cell; animal experiment; article; Baka pygmy; biomass; Cameroon; carcass; chimpanzee; dairy cattle; dog; endangered species; extraction; human; male; nonhuman; species composition; species diversity; ungulate; wild meat","Fa, J.E.; Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityUnited Kingdom; email: JFa@mmu.ac.uk",,"PeerJ Inc.",21678359,,,,"English","PeerJ",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85093098993
"Duonamou L., Konate A., Djossou S.D., Mensah G.A., Xu J., Humle T.","57218573005;57218574899;57218576362;57218574883;57218572294;6508390015;","Consumer perceptions and reported wild and domestic meat and fish consumption behavior during the Ebola epidemic in Guinea, West Africa",2020,"PeerJ","2020","6", e9229,"","",,2,"10.7717/peerj.9229","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088986488&doi=10.7717%2fpeerj.9229&partnerID=40&md5=5b87d6f98c490c650292fdfeb719ab9e","School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Department of Agroforestry, Institute Superior of Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah, Guinea; Department of Zoology/Primates Conservation Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Agricultural Research Center of Agonkanmey, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","Duonamou, L., School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China, Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Konate, A., Department of Agroforestry, Institute Superior of Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah, Guinea; Djossou, S.D., Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin, Department of Zoology/Primates Conservation Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Mensah, G.A., Agricultural Research Center of Agonkanmey, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Xu, J., School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; Humle, T., Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","The handling, capturing, butchering, and transportation of wildmeat can increase the risk of zoonoses, including the Ebola virus disease (EVD). Guinea, West Africa, experienced a catastrophic outbreak of EVD between 2013 and 2016. This study aimed to understand local people's sources of information concerning EVD, their perceptions of potential wildlife carriers of EVD and their meat and fish consumption behavior during this period. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 332 participants in two urban centers (N = 209) and three villages (N = 123) between January 3 and March 30, 2015 in the prefecture of Lola in southeastern Guinea. Chi-square analyses revealed that, in rural areas, awareness missions represented the main source of information about EVD (94.3%), whereas in urban settings such missions (36.1%), as well as newspapers (31.6%) and radio (32.3%) were equally mentioned. Bats (30.1% and 79.4%), chimpanzees (16.3% and 48.8%) and monkeys (13.0% and 53.1%) were the most commonly cited potential agents of EVD in both rural and urban areas respectively, while the warthog (2.3% rural and 6.5% urban), crested porcupine (1.7% rural and 10.7% urban), duiker (1.19% rural and 2.6% urban) and the greater cane rat (1.1% rural and 9.5% urban) were also cited but to a lesser extent. However, 66.7% of rural respondents compared to only 17.2% in the urban area did not consider any of these species as potential carriers of the Ebola virus. Nonetheless, a fifth of our respondents reported not consuming any of these species altogether during the EVD outbreak. Among all seven faunal groups mentioned, a significant reduction in reported consumption during the Ebola outbreak was only noted for bats (before: 78.3% and during: 31.9%) and chimpanzees (before: 31.6% and during: 13.5%). Automatic Chi-Square Interaction Detection (CHAID) analysis revealed that the belief that bats or chimpanzees were associated with EVD or not had a significant effect respectively on their non-consumption or continued consumption. However, only 3.9% of respondents reported shifting to alternative protein sources such as domestic meat or fish specifically to avoid EVD. Only 10.8% reported consuming more domestic meat during the EVD outbreak compared with before; affordability and availability were the main reported reasons for why people did not consume more domestic meat and why two thirds reported consuming more fish. While increased domestic meat consumption was linked to the belief that duikers, the most commonly consumed wildmeat before the epidemic, were associated with EVD, increased fish consumption was not predicted by any EVD related factors. Our study revealed deep-rooted false beliefs among rural respondents and constraints when it comes to access to alternative protein sources such as domestic meat. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for greater consideration of the relationship between socio-economic context, food security, and public health. © 2020 Duonamou et al.","Bats; Bushmeat; Consumer behavior; Ebola virus disease; Food security; Guinea; Pan troglodytes verus; Public health; Zoonosis","adult; Article; awareness; behavior change; chimpanzee; community; consumer; disease transmission; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; environmental factor; female; fish consumption; food intake; human; livestock; male; meat; meat consumption; protein intake; public health; questionnaire; semi structured interview; social network; soil pollution; tumor invasion; wildlife","Duonamou, L.; School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry UniversityChina; email: lucieduonamou@gmail.com",,"PeerJ Inc.",21678359,,,,"English","PeerJ",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85088986488
"Jacob M.C.M., Feitosa I.S., Albuquerque U.P.","57200676874;57193979468;57217846374;","Animal-based food systems are unsafe: SARS-CoV-2 fosters the debate on meat consumption",2020,"Public Health Nutrition",,,,"","",,,"10.1017/S1368980020002657","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090583983&doi=10.1017%2fS1368980020002657&partnerID=40&md5=d1a5e138e7716056869e1e2031434e05","Laboratório Horta Comunitária Nutrir, Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal,Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078970, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolucąõ de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Botany Department, Recife,Pernambuco, 50.670901, Brazil","Jacob, M.C.M., Laboratório Horta Comunitária Nutrir, Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal,Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078970, Brazil; Feitosa, I.S., Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolucąõ de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Botany Department, Recife,Pernambuco, 50.670901, Brazil; Albuquerque, U.P., Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolucąõ de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Botany Department, Recife,Pernambuco, 50.670901, Brazil","The current pandemic restarts a debate on permanently banning wildlife consumption in an effort to prevent further public health threats. In this commentary, we offer two ideas to enhance the discussion on foodborne zoonotic diseases in food systems. First, we focus on the probable consequences that the loss of access to wildlife could cause to the status of food and nutrition security of many people in developing countries that rely on bushmeat to subsist. Second, we argue that all animal-based food systems, especially the ones based on intensive husbandry, present food safety threats. To ban the access to bushmeat without a rational analysis of all human meat production and consumption in the global animal-based food system will not help us to prevent future outbreaks. © The Authors 2020.","Food and Nutrition Security; Food Safety; Food Systems; Meat",,"Jacob, M.C.M.; Laboratório Horta Comunitária Nutrir, Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Brazil; email: michellejacob@ufrn.edu.br",,"Cambridge University Press",13689800,,PHNUF,,"English","Public Health Nutr.",Article,"Article in Press",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85090583983
"Brodie J.F., Fragoso J.M.V.","15755121500;6701418947;","Understanding the distribution of bushmeat hunting effort across landscapes by testing hypotheses about human foraging",2020,"Conservation Biology",,,,"","",,,"10.1111/cobi.13612","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093522688&doi=10.1111%2fcobi.13612&partnerID=40&md5=524e8bc9934f471910e9991f79e4778c","Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT  59812, United States; Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasılia, Brasılia, DF  70910-900, Brazil; Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA  94118, United States","Brodie, J.F., Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT  59812, United States; Fragoso, J.M.V., Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasılia, Brasılia, DF  70910-900, Brazil, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA  94118, United States","Mitigating the massive impacts of defaunation on natural ecosystems requires understanding and predicting hunting effort across the landscape. But such understanding has been hindered by the difficulty of assessing the movement patterns of hunters in thick forests and across complex terrain. We statistically tested hypotheses about the spatial distribution of hunting with circuit theory and structural equation models. We used a data set of >7000 known kill locations in Guyana and hunter movement models to test these methods. Comparing models with different resistance layers (i.e., different estimates of how terrain and land cover influence human movement speed) showed that rivers, on average, limited movement rather than serving as transport arteries. Moreover, far more kills occurred close to villages than in remote areas. This, combined with the lack of support for structural equation models that included latent terms for prey depletion driven by past overhunting, suggests that kill locations in this system tended to be driven by where hunters were currently foraging rather than by influences of historical harvest. These analyses are generalizable to a variety of ecosystems, species, and data types, providing a powerful way of enhancing maps and predictions of hunting effort across complex landscapes. © 2020 Society for Conservation Biology","cacería sustentable; carne silvestre; caza; community-based management; cosecha; defaunación; defaunation; harvest; hunting; manejo basado en la comunidad; manejo sustentable; spiritual sites; subsistence; subsistencia; sustainable hunting; traditional management; wild meat",,"Brodie, J.F.; Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., United States; email: jedediah.brodie@umontana.edu",,"Blackwell Publishing Inc.",08888892,,CBIOE,,"English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Article in Press",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85093522688
"Contini C., Nuzzo M.D., Barp N., Bonazza A., de Giorgio R., Tognon M., Rubino S.","7005165689;57202868984;57216178932;57216177722;7005471207;7005331000;55240504800;","The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern",2020,"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","14","3",,"254","264",,29,"10.3855/jidc.12671","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082747764&doi=10.3855%2fjidc.12671&partnerID=40&md5=268358cb32ddb99c8c40efcee386a653","Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, Ferrara, 44124, Italy; Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy","Contini, C., Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, Ferrara, 44124, Italy; Nuzzo, M.D., Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, Ferrara, 44124, Italy; Barp, N., Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, Ferrara, 44124, Italy; Bonazza, A., Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, Ferrara, 44124, Italy; de Giorgio, R., Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Tognon, M., Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Rubino, S., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy","18 years ago, in 2002, the world was astonished by the appearance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), supported by a zoonotic coronavirus, called SARS-CoV, from the Guangdong Province of southern China. After about 10 years, in 2012, another similar coronavirus triggered the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. Both caused severe pneumonia killing 774 and 858 people with 8700 cases of confirmed infection for the former, and 2494 for the latter, causing significant economic losses. 8 years later, despite the MERS outbreak remaining in certain parts of the world, at the end of 2019, a new zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and responsible of coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), arose from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It spread rapidly and to date has killed 3,242 persons with more than 81,000 cases of infection in China and causing over 126,000 global cases and 5,414 deaths in 166 other countries around the world, especially Italy. SARS-CoV-2 would seem to have come from a bat, but the intermediate reservoir continues to be unknown. Nonetheless, as for SARS-CoV and MERS CoV, the Spillover effect linked to animal-human promiscuity, human activities including deforestation, illegal bush-trafficking and bushmeat, cannot be excluded. Recently, however, evidence of inter-human only transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been accumulated and thus, the outbreak seems to be spreading by human-to-human transmission throughout a large part of the world. Herein we will provide with an update on the main features of COVID-19 and suggest possible solutions how to halt the expansion of this novel pandemic. Copyright © 2020 Contini et al.","COVID-19; Drugs; MERS CoV; SARS CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Spillover","angiotensin converting enzyme 2; C reactive protein; dipeptidyl peptidase IV; nucleocapsid protein; vitronectin; COVID-19 vaccine; virus vaccine; age; Article; Betacoronavirus; case fatality rate; chill; China; coronavirus disease 2019; disease carrier; dysentery; fever; gastrointestinal symptom; genetic analysis; global health; hospital infection; human; intensive care unit; leukocyte; lung injury; lymphocytopenia; Middle East respiratory syndrome; Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; myalgia; nonhuman; pandemic; phylogeny; protein expression; receptor down regulation; severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; thorax radiography; thrombocytopenia; thromboplastin time; virus genome; virus pneumonia; virus transmission; virus virulence; zoonosis; animal; bat; camel; civil defense; communicable disease; Coronavirinae; Coronavirus infection; epidemic; epidemiological monitoring; evolution; genetics; global health; human activities; Italy; pandemic; SARS coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome; virus pneumonia; zoonosis; Animals; Betacoronavirus; Biological Evolution; Camelus; China; Chiroptera; Civil Defense; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Epidemiological Monitoring; Global Health; Human Activities; Italy; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS Virus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Viral Vaccines; Zoonoses","Contini, C.; Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, Italy; email: cnc@unife.it",,"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries",20366590,,,"32235085","English","J. Infect. Dev. Ctries.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85082747764
"Estrada A., Garber P.A., Chaudhary A.","7004287493;7005176713;56448098500;","Current and future trends in socio-economic, demographic and governance factors affecting global primate conservation",2020,"PeerJ","8",, 2629,"","",,,"10.7717/peerj.9816","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090923182&doi=10.7717%2fpeerj.9816&partnerID=40&md5=8b26f0438ec0d5dc45141e0314dca707","National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Biology, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali, Yunnan, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, India","Estrada, A., National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Biology, Mexico City, Mexico; Garber, P.A., Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States, International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali, Yunnan, China; Chaudhary, A., Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, India","Currently, ~65% of extant primate species (ca 512 species) distributed in 91 countries in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, South Asia and Southeast Asia are threatened with extinction and 75% have declining populations as a result of deforestation and habitat loss resulting from increasing global market demands, and land conversion for industrial agriculture, cattle production and natural resource extraction. Other pressures that negatively impact primates are unsustainable bushmeat hunting, the illegal trade of primates as pets and as body parts, expanding road networks in previously isolated areas, zoonotic disease transmission and climate change. Here we examine current and future trends in several socio-economic factors directly or indirectly affecting primates to further our understanding of the interdependent relationship between human well-being, sustainable development, and primate population persistence. We found that between 2001 and 2018 ca 191 Mha of tropical forest (30% canopy cover) were lost as a result of human activities in the five primate range regions. Forty-six percent of this loss was in the Neotropics (Mexico, Central and South America), 30% in Southeast Asia, 21% in mainland Africa, 2% in Madagascar and 1% in South Asia. Countries with the greatest losses (ca 57% of total tree cover loss) were Brazil, Indonesia, DRC, China, and Malaysia. Together these countries harbor almost 50% of all extant primate species. In 2018, the world human population was estimated at ca 8bn people, ca 60% of which were found in primate range countries. Projections to 2050 and to 2100 indicate continued rapid growth of the human populations in these five primate range regions, with Africa surpassing all the other regions and totaling ca 4bn people by the year 2100. Socioeconomic indicators show that, compared to developed nations, most primate range countries are characterized by high levels of poverty and income inequality, low human development, low food security, high levels of corruption and weak governance. Models of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs) projected to 2050 and 2100 showed that whereas practices of increasing inequality (SSP4) or unconstrained growth in economic output and energy use (SSP5) are projected to have dire consequences for human well-being and primate survivorship, practices of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1) are expected to have a positive effect on maintaining biodiversity, protecting environments, and improving the human condition. These results stress that improving the well-being, health, and security of the current and future human populations in primate range countries are of paramount importance if we are to move forward with effective policies to protect the world's primate species and promote biodiversity conservation. Copyright © 2020 Estrada et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0","Biodiversity; Civil unrest; Corruption; Food security; Governance; Human development; Human population growth; Poverty; Primates; Tropical deforestation","fluoxetine; palm oil; agriculture; animal hunting; Article; biodiversity; canopy; climate change; conservation biology; coronavirus disease 2019; corruption; deforestation; demography; disease transmission; economic development; energy consumption; environment; food insecurity; food security; geographic distribution; health care quality; human; human development; income; mortality; natural resource; nonhuman; pollution; population growth; poverty; prevalence; primate; rural area; socioeconomics; species distribution; survivorship; tropical rain forest; urban area; wellbeing","Estrada, A.; National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Biology, Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignMexico; email: aestradaprimates@gmail.com",,"PeerJ Inc.",21678359,,,,"English","PeerJ",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85090923182
"Laatung S., Fuah A.M., Masy'Ud B., Sumantri C., Dohong S.","55468061300;57188934355;57190670670;6601992915;57215943470;","The Hunting of White-Tailed rat by Minahasa Tribe, North Sulawesi, Indonesia",2019,"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","399","1", 012032,"","",,,"10.1088/1755-1315/399/1/012032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078236474&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f399%2f1%2f012032&partnerID=40&md5=091b0b568cb630783b3be5c95a659e43","Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia; Department of Forest Resources, Conservation and, IPB University, Indonesia","Laatung, S., Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia; Fuah, A.M., Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia; Masy'Ud, B., Department of Forest Resources, Conservation and, IPB University, Indonesia; Sumantri, C., Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia; Dohong, S., Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia","The tradition of eating and trading wild animals (bushmeat) is said to have existed for thousands of years ago and has remained to this day. Forest rats are one of the wild animals which in recent times have been hunted and used meat for consumption. The phenomenon of scarcity and decline in the population of forest rats in their habitat in the forest area of North Sulawesi is thought to have begun. The objective of this study was to investigate the hunting activities of white-Tailed rat by the Minahasa tribe, North Sulawesi from September to October 2018. The method used snowball sampling for selecting rat hunters as respondents. A total of 60 hunters were interviewed in two villages. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires surveys. The result shows that local people generally do hunting for hobby (55%). They are generally farmers, with low levels of education and income. They primarily use guns (4 8.33%) for catching rats, while the other use dog (23.33%), trap (8.33%) and all three (20%). Hunting time of white-Tailed rat done during day and night. There are other types of wild animals that are hunted such as bat, bird, wild pig, snake, and squirrel. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.","hunting; Minahasa; white-Tailed rat; wildlife","Environmental management; Forestry; Natural resources management; Population statistics; Surveys; Forest area; hunting; Indonesia; Local people; Minahasa; Wild animals; wildlife; Rats","Laatung, S.; Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB UniversityIndonesia; email: sylvia.laatung@gmail.com","Widiatmaka","Institute of Physics Publishing",17551307,,,,"English","IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.",Conference Paper,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85078236474
"Friant S., Ayambem W.A., Alobi A.O., Ifebueme N.M., Otukpa O.M., Ogar D.A., Alawa C.B.I., Goldberg T.L., Jacka J.K., Rothman J.M.","24922986000;57213157739;57213141608;57213155717;57213164385;57213143348;6506723979;7103004285;11840395700;22951884800;","Life on the Rainforest Edge: Food Security in the Agricultural-Forest Frontier of Cross River State, Nigeria",2019,"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","3",, 113,"","",,1,"10.3389/fsufs.2019.00113","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077642293&doi=10.3389%2ffsufs.2019.00113&partnerID=40&md5=be464216e18c1fc96044628ff611076d","Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States","Friant, S., Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Ayambem, W.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Alobi, A.O., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Ifebueme, N.M., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Otukpa, O.M., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Ogar, D.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Alawa, C.B.I., Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Goldberg, T.L., Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Jacka, J.K., Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Rothman, J.M., Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, United States","A growing body of evidence demonstrates the importance of forests and wild animal-based foods for diets within tropical environments. However, deforestation and associated land-use changes can have competing effects on nutrition and food security as communities reorient from wild food use and subsistence-based agriculture to import/export markets. This research examines dietary differences and associated changes in food security during intermediate stages of deforestation and market integration in the agriculture-forest frontier of Cross River State, Nigeria. We used participant responses to mixed-methods interviews (n = 528) in six communities to measure individual dietary diversity, household food access, and short-term nutritional status, with specific attention to animal-based foods and the cultural and economic values attached to them, in two interior forest (n = 177) and four forest-edge (n = 351) communities. Multivariate analysis of dietary compositions revealed differences in food categories and types of meat consumed between forest environments. People in forest-edge communities reported consuming less bushmeat and dark green leafy vegetables, and more pulses, domestic meat, fish, eggs, dairy, other vegetables, sweets, condiments, and non-red palm oil compared to interior forest communities. Bushmeat was highly preferred and had more economic value than other animal-based foods, regardless of location. Forest-edge communities had fewer households involved in bushmeat related activities, and fewer hunters per household. However, traders in forest-edge communities sold a larger proportion of meat to people outside of the community than did traders in interior forest communities. Measures of nutrition and food security, but not wealth, improved in relation to dietary patterns in forest-edge communities compared to interior forest communities. Our results may reflect a “best of both worlds” scenario during the intermediate stages of deforestation and agricultural expansion near forested areas, where people have access to forest resources, increased ability to capitalize on forest goods, and access to market goods as they become integrated into market economies. Understanding the dietary consequences of environmental change is important, as food-related experiences may shape the trajectories of livelihood practices and landscape changes in tropical forests of biodiversity significance. © Copyright © 2019 Friant, Ayambem, Alobi, Ifebueme, Otukpa, Ogar, Alawa, Goldberg, Jacka and Rothman.","agriculture; bushmeat; conservation; deforestation; diet; food security; West Africa",,"Friant, S.; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUnited States; email: sagan.friant@psu.edu",,"Frontiers Media S.A.",2571581X,,,,"English","Front. Sustain. food Syst.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85077642293
"Travers H., Archer L.J., Mwedde G., Roe D., Baker J., Plumptre A.J., Rwetsiba A., Milner-Gulland E.J.","51566037700;57209716244;57209715848;12782645500;55469100800;6603665150;36509376200;7003731704;","Understanding complex drivers of wildlife crime to design effective conservation interventions",2019,"Conservation Biology","33","6",,"1296","1306",,10,"10.1111/cobi.13330","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068114875&doi=10.1111%2fcobi.13330&partnerID=40&md5=5b0cf686d52e2ce8af8704e98ddaeadc","Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom; Formerly Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Society Uganda Program, Plot 802 Kiwaffu Road, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487, Kampala, Uganda; International Institute for Environment and Development, 80–86 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8NH, United Kingdom; Balfour Beatty, Biodiversity Technical Services, 5 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5HU, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Pembroke Road, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, United Kingdom; Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom; Uganda Wildlife Authority, Plot 7 Kira Road, Kamwokya, P.O. Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda","Travers, H., Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom; Archer, L.J., Formerly Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Mwedde, G., Wildlife Conservation Society Uganda Program, Plot 802 Kiwaffu Road, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487, Kampala, Uganda; Roe, D., International Institute for Environment and Development, 80–86 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8NH, United Kingdom; Baker, J., Balfour Beatty, Biodiversity Technical Services, 5 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5HU, United Kingdom; Plumptre, A.J., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States, Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Pembroke Road, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, United Kingdom, Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom; Rwetsiba, A., Uganda Wildlife Authority, Plot 7 Kira Road, Kamwokya, P.O. Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom","In conservation understanding the drivers of behavior and developing robust interventions to promote behavioral change is challenging and requires a multifaceted approach. This is particularly true for efforts to address illegal wildlife use, where pervasive—and sometimes simplistic—narratives often obscure complex realities. We used an indirect questioning approach, the unmatched count technique, to investigate the drivers and prevalence of wildlife crime in communities surrounding 2 national parks in Uganda and combined scenario interviews and a choice experiment to predict the performance of potential interventions designed to tackle these crimes. Although poverty is often assumed to be a key driver of wildlife crime, we found that better-off households and those subject to human–wildlife conflict and those that do not receive any benefits from the parks’ tourism revenue sharing were more likely to be involved in certain types of wildlife crime, especially illegal hunting. The interventions predicted to have the greatest impact on reducing local participation in wildlife crime were those that directly addressed the drivers including, mitigating damage caused by wildlife and generating financial benefits for park-adjacent households. Our triangulated approach provided insights into complex and hard-to-access behaviors and highlighted the importance of going beyond single-driver narratives. © 2019 Society for Conservation Biology","bushmeat; carne de animales silvestres; community engagement; conservación predictiva; delito con vida silvestre; participación comunitaria; predictive conservation; protected areas; wildlife crime; áreas protegidas","climate prediction; conservation management; crime; experimental study; hunting; local participation; meat; mitigation; national park; participatory approach; poverty; questionnaire survey; wildlife management; Uganda; animal; crime; environmental protection; human; recreational park; Uganda; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Crime; Humans; Parks, Recreational; Uganda","Travers, H.; Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of OxfordUnited Kingdom; email: henry.travers@zoo.ox.ac.uk",,"Blackwell Publishing Inc.",08888892,,CBIOE,"30968970","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85068114875
"Lange C.E., Niama F.R., Cameron K., Olson S.H., Aime Nina R., Ondzie A., Bounga G., Smith B.R., Pante J., Reed P., Tamufe U., Laudisoit A., Goldstein T., Bagamboula Mpassi R., Joly D.O.","23100539400;6503852200;7102930644;55574244943;57212023373;55420848400;57211145130;55476081600;57212023442;7202010927;57212022062;16679272300;7004660880;57212020839;7005670706;","First evidence of a new simian adenovirus clustering with Human mastadenovirus F viruses",2019,"Virology Journal","16","1", 147,"","",,2,"10.1186/s12985-019-1248-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075736785&doi=10.1186%2fs12985-019-1248-z&partnerID=40&md5=508b56eaa1d3049a28a9c258f1c11dbb","Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, BC, Canada; National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Congo; Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Unites States Fish and Wildlife Service, Crossroads VA, Bailey's, United States; Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Brazzaville, Congo; One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Ministry of National Defense, Brazzaville, Congo; British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, BC, Canada","Lange, C.E., Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, BC, Canada; Niama, F.R., National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Congo; Cameron, K., Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, NY, United States, Unites States Fish and Wildlife Service, Crossroads VA, Bailey's, United States; Olson, S.H., National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Congo; Aime Nina, R., Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Brazzaville, Congo; Ondzie, A., Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Bounga, G., Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Smith, B.R., One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Pante, J., One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Reed, P., Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Tamufe, U., Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, BC, Canada; Laudisoit, A., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Goldstein, T., One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Bagamboula Mpassi, R., Ministry of National Defense, Brazzaville, Congo; Joly, D.O., Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, NY, United States, British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, BC, Canada","Background: Adenoviruses play an important role as human pathogens, though most infections are believed to be asymptomatic. The over 100 human adenovirus types are classified into seven species (A-G), some of which include simian adenoviruses. Recent findings have highlighted that simian adenoviruses have a zoonotic potential and that some human adenoviruses are likely the result of relatively recent spillover events. Methods: In order to evaluate the risks associated with primates hunted and sold as bushmeat, multiple samples from 24 freshly killed monkeys were collected in the Republic of the Congo and tested for adenovirus DNA by PCRs targeting the conserved DNA polymerase and hexon genes. Results: The DNA of a novel simian adenovirus was detected in a moustached monkey (Cercopithecus cephus) by the DNA polymerase PCR, but not by the hexon PCR. The 275 nucleotide amplicon was most closely related to members of the Human mastadenovirus F species (93% HAdV-40 and 89% HAdV-41 amino acid identity), rather than to other known simian adenoviruses. Conclusions: The phylogenetic clustering with Human mastadenovirus F sequences suggests a common ancestor, more recent than the last common ancestor of humans and moustached monkeys. The findings increase concerns about the zoonotic potential of simian adenoviruses and highlight the need for more research and surveillance on the issue. © 2019 The Author(s).","Adenovirus; Africa; Bushmeat; Evolution; Primate; Zoonosis","DNA polymerase; virus DNA; capsid protein; hexon capsid protein, Adenovirus; virus DNA; amplicon; Article; Cercopithecus; Cercopithecus cephus; gene cluster; Human adenovirus 40; Human adenovirus 41; Human adenovirus F; Mastadenovirus; nonhuman; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; primate; risk factor; simian virus; virus transmission; zoonosis; adenovirus infection; animal; classification; cluster analysis; Congo; genetics; Human adenovirus C; isolation and purification; monkey disease; simian virus; veterinary medicine; virology; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Adenoviruses, Simian; Animals; Capsid Proteins; Cercopithecus; Cluster Analysis; Congo; DNA, Viral; Monkey Diseases; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction","Lange, C.E.; Metabiota IncCanada; email: clange_virology@gmx.de",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",1743422X,,,"31775793","English","Virol. J.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85075736785
"McNamara J., Fa J.E., Ntiamoa-Baidu Y.","56305465600;7003936013;6701685875;","Understanding drivers of urban bushmeat demand in a Ghanaian market",2019,"Biological Conservation","239",, 108291,"","",,4,"10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108291","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074237373&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2019.108291&partnerID=40&md5=89bba66f1e7d341a54bd4f64e2504bb3","Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Centre for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana","McNamara, J., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Fa, J.E., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia, Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Centre for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana","Wild meat (or bushmeat) is consumed as a luxury item in many African cities. By contrast, bushmeat is an important source of food and income for many poor households in rural areas. To curb the flow of bushmeat from rural to urban areas, understanding drivers of demand in city markets, and their impact on hunter revenues remains fundamental. Here, we present a simple econometric model for the trade of a commercially important bushmeat species in Ghana, the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus). We explore own-price and cross-price elasticity of demand of grasscutter meat relative to commonly consumed alternative meats (goat, beef, poultry and fish) in the Atwemonom market in Kumasi city, Ghana. We show that: 1) grasscutter demand is elastic to its own price, 2) beef has an elastic cross-price elasticity, and 3) grasscutter is a luxury good, highly sensitive to consumer income. The elastic nature of the market suggests that price control policies e.g. “wild meat” tax, could reduce demand. Given that beef is the best substitute in our study area, we suggest that investment in Ghana's underdeveloped cattle industry may reduce wildlife demand while also supporting herding economies. Critically, our results demonstrated that policies that aim to reduce bushmeat demand are likely to impact hunter revenues. This finding underscores the need for complimentary investments in the rural economy to drive incomes and off-set any revenue losses as a result of a decline in bushmeat demand. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Bushmeat; Elasticity of demand; Ghana; Wild meat; Wildlife trade","bushmeat; demand analysis; econometrics; food consumption; food market; household income; rodent; rural area; urban area; Ashanti; Ghana; Kumasi; Bos; Capra hircus; Thryonomys swinderianus","McNamara, J.; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR HeadquartersIndonesia; email: james@conservationresearchconsultants.com",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85074237373
"Merson S.D., Dollar L.J., Johnson P.J., Macdonald D.W.","57204607258;23491847100;55688010600;7401463172;","Poverty not taste drives the consumption of protected species in Madagascar",2019,"Biodiversity and Conservation","28","13",,"3669","3689",,,"10.1007/s10531-019-01843-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071874319&doi=10.1007%2fs10531-019-01843-3&partnerID=40&md5=945a435fea6ecdb7944600b9923a02f7","Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC  27708, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Catawba College, Salisbury, NC  28144, United States; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon  OX13 5QL, United Kingdom","Merson, S.D., Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Dollar, L.J., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC  27708, United States, Department of Environmental Science, Catawba College, Salisbury, NC  28144, United States; Johnson, P.J., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon  OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Macdonald, D.W., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon  OX13 5QL, United Kingdom","Bushmeat consumption in Madagascar is increasingly acknowledged as one of the major threats to its wild vertebrates. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the drivers of the consumption of protected versus legally huntable wild species, or examined its variance across Madagascar’s protected and unprotected areas. This research provides a novel study of the consumption of protected, unprotected, and fish/eel species between forest types (deciduous and rainforest), as well as across a gradient of protected habitat (National Park, Reserve, Unprotected). Members of 1750 households were interviewed across four regions, including two national parks, two reserves, and two unprotected forests. Household demographic, socioeconomic, cultural, and geographic variables were explored as possible predictors of bushmeat consumption. We found that poorer households reported consuming greater quantities of protected species whereas wealthier households reported consuming greater quantities of fish and eel. Households located inside Andasibe-Mantadia National Park, Madagascar’s most visited protected area, reported consuming the greatest quantities of protected species. Interviewees’ most favoured meat was from livestock, and fish. The consumption pattern of wild species reflected interviewees’ stated preference for species that are either unlisted (e.g. tilapia fish) under Malagasy species protection laws, classified as pest (e.g. bushpig) and/or game species (e.g. tenrec). Most protected species (such as lemurs and carnivorans) were interviewees’ least favoured wild meats. Given the lack of cultural affinity, and low preference for the consumption of most protected species, our results suggest that improving accessibility to domestic meat is a promising strategy for reducing the consumption of protected species. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.","Bushmeat; Food insecurity; Hunting; Illegal trade; Poaching; Protected areas","bushmeat; conservation status; consumption behavior; deciduous forest; demographic survey; eel; endangered species; food security; household structure; hunting; poaching; poverty; protected area; rainforest; trade-environment relations; Andasibe; Madagascar; Mantadia National Park; Toamasina; Lemuridae; Potamochoerus larvatus; Tenrec; Tilapia; Vertebrata","Merson, S.D.; Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent’s Park, United Kingdom; email: samuel.merson@zsl.org",,"Springer Netherlands",09603115,,BONSE,,"English","Biodiversity Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85071874319
"Borgerson C., Razafindrapaoly B., Rajaona D., Rasolofoniaina B.J.R., Golden C.D.","56497101000;57213145656;57213149721;54785221900;57201518103;","Food Insecurity and the Unsustainable Hunting of Wildlife in a UNESCO World Heritage Site",2019,"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","3",, 99,"","",,,"10.3389/fsufs.2019.00099","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077554767&doi=10.3389%2ffsufs.2019.00099&partnerID=40&md5=fb5f69eb3076263b11a66e1ddd4b1ebf","Department of Anthropology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States; Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States","Borgerson, C., Department of Anthropology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States, Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Razafindrapaoly, B., Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar; Rajaona, D., Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar; Rasolofoniaina, B.J.R., Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar; Golden, C.D., Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States","Madagascar faces dual challenges in biodiversity conservation and public health. In order to identify strategies to reduce the unsustainable hunting of threatened species while maintaining or improving child nutrition, we quantified interactions among ecosystem indicators (lemur density and habitat biodiversity indices), health indicators (stunting, underweight, wasting, and anemia), nutrition, food security, and wildlife hunting through interviews of 1,750 people in 387 households and surveys of 28 wildlife transects with 156 habitat plots at 15 sites on Madagascar's Masoala Peninsula, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The surveyed population ate 6,726 forest animals (mammals and birds), or a mean of 3.27 kg of wild meat per person (4.48 kg per adult equivalent) during the prior year. Local Malagasy were also highly food insecure (78% of households) and malnourished (for children under five, as many as 67% were stunted, 60% were underweight, 25% were wasted, and 40% were anemic). In some communities, nearly 75% of animal-sourced calories, 76% of protein, and 74% of iron came from forest animals-demonstrating a strong dependence on wild foods. Few micronutrient-rich alternatives to wild meats were available in adequate supply and many were highly volatile; for example, 79% of chickens died from Newcastle disease in the prior year. The survivorship of lemurs (94% of lemur species are threatened with extinction) depends on providing food security to a malnourished human population who commonly hunts wildlife for food. Currently, wildlife provides a critical source of micronutrients, yet the hunting of threatened species is an untenable solution to poor diet and food insecurity. Given the established connection between wild foods and human nutrition, reductions in forests and wildlife populations will also threaten the local food supply. In order to reduce the unsustainable hunting of threatened species while improving household food security and child health, we suggest testing the effects of increasing the affordability, accessibility, and stability of micro-nutrient rich animal-sourced foods in communities where forests contribute the most to food security. © Copyright © 2019 Borgerson, Razafindrapaoly, Rajaona, Rasolofoniaina and Golden.","bushmeat; conservation; food security; hunting; lemur; Madagascar; Masoala National Park; nutrition",,"Borgerson, C.; Department of Anthropology, Montclair State UniversityUnited States; email: borgersonc@montclair.edu",,"Frontiers Media S.A.",2571581X,,,,"English","Front. Sustain. food Syst.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85077554767
"Pruvot M., Khammavong K., Milavong P., Philavong C., Reinharz D., Mayxay M., Rattanavong S., Horwood P., Dussart P., Douangngeun B., Theppangna W., Fine A.E., Olson S.H., Robinson M., Newton P.","24401854100;55583998900;57208495910;57208488970;55909699000;6603556481;55401700000;24503135900;6506096992;25636725900;14826003500;23102566700;55574244943;57197812167;57202763590;","Toward a quantification of risks at the nexus of conservation and health: The case of bushmeat markets in Lao PDR",2019,"Science of the Total Environment","676",,,"732","745",,5,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.266","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064891774&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.04.266&partnerID=40&md5=18a89c2890f8866702b37450deffb31f","Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Laos; Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos; Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Laos; Département de Médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia; Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Laos","Pruvot, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Khammavong, K., Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Laos; Milavong, P., Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Laos; Philavong, C., Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos; Reinharz, D., Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Laos, Département de Médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Mayxay, M., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Rattanavong, S., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos; Horwood, P., Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Dussart, P., Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Douangngeun, B., National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Laos; Theppangna, W., National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Laos; Fine, A.E., Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Olson, S.H., Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Robinson, M., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Newton, P., Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Trade of bushmeat and other wildlife for human consumption presents a unique set of challenges to policy-makers who are confronted with multiple trade-offs between conservation, food security, food safety, culture and tradition. In the face of these complex issues, risk assessments supported by quantitative information would facilitate evidence-based decision making. We propose a conceptual model for disease transmission risk analysis, inclusive of these multiple other facets. To quantify several processes included in this conceptual model we conducted questionnaire surveys with wildlife consumers and vendors in semi-urban centers in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR, Laos) and direct observations of consumer behaviors. Direct observation of market stalls indicated an estimated average of 10 kg bushmeat biomass per stall per hour. The socio-demographic data suggested that consumption of bushmeat in urban areas was not for subsistence but rather driven by dietary preference and tradition. Consumer behavioral observations indicated that each animal receives an average of 7 contacts per hour. We provide other key parameters to estimate the risk of disease transmission from bushmeat consumption and illustrate their use in assessing the total public health and socio-economic impact of bushmeat consumption. Pursuing integrative approaches to the study of bushmeat consumption is essential to develop effective and balanced policies that support conservation, public health, and rural development goals. © 2019","Bushmeat consumption; Food security; One Health; Risk analysis; Wildlife conservation; Zoonotic diseases","Animals; Commerce; Conservation; Consumer behavior; Economic and social effects; Food supply; Public health; Regional planning; Risk analysis; Risk assessment; Risk perception; Surveys; Behavioral observation; Bushmeat consumption; Evidence- based decisions; Food security; Quantitative information; Socio-economic impacts; Wildlife conservation; Zoonotic disease; Health risks; bushmeat; conceptual framework; consumption behavior; decision making; food consumption; food security; nature conservation; public health; risk assessment; Article; conceptual framework; consumer attitude; controlled study; cultural anthropology; disease transmission; environmental protection; evidence based practice; food intake; food preference; food safety; food security; infection risk; Laos; meat; medical decision making; priority journal; quantitative study; risk assessment; urban area; wild animal; wildlife; animal; commercial phenomena; meat; public health; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Laos; Animalia; Animals; Commerce; Conservation of Natural Resources; Laos; Meat; Public Health; Socioeconomic Factors","Pruvot, M.; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, United States; email: mpruvot@wcs.org",,"Elsevier B.V.",00489697,,STEVA,"31054417","English","Sci. Total Environ.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85064891774
"Nunes A.V., Peres C.A., Constantino P.D.A.L., Santos B.A., Fischer E.","57214415090;7005085103;24829236400;7006476950;19034302700;","Irreplaceable socioeconomic value of wild meat extraction to local food security in rural Amazonia",2019,"Biological Conservation","236",,,"171","179",,5,"10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066276929&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2019.05.010&partnerID=40&md5=28721eaf588b95abcb0b802793563f80","Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul  79070-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa do Pantanal, campus avançado do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso  78060-900, Brazil; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk  NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58051-900, Brazil; REDEFAUNA – Rede de pesquisa em diversidade, conservação e uso da fauna da Amazônia, SQN 416, Bloco G, 203, Brasília, 70.879-070, Brazil","Nunes, A.V., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul  79070-900, Brazil, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa do Pantanal, campus avançado do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso  78060-900, Brazil; Peres, C.A., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk  NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58051-900, Brazil; Constantino, P.D.A.L., REDEFAUNA – Rede de pesquisa em diversidade, conservação e uso da fauna da Amazônia, SQN 416, Bloco G, 203, Brasília, 70.879-070, Brazil; Santos, B.A., Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58051-900, Brazil; Fischer, E., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul  79070-900, Brazil","Wild vertebrates play a decisive role in the subsistence economy of human populations worldwide. The food security value of wild-meat extracted from natural ecosystems remains poorly quantified. Here, we provide an economic valuation of the nutritional and monetary benefits of year-round wild-meat hunting across a large trinational region of southwestern Amazonia using data from indigenous and non-indigenous settlements from 30 sites. We then build scenarios to explore whether three ubiquitous sources of regional-scale household income (i.e. wage labour, horticultural revenues from manioc flour production and the harvest of Brazil-nuts) could match the purchase costs of alternative meat demand to meet domestic consumption of animal protein should game stocks collapse for any reason. We also considered a fourth valuation scenario in terms of game meat substitution with bovine beef. We conservatively estimate a total annual consumption of ~1431.8 tons of undressed animal carcasses, equivalent to a mean per-capita meat consumption of 54.75 kg person−1 yr−1, or ~10.9 kg of animal protein person−1 yr−1. This overall consumption of terrestrial wildlife meat provides US$7.875 million yr−1 across the study region. However, household income levels were too low to enable transitions into domestic livestock consumption indicating low adaptation capacity to alternative animal protein; replacement purchases of domestic meat would amount to 90% of aggregate annual wages, 194% of overall income from manioc flour, and 67% of all Brazil-nuts collected. Complete beef replacement by the population in this region would require further inputs of US$2.658 million yr−1 and the conversion of 4310 ha of Amazonian forests into pasture. Our results emphasize the extraordinarily valuable and irreplaceable role of wild meat in the food security of tropical forest dwellers. Proposing consumption of alternative sources of animal protein for monetarily deprived forest dwellers is clearly an unrealistic, if not environmentally-damaging, strategy. Conservation scientists, wildlife biologists and policy makers should therefore prioritize adding value to standing forests by managing sustainable wild-meat offtake from natural ecosystems. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Bushmeat harvest; Ecosystem services; Household income; Protein consumption; Rainforest; Wildlife conservation","bushmeat; ecosystem management; ecosystem service; food consumption; food security; household income; human settlement; meat; nature conservation; protein; rainforest; rural area; socioeconomic conditions; wild population; Amazonia; Brazil; Animalia; Bertholletia excelsa; Bovinae; Manihot esculenta; Vertebrata","Nunes, A.V.; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulBrazil; email: tataupas@gmail.com",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85066276929
"Hoshina T., Fukumoto S., Aonuma H., Saiki E., Hori S., Kanuka H.","56435779000;35500068000;16174331300;55553546500;55489889700;57202971244;","Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild sika deer in Japan",2019,"Parasitology International","71",,,"76","79",,2,"10.1016/j.parint.2019.03.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063877202&doi=10.1016%2fj.parint.2019.03.016&partnerID=40&md5=0ea82257360df27572aaa7ae610285c2","Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan","Hoshina, T., Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Fukumoto, S., National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan; Aonuma, H., Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Saiki, E., Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Hori, S., Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Kanuka, H., Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan","Toxoplasmosis is a food-borne infection that is widespread around the world, causing congenital disorders and opportunistic infections. Ingestion of undercooked meat is one of the risk factors for infection with the causative agent, Toxoplasma gondii. Japanese people occasionally eat rare meat as a traditional cuisine style called “Sashimi”. A rapid increase in venison consumption in Japan has occurred mainly due to enhanced population control of wild Japanese deer (Cervus nippon) in recent decades. In particular, Yezo-sika deer (C. n. yesoensis) in Hokkaido (the northernmost and largest prefecture in Japan) is frequently supplied to markets as branded game/bushmeat. To study the possible burden of Toxoplasma gondii among wild Yezo-sika deer, plasma samples of Yezo-sika deer hunted during two seasons, 2010–2012, in Eastern Hokkaido were investigated. A total 80 samples were examined using the Sabin–Feldman dye test, which is highly specific and sensitive for identifying the development and persistence of antibodies after primary Toxoplasma infection, demonstrating that 38 cases (47.5%) were seropositive (cut-off titer <1:16). Antibody prevalence of T. gondii in female deer was higher than in males. Adult deer aged 3 years or over showed higher seroprevalence compared with younger animals. The overall seroprevalence fluctuated significantly according to the season when the deer were hunted. These results indicated widespread infection of T. gondii among Japanese wild Yezo-sika deer, suggesting that both appropriate handling and treatment of bushmeat are required to prevent food-borne toxoplasmosis in Japan. © 2019","Sabin–Feldman dye test; Sika deer; Toxoplasma gondii","adult; antibody titer; Article; blood sampling; cross reaction; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; immunoassay; Japan; male; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; seroprevalence; sika deer; Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; Western blotting; age; animal; animal toxoplasmosis; blood; deer; meat; parasitology; seroepidemiology; sex factor; Toxoplasma; protozoon antibody; Age Factors; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Deer; Female; Japan; Male; Meat; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sex Factors; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis, Animal","Hoshina, T.; Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of MedicineJapan; email: tohoshina@jikei.ac.jp",,"Elsevier Ireland Ltd",13835769,,PAINF,"30940609","English","Parasitol. Int.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85063877202
"Brodie J.F., McIntyre P.B.","15755121500;55546696300;","Bushmeat biogeochemistry: Hunting tropical mammals alters ecosystem phosphorus budgets",2019,"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","286","1907", 20190966,"","",,,"10.1098/rspb.2019.0966","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069930791&doi=10.1098%2frspb.2019.0966&partnerID=40&md5=1fbf3c62154a709393dce98871994554","Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT  59802, United States; Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT  59802, United States; Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI  53706, United States","Brodie, J.F., Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT  59802, United States, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT  59802, United States; McIntyre, P.B., Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI  53706, United States","Wild meat (or 'bushmeat') hunting is nearly ubiquitous across the tropics and is very often unsustainable-driving declines and extirpation of numerous mammal populations. Loss of these animals can alter the transport of nutrients within and between ecosystems. But whether the physical removal of vertebrate carcasses and the nutrients that they store can reduce overall nutrient availability in ecosystems has been little explored. At 32 sites on three continents, we show that annual phosphorus (P) loss via mammal exploitation was low relative to the rate of atmospheric P deposition. But at four sites in Africa and Southeast Asia, removal of P in the skeletons of hunted mammals exceeded the atmospheric input of this nutrient by 10-fold or more. Because P is the growth-limiting nutrient for many tropical terrestrial ecosystems and certain large mammals, the imbalance created by the removal of mammal biomass under very high hunting scenarios could reduce ecosystem carrying capacity if no compensatory P additions occur in the system. This biogeochemical perspective on bushmeat exploitation raises further concerns about harvest sustainability and human food security in areas where hunting rates are high and ecosystem P inputs low. © 2019 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Defaunation; Exploitation; Macronutrient; Nutrient cycles; Overharvest; Rainforest","biogeochemistry; bushmeat; carrying capacity; exploitation; harvesting; hunting; mammal; nutrient; nutrient availability; nutrient cycling; phosphorus; rainforest; tropical region; Africa; Southeast Asia; Animalia; Mammalia; Vertebrata; phosphorus; Africa; animal; ecosystem; environmental protection; human activities; mammal; meat; metabolism; Southeast Asia; Africa; Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Human Activities; Mammals; Meat; Phosphorus","Brodie, J.F.; Division of Biological Sciences, University of MontanaUnited States; email: jedediah.brodie@mso.umt.edu",,"Royal Society Publishing",09628452,,PRLBA,"31311475","English","Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85069930791
"Pattiselanno F., Apituley J.R.M., Arobaya A.Y.S., Koibur J.F.","57196436065;57210471782;57210469361;57196435817;","Short communication: Using wildlife for local livelihood - Experiences from the bird’s head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia",2019,"Biodiversitas","20","7",,"1839","1845",,2,"10.13057/biodiv/d200708","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070835303&doi=10.13057%2fbiodiv%2fd200708&partnerID=40&md5=f96cf938f6f0a65946bcee24ed07eef1","Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia; Biodiversity Research Center, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia; Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Manado, Jl. Kampus UNIMA, Tonsaru, Tondano, North Sulawesi  95618, Indonesia; Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia","Pattiselanno, F., Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia, Biodiversity Research Center, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia; Apituley, J.R.M., Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Manado, Jl. Kampus UNIMA, Tonsaru, Tondano, North Sulawesi  95618, Indonesia; Arobaya, A.Y.S., Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia; Koibur, J.F., Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia, Biodiversity Research Center, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, West Papua  98314, Indonesia","Wildlife products are valuable commodities, and wild meat is considered as premium value because it has a high value per unit weight compared with other forest products Wildlife products are commonly used for consumption purpose, generating household income and cultural reasons. Because cultural values differ among ethnic groups, it is important to understand how wildlife contributes to local livelihoods in different areas of the Bird’s Head Peninsula. Data was obtained opportunistically during fieldwork to different parts of West Papua Province from 2010 to 2018. Study sites were not intentionally selected, but they were considered during the involvement of authors in research and survey across the Bird’s Head Peninsula of West Papua Province Data was collected through indirect observation and semi-structural interviews. A literature review was also completed to supplement the primary data collected from the fieldwork. The results indicated many people rely on wild meat as an alternative source of food for the household. Wildlife also offered forms of income generation such as sale of bushmeat products. Acquisition of animal parts as cultural artifacts, for personal adornment or for trophies was still a widespread practice throughout the areas. Religious and cultural aspects also contributed significantly to the use of wild meat for traditional or spiritual aspects as well. Finally, some reasons have been identified that derive peoples’ attitudes in using wildlife across the Bird’s Head Peninsula, and they are for consumption, sale and the relationship between wild animal species and cultural values. © 2019, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.","Cultural; Food; Income; Local livelihood; Papua; Wildlife",,"Pattiselanno, F.; Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Indonesia; email: f.pattiselanno@unipa.ac.id",,"Society for Indonesian Biodiversity",1412033X,,,,"English","Biodiversitas",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85070835303
"Dobson A.D.M., Milner-Gulland E.J., Ingram D.J., Keane A.","57205593766;7003731704;56457522000;23990561700;","A Framework for Assessing Impacts of Wild Meat Hunting Practices in the Tropics",2019,"Human Ecology","47","3",,"449","464",,5,"10.1007/s10745-019-0075-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067257885&doi=10.1007%2fs10745-019-0075-6&partnerID=40&md5=0f084a566deca53edbcb880625b8b518","School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom","Dobson, A.D.M., School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Ingram, D.J., Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Keane, A., School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom","Terrestrial wildlife is being hunted for consumption by humans in the tropics at an unprecedented rate, and the often unsustainable nature of this harvest has profound implications not only for biodiversity and ecosystem function, but also for human livelihoods. Whilst the nature and impacts of this practice have been studied in numerous contexts and localities, a comprehensive treatment of the social, economic, and environmental determinants of both hunter decision-making and hunting outcomes has been lacking. In this review we discuss influences of hunting methods and effort on the types of animals caught, the efficiency of harvest, and the implications of these factors for sustainability. We highlight gaps in current understanding, and identify the most important data requirements. Our approach provides a framework for the design of future studies into wild meat hunting and its impacts, promoting the efficient targeting of priority areas of research. © 2019, The Author(s).","Africa, Amazonia, Southeast Asia; Biodiversity; Bushmeat; Defaunation; Human hunting; Snaring; Sustainable harvest; Wild meat","biodiversity; bushmeat; decision making; efficiency measurement; harvesting; hunter-gatherer; hunting; sustainability; Africa; Amazonia; Southeast Asia; Animalia","Dobson, A.D.M.; School of GeoSciences, University of EdinburghUnited Kingdom; email: andrew.dobson@ed.ac.uk",,"Springer New York LLC",03007839,,,,"English","Hum. Ecol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85067257885
"Dobson A.D.M., Milner-Gulland E.J., Beale C.M., Ibbett H., Keane A.","57205593766;7003731704;7004220194;57194428502;23990561700;","Detecting deterrence from patrol data",2019,"Conservation Biology","33","3",,"665","675",,5,"10.1111/cobi.13222","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057816061&doi=10.1111%2fcobi.13222&partnerID=40&md5=607c42f024bdf61a802facee1fb55ce3","School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, University of York, York, Y010 5DD, United Kingdom","Dobson, A.D.M., School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Beale, C.M., Department of Biology, University of York, York, Y010 5DD, United Kingdom; Ibbett, H., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Keane, A., School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom","The threat posed to protected areas by the illegal killing of wildlife is countered principally by ranger patrols that aim to detect and deter potential offenders. Deterring poaching is a fundamental conservation objective, but its achievement is difficult to identify, especially when the prime source of information comes in the form of the patrols’ own records, which inevitably contain biases. The most common metric of deterrence is a plot of illegal activities detected per unit of patrol effort (CPUE) against patrol effort (CPUE-E). We devised a simple, mechanistic model of law breaking and law enforcement in which we simulated deterrence alongside exogenous changes in the frequency of offences under different temporal patterns of enforcement effort. The CPUE-E plots were not reliable indicators of deterrence. However, plots of change in CPUE over change in effort (ΔCPUE-ΔE) reliably identified deterrence, regardless of the temporal distribution of effort or any exogenous change in illegal activity levels as long as the time lag between patrol effort and subsequent behavioral change among offenders was approximately known. The ΔCPUE-ΔE plots offered a robust, simple metric for monitoring patrol effectiveness; were no more conceptually complicated than the basic CPUE-E plots; and required no specialist knowledge or software to produce. Our findings demonstrate the need to account for temporal autocorrelation in patrol data and to consider appropriate (and poaching-activity-specific) intervals for aggregation. They also reveal important gaps in understanding of deterrence in this context, especially the mechanisms by which it occurs. In practical applications, we recommend the use of ΔCPUE-ΔE plots in preference to other basic metrics and advise that deterrence should be suspected only if there is a clear negative slope. Distinct types of illegal activity should not be grouped together for analysis, especially if the signs of their occurrence have different persistence times in the environment. © 2018 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.","bushmeat; conservation; law enforcement; poaching; protected areas; wild meat","autocorrelation; bushmeat; catch per unit effort; conservation management; data assimilation; detection method; human activity; law enforcement; poaching; protected area; wild population; wildlife management; animal; environmental protection; law enforcement; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Law Enforcement","Dobson, A.D.M.; School of Geosciences, University of EdinburghUnited Kingdom; email: andrew.dobson@ed.ac.uk",,"Blackwell Publishing Inc.",08888892,,CBIOE,"30238502","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85057816061
"Beirne C., Meier A.C., Mbele A.E., Menie Menie G., Froese G., Okouyi J., Poulsen J.R.","55868016300;57191279455;57207466886;57207457262;56845347300;57192065619;7101865229;","Participatory monitoring reveals village-centered gradients of mammalian defaunation in central Africa",2019,"Biological Conservation","233",,,"228","238",,9,"10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062535984&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2019.02.035&partnerID=40&md5=8224f2cb9400b691e16f33f816f859f6","Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27708, United States; Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, B.P. 20379, Libreville, Gabon","Beirne, C., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27708, United States; Meier, A.C., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27708, United States; Mbele, A.E., Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, B.P. 20379, Libreville, Gabon; Menie Menie, G., Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, B.P. 20379, Libreville, Gabon; Froese, G., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27708, United States; Okouyi, J., Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, B.P. 20379, Libreville, Gabon; Poulsen, J.R., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27708, United States","Tropical areas are facing a bushmeat crisis involving the systematic over-exploitation of large-bodied mammals for both subsistence and commercial purposes. We hypothesize that because hunting generally originates from villages, it will create “halos of defaunation” where abundances of large mammals increase with distance away from villages. Whilst such patterns have been well characterized at the landscape scale, examining how defaunation halos vary between different villages has received considerably less attention. Forests immediately surrounding villages are of considerable importance to the people residing within them and the factors hypothesized to influence local defaunation halos (e.g. village size, hunting practices and access to local markets) may affect local livelihoods and the ecological integrity of nearby forests. To address this, we adopted a participatory approach to establish and monitor sixty transects across ten village-distance gradients (1-8 km) in Gabon. Trained paraecologists, recruited from local villages, walked each transect twice monthly to determine the encounter rates of medium and large mammals across the village distance gradient and monitored village-level bushmeat availability. We found that overall rates of mammal observation and estimated species richness were constant across the village-distance gradient, however the total number of individuals encountered and bushmeat biomass were lower close to villages – consistent with local depletion of wildlife. These general trends were underpinned by depleted mammal species diversity with increasing proximity to villages and a marked shift in mammal community composition: small, non-hunted species were encountered most frequently near villages, whereas large, hunted species were encountered most frequently away from villages. We found some evidence for inter-village variation in the strength and depth of defaunation halos, which may be driven in part by the village-level hunting intensity. Several of the key parameters identified in landscape-scale bushmeat studies did not detectably influence village-level defaunation (e.g. road or market distance). Despite the prevalence of bushmeat hunting in the region, the conservation value of forests immediately surrounding villages was demonstrated through the detection of large-bodied species of conservation concern (e.g. chimpanzee and gorilla) at a high proportion of survey locations. The compositional shifts in mammal communities detailed here will ultimately lead to the altered composition and diversity of forests around villages, with potential implications for human livelihoods, health and transmission of zoonotic disease. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of engaging paraecologists to answer focused ecological questions - the first step in facilitating effective natural resource management by local communities. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Access; Citizen science; Density; Disturbance; Diversity; Encounter rate; Game; Hill numbers; Hunt; Hunting; Participatory monitoring; Population; Road; Transect; Village","biomass; bushmeat; conservation status; disturbance; encounter rate; forest ecosystem; hunting; landscape; mammal; natural resource; participatory approach; population density; road; species diversity; species richness; village; Central Africa; Mammalia; Pan","Poulsen, J.R.; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, United States; email: john.poulsen@duke.edu",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85062535984
"Souto W.M.S., Lima R.N., Sousa B.F.C.F.","22939205600;57194977415;57193507944;","Illegal bushmeat hunting and trade dynamics in a major road-hub region of the Brazilian Mid North",2019,"Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge","18","2",,"402","411",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065883017&partnerID=40&md5=47a85608b79eeffb0562efb158399809","Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Biologia (DBIO), Laboratório de Zoologia, Uso e Conservação da Fauna Ecotonal da América do Sul (ZUCON), Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Ininga, Teresina, Piauí State  CEP 64049-550, Brazil; UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, Floriano, Piauí State  CEP 64808-605, Brazil; Núcleo de Referências em Ciências Ambientais do Trópico Ecotonal do Nordeste (TROPEN), UFPI, Av. Universitária, #1310, Teresina, PI  CEP, 64049-550, Brazil","Souto, W.M.S., Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Biologia (DBIO), Laboratório de Zoologia, Uso e Conservação da Fauna Ecotonal da América do Sul (ZUCON), Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Ininga, Teresina, Piauí State  CEP 64049-550, Brazil; Lima, R.N., UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, Floriano, Piauí State  CEP 64808-605, Brazil; Sousa, B.F.C.F., Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Biologia (DBIO), Laboratório de Zoologia, Uso e Conservação da Fauna Ecotonal da América do Sul (ZUCON), Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Ininga, Teresina, Piauí State  CEP 64049-550, Brazil, Núcleo de Referências em Ciências Ambientais do Trópico Ecotonal do Nordeste (TROPEN), UFPI, Av. Universitária, #1310, Teresina, PI  CEP, 64049-550, Brazil","This study was conducted to characterize the illegal bushmeat hunting and trade in Floriano region (Piauí State), an import road hub between Amazon and Northeast regions of Brazil. This is the first study that assesses bushmeat hunting in Mid North of Northeast Brazil. Our main hypothesis is that hunting has completely changed from a purely subsistence scenario to another under multiple demands and with the incorporation of technological resources. We collected data from August 2015 to July 2016 throughout semi-structured questionnaires with 82 hunters and rapid survey at markets. Our study revealed that 14 wild vertebrates are usually hunted in studied areas as source of meat and zootherapeutics. Hunting for subsistence was the main purpose reported by interviewees, nonetheless we detected that virtually all hunters sell wild meat and zootherapeutic products. We found that local hunting is mainly as a nocturnal activity. Our results show that bushmeat hunting and trade are facilitated by modern technologies and these activities turned into a black way supported by very diverse purposes besides subsistence. We suggest more comprehensive conservation strategies, including alternatives to supply urban demand for game meat, environmental education to mitigate involvement in hunting and improved intelligence efforts by environmental agencies. © 2019, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.","Bushmeat market chain; Ethnozoology; Hunting in Brazil; Loss of traditional hunting; Wildlife conservation; Wildlife trade","article; Brazil; education; human; human experiment; intelligence; market; nonhuman; structured questionnaire; vertebrate; wildlife conservation","Souto, W.M.S.; Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Biologia (DBIO), Laboratório de Zoologia, Uso e Conservação da Fauna Ecotonal da América do Sul (ZUCON), Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Ininga, Brazil; email: wedson@ufpi.edu.br",,"National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR)",09725938,,,,"English","Indian J. Trad. Knowl.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85065883017
"Salami K.K., Ayegboyin M., Adedeji I.A.","6508260076;56139432000;57208456508;","Ebola outbreak in Nigeria: Perceptions from commercial motorcyclists and passengers in Ibadan, Nigeria",2019,"Health Education Research","34","1",,"1","14",,,"10.1093/her/cyy049","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059494570&doi=10.1093%2fher%2fcyy049&partnerID=40&md5=f340da873610f6a1f8a6abf0b0148a2c","Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria","Salami, K.K., Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Ayegboyin, M., Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Adedeji, I.A., Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria","The outbreak of deadliest and most widespread Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West African countries was not only unexpected but also sudden in places like Nigeria. The epidemic was an indication of weak health systems characterised by inadequate precautions and low knowledge of containment. Although Nigeria was able to contain EVD much earlier, people's perception, which also influenced their responses, might enhance the spread and retard containment. This study utilized 25 in-depth interviews conducted with commercial motorcycle-taxi (Okada) riders in key locations in Ibadan, Oyo state, to document their perception about EVD outbreak. Series of sociocultural practices such as handshaking, hugging and embracement identified were favourable to transmission of EVD and affected containment. Regular handwashing was difficult and not cost-effective to practice. The perceived trust in God's intervention could make treatment seeking and prevention slower to achieve. The potential of sociocultural practices, such as handshaking and hugging, as driver for transmission of EVD may influence the perception of motorcycle-taxi riders in the prevention and containment activities in Nigeria. Hence, understanding people's perception on handwashing practices, hugging and butchering of bushmeat should be given priority in designing programmes of EVD prevention and control in Nigeria. © ° The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.",,"adult; attitude to health; cultural factor; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; epidemic; female; hand disinfection; human; interview; male; motorcycle; Nigeria; perception; Adult; Cultural Characteristics; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Hand Disinfection; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Motorcycles; Nigeria; Perception","Salami, K.K.; Department of Sociology, University of IbadanNigeria; email: kabsalami@yahoo.co.uk",,"Oxford University Press",02681153,,HERPE,"30590508","English","Health Educ. Res.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85059494570
"Fa J.E., Wright J.H., Funk S.M., Márquez A.L., Olivero J., Farfán M.Á., Guio F., Mayet L., Malekani D., Louzolo C.H., Mwinyihali R., Wilkie D.S., Wieland M.","7003936013;35767090000;7005723153;7102678925;57212278335;8081947200;57214780751;57214782245;57196021126;57214778327;57209593229;57203197896;57191991689;","Mapping the availability of bushmeat for consumption in Central African cities",2019,"Environmental Research Letters","14","9", 094002,"","",,4,"10.1088/1748-9326/ab36fa","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079095888&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2fab36fa&partnerID=40&md5=18f32d8a3c59b393dbd8b1f979eac3a5","Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, United Kingdom; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16115, Indonesia; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Nature Heritage, St. Lawrence, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom; Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Grupo de Biogeografía, Diversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain","Fa, J.E., Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, United Kingdom, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16115, Indonesia; Wright, J.H., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Funk, S.M., Nature Heritage, St. Lawrence, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom, Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Márquez, A.L., Grupo de Biogeografía, Diversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain; Olivero, J., Grupo de Biogeografía, Diversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain; Farfán, M.Á., Grupo de Biogeografía, Diversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain; Guio, F., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Mayet, L., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Malekani, D., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Louzolo, C.H., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Mwinyihali, R., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Wilkie, D.S., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Wieland, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY  10460, United States","The trade of bushmeat from rural areas to supply burgeoning cities is a major conservation and livelihood concern. Using a whole-city sampling strategy we mapped the distribution and numbers of meat outlets in the Kinshasa-Brazzaville metropolitan area, two neighboring capital cities in Central Africa.Weshow that both cities differ in the number and density of meat outlets, with more in Brazzaville per area sampled and inhabitants. The number of meat outlets is related to human population densities and primarily concentrated along the banks of the Congo River, in the more affluent areas of the cities. Across the two cities, roughly 22% of all sampled markets (50% in Brazzaville and 19% in Kinshasa) and 24% of all visited restaurants (24% in each city) were selling bushmeat during our survey. Despite the relatively low number of establishments offering bushmeat for sale, extrapolated to the entire area and population of both cities, we expect the overall amount of wild animal meat consumed per annum to be significantly high.Wesuggest that the supply of such numbers of wild animal meat will strongly impact the animal populations sourcing these cities. Our data also indicate that the number of domestic meat outlets may be adequate to supply urban dwellers with sufficient animal protein. © 2019 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.","Bushmeat volumes; Markets; Restaurants; Urban consumers","Animals; Commerce; Marketing; Population statistics; Animal populations; Animal proteins; Bushmeat volumes; Human population; Metropolitan area; Restaurants; Sampling strategies; Urban consumers; Meats; bushmeat; conservation planning; consumption behavior; food availability; food supply; livelihood; metropolitan area; population density; trade-environment relations; wild population; Brazzaville; Congo; Congo River; Democratic Republic Congo; Kinshasa; Ville de Kinshasa; Animalia","Fa, J.E.; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityUnited Kingdom; email: jfa949@gmail.com",,"Institute of Physics Publishing",17489318,,,,"English","Environ.Res.Lett.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85079095888
"Mayor P., El Bizri H.R., Morcatty T.Q., Moya K., Solis S., Bodmer R.E.","7003985772;55939332500;55939284000;57209197582;57209198835;7004270272;","Assessing the minimum sampling effort required to reliably monitor wild meat trade in urban markets",2019,"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","7","May", 180,"","",,2,"10.3389/fevo.2019.180","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066778996&doi=10.3389%2ffevo.2019.180&partnerID=40&md5=eb24ab1728d47bfe73b45c6363fd7fb1","Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Iquitos, Peru; Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia, Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Brazil; School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru","Mayor, P., Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Peru, ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Iquitos, Peru, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia, Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil; El Bizri, H.R., ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Iquitos, Peru, Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Brazil, Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Brazil, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Morcatty, T.Q., Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Brazil, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Moya, K., Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru; Solis, S., Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru; Bodmer, R.E., Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Peru, ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Iquitos, Peru","The trade of wild meat generates great economic returns for local communities but at a cost of increasing harvest rates of game species. Monitoring wild meat trade in urban markets is a low-cost method that can be employed to assess impacts of hunting on game populations. Nevertheless, wild meat markets are complex systems to monitor since they often vary over time, are illegal in some countries, and often vendors distrust researchers. We investigated the wild meat trade in the Belén market in Iquitos, Peru, the largest wild meat market in the Amazon, to estimate the minimum sampling effort required to obtain reliable estimates of the amounts and prices of wild meat sold. During two 12-month surveys (Sept. 2006-Aug. 2007, Sept. 2017-Aug. 2018), we conducted a total of 4,524 vendor interviews in 320 sample days. By modeling 10 possible scenarios in which sampling size and amount of meat traded varied, we calculated the accuracy and precision of different survey protocols. We found that in scenarios where the daily amount of wild meat on sale was between 40 and 650 kg, a sampling effort equal to or > 2 sampling days per month provided good accuracy (>90%) and precision (>85%). However, in scenarios where wild meat traded was less frequent, or for rarer species, an effort of at least one interview per week is required. Vendor declaration of the daily amounts of meat sold was similar to the quantity on sale (accuracy = 98%), suggesting that sellers are aware of the volume of wild meat brought to market. To accurately monitor the trade of wild meat in urban markets, we recommend a minimum sampling effort, ranging from two interviews per week to two interviews per month, depending on the amount of wild meat traded; in other occasions, a punctual interview on meat sellers' perception may also be useful. © 2019 Mayor, El Bizri, Morcatty, Moya, Solis and Bodmer.","Accuracy; Amazon; Bushmeat; Sampling effort; Wildlife trade",,"Mayor, P.; Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaSpain; email: mayorpedro@hotmail.com",,"Frontiers Media S.A.",2296701X,,,,"English","Front. ecol. evol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85066778996
"Luiselli L., Hema E.M., Segniagbeto G.H., Ouattara V., Eniang E.A., Di Vittorio M., Amadi N., Parfait G., Pacini N., Akani G.C., Sirima D., Guenda W., Fakae B.B., Dendi D., Fa J.E.","35569133600;15925676300;15830173000;57193901110;6508194826;15128455900;35387581900;57193907530;6603580993;6603752055;57192127523;6505834178;6701327382;56444401500;7003936013;","Understanding the influence of non-wealth factors in determining bushmeat consumption: Results from four West African countries",2019,"Acta Oecologica","94",,,"47","56",,12,"10.1016/j.actao.2017.10.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031430705&doi=10.1016%2fj.actao.2017.10.002&partnerID=40&md5=7a0cdbe47183c271d8c20e86fc6b1ca0","IDECC - Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, I-00144, Italy; Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Université Ouaga 1 Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO/CUPD, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 09 B.P. 848, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso; Department de Zoologie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Groupe des Expert en Gestion des Eléphants et de la Biodiversité de l'Afrique, de l'Ouest, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of UyoAkwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Ecologia Applicata Italia s.r.l., via E. Jenner 50, Rome, Italy; Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, United Kingdom; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom","Luiselli, L., IDECC - Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, I-00144, Italy, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Hema, E.M., Université Ouaga 1 Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO/CUPD, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 09 B.P. 848, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso; Segniagbeto, G.H., Department de Zoologie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo; Ouattara, V., Groupe des Expert en Gestion des Eléphants et de la Biodiversité de l'Afrique, de l'Ouest, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Eniang, E.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of UyoAkwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Di Vittorio, M., Ecologia Applicata Italia s.r.l., via E. Jenner 50, Rome, Italy; Amadi, N., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Parfait, G., Université Ouaga 1 Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO/CUPD, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 09 B.P. 848, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso; Pacini, N., Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, United Kingdom; Akani, G.C., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Sirima, D., Université Ouaga 1 Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO/CUPD, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 09 B.P. 848, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso; Guenda, W., Université Ouaga 1 Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO/CUPD, Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 09 B.P. 848, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso; Fakae, B.B., IDECC - Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, I-00144, Italy, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Dendi, D., IDECC - Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, I-00144, Italy, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Fa, J.E., Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom","The meat of wild animals (bushmeat) is consumed extensively in many tropical regions. Over the past few decades bushmeat consumption has greatly increased, threatening the survival of some hunted species and the supply of animal protein to countless numbers of people. Understanding patterns of bushmeat consumption is thus vital to ensure the sustainable use of this resource. Although the economic drivers of bushmeat consumption have been well studied, non-wealth correlates have been poorly considered. Here, we analyse how variables such as age and gender may influence bushmeat consumption in four West African countries, within the Guinean forests (Togo and Nigeria) and Sahel (Burkina Faso and Niger). We interviewed a total of 2453 persons (1253 urban, 1200 in rural areas) to determine frequency of consumption of bushmeat as well as the main species eaten. We found significant differences in bushmeat consumption between rural and urban areas in all four countries. In particular, the proportion of persons not consuming any bushmeat was highest in urban areas. Gender differences in bushmeat consumption were not generally important but young people consistently avoided eating bushmeat, especially in Togo and Nigeria, and in urban areas. The complicated interplay between tradition and evolution of social systems (especially the trends towards westernization) may explain the different perceptions that people may have towards consuming bushmeat in the four studied countries. In addition, we found considerable variation in types of bushmeat eaten, with antelopes and large rodents eaten by the great majority of interviewees, but bats, monkeys, and snakes being avoided, especially in urban settlements. © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS","Age; Burkina Faso; Frequency; Gender; Niger; Nigeria; Species eaten; Togo; Wildlife","age determination; bushmeat; food consumption; frequency analysis; gender relations; perception; rural area; tropical region; urban area; Burkina Faso; Guinea; Niger [West Africa]; Sahel [Sub-Saharan Africa]; Togo; Animalia; Rodentia; Serpentes","Luiselli, L.; IDECC - Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Italy; email: l.luiselli@ideccngo.org",,"Elsevier B.V.",1146609X,,ACOEE,,"English","Acta Oecol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85031430705
"Ingram D.J., Cronin D.T., Challender D.W.S., Venditti D.M., Gonder M.K.","56457522000;56432429700;55200030100;57205456142;7003308879;","Characterising trafficking and trade of pangolins in the Gulf of Guinea",2019,"Global Ecology and Conservation","17",, e00576,"","",,22,"10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00576","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062730967&doi=10.1016%2fj.gecco.2019.e00576&partnerID=40&md5=7925fff978ef31fa415ddc7742168f0a","Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, ℅ Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; SMART Partnership, ℅ Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea; Department of Zoology and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Ingram, D.J., Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, ℅ Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Cronin, D.T., SMART Partnership, ℅ Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States, Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea; Challender, D.W.S., IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, ℅ Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Department of Zoology and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Venditti, D.M., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea; Gonder, M.K., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea","Humans and pangolins have a long and intertwined history in Africa and Asia, with the species having been used for subsistence, livelihood, medicinal, and cultural purposes. Populations of Asian pangolins have severely declined, and intercontinental trafficking of African pangolin scales to Asia has emerged in the last decade. Coastal countries in the Gulf of Guinea have been highlighted as hotspots of illegal pangolin trade, and in 2017, international commercial trade in pangolins was banned. We characterise the trade and international trafficking of African pangolins in the coastal countries around the Gulf of Guinea using data across three tiers. First, we investigated which countries were most heavily involved in international trafficking using seizure data. Second, we investigated where domestic seizures of pangolins took place, and whether they were seized with other species. Finally, we tracked the open sale of pangolins across 20-years at the main wild meat market in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, to investigate patterns of pangolin sales in a capital city. We found a total of 55893 kg of pangolin scales in 33 seizures between 2012 and 2018, with Cameroon and Nigeria being the most common export countries for international trafficking of pangolin scales. Cameroon had the largest number of domestic seizures (45); we also observed a shift from seizures of meat to scales from 2013 onwards. At the Malabo market a total of 11207 Phataginus pangolins and 366 Smutsia pangolins were sold between 1997 and 2017, and the number and price of pangolins increased over time for both genera and corresponded to a shift in the import of pangolins from Cameroon. Together, these results highlight the scale of trade and trafficking in pangolins within and from this region. © 2019","Africa; Bushmeat; Conservation; Phataginus; Smutsia; Wild meat",,"Ingram, D.J.; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, United Kingdom; email: danieljohningram@gmail.com",,"Elsevier B.V.",23519894,,,,"English","Glob. Ecol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85062730967
"Price G.N.","57208095498;","Does Productivity in the Formal Food Sector Drive Human Ebola Virus Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa?",2019,"African Development Review","31","2",,"167","178",,,"10.1111/1467-8268.12375","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071387109&doi=10.1111%2f1467-8268.12375&partnerID=40&md5=c2deb6abc481df83fe0ec81700a5e684","Department of Economics, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA  30314, United States","Price, G.N., Department of Economics, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA  30314, United States","As the hunting, butchering, processing, and consumption of bushmeat is a potential source of human Ebola virus (EV) infections, the extent to which bushmeat is a substitute for food produced and sold in the formal sector suggests that the relative price of food could matter for the incidence of human EV infections. This paper considers if productivity in the food sector is a driver of human EV infections in sub-Saharan Africa. We estimate count data specifications of country level human EV infections as a function of food sector productivity in sub-Saharan Africa over the 1976–2013 time period. Our parameter estimates suggest that if productivity in the food sector was on average 1 per cent higher over the 1976–2013 time period, the incidence of human EV infection would have been 42.5 per cent lower. This is consistent with bushmeat being a substitute for food produced in the formal sector, as food productivity increases lower the price of formal food relative to bushmeat. Our findings suggest that as productivity in the formal food sector is a driver of human EV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, policy interventions that increase food productivity would enable Millennium Development Goal outcomes related to hunger, disease mitigation, and sustainability of wildlife. © 2019 The Authors. African Development Review © 2019 African Development Bank",,"developing world; Ebola virus disease; food market; infectious disease; productivity; Sub-Saharan Africa; Ebola virus","Price, G.N.; Department of Economics, Morehouse CollegeUnited States; email: gregory.price@morehouse.edu",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",10176772,,,,"English","Afr. Dev. Rev.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85071387109
"Superina M., Cortés Duarte A., Trujillo F.","16029741200;57195460556;16069762100;","Connecting research, management, education and policy for the conservation of armadillos in the Orinoco Llanos of Colombia",2019,"ORYX","53","1",,"17","26",,6,"10.1017/S0030605318000790","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056544194&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605318000790&partnerID=40&md5=9e9e6fcfe35b979cf577abfdd6fbee44","Laboratorio de Medicina y Endocrinologiá de la Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Medicina y Biologiá Experimental de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina; Fundación Omacha, Bogotá, Colombia; Alianza Oleoducto de Los Llanos Orientales, Fundación Omacha, Cormacarena, Corporinoquia, Corpometa, Bioparque Los Ocarros, Colombia","Superina, M., Laboratorio de Medicina y Endocrinologiá de la Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Medicina y Biologiá Experimental de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina, Fundación Omacha, Bogotá, Colombia, Alianza Oleoducto de Los Llanos Orientales, Fundación Omacha, Cormacarena, Corporinoquia, Corpometa, Bioparque Los Ocarros, Colombia; Cortés Duarte, A., Fundación Omacha, Bogotá, Colombia; Trujillo, F., Fundación Omacha, Bogotá, Colombia","Successful conservation actions require strategies that combine research, policy formulation and enforcement, practical interventions and education. Here we review the Armadillo Conservation Programme, which was initiated in 2012 as a pioneering multidisciplinary programme for the conservation and management of five armadillo species in the Orinoco Llanos of Colombia. It is led by a multi-institutional alliance that ensures active participation of stakeholders during all stages of the programme. Six main threats affecting armadillo populations in the Llanos were identified, and these were addressed in the first joint action plan of two Colombian environmental authorities. Scientific research facilitated an increase in the knowledge available about the armadillos of the Llanos, and the recategorization of the northern long-nosed armadillo Dasypus sabanicola on the IUCN Red List. Threat evaluation and mitigation included the assessment of illegal bushmeat trade and consumption in local restaurants and the establishment of a certification label for restaurants that do not sell wild meat. Multiple strategies were used to raise awareness about armadillos and position them as flagship species for the Llanos, including education programmes in schools, travelling exhibitions, talks at universities, and the publication of several books. The local communities were actively involved through a network of private reserves committed to the conservation of armadillos, in which armadillos are protected from poaching and monitored by farmers. Breeding and rehabilitation facilities were established that can host confiscated armadillos and raise awareness among the local communities. This case study shows that conservation programmes targeted at inconspicuous and poorly known species can be successful. © 2018 Fauna and Flora International.","Action plan; armadillo; Chlamyphoridae; Cingulata; Colombia; Dasypodidae; wildlife conservation","action plan; bushmeat; certification; crime; education; mammal; management; nature conservation; policy approach; Red List; research; stakeholder; Colombia; Llanos; Armadillo; Cingulata; Dasypodidae; Dasypus; Dasypus sabanicola","Superina, M.; Laboratorio de Medicina y Endocrinologiá de la Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Medicina y Biologiá Experimental de Cuyo, Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasArgentina; email: msuperina@mendoza-conicet.gov.ar",,"Cambridge University Press",00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85056544194
"Wilkie D.S., Wieland M., Poulsen J.R.","57203197896;57191991689;7101865229;","Unsustainable vs. Sustainable hunting for food in gabon: Modeling short-and long-term gains and losses",2019,"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","7","SEP", 357,"","",,2,"10.3389/fevo.2019.00357","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072922551&doi=10.3389%2ffevo.2019.00357&partnerID=40&md5=c618a82bc89f8c3cc40802c452513fce","Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States","Wilkie, D.S., Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Wieland, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Poulsen, J.R., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States","Today, rural people continue to consume wild animals (aquatic and terrestrial) because they are often cheaper and more available than farmed livestock and fish. In many places where the meat from wild animals is an important source of food and income for poor rural families, the capture, consumption or trade of wild animals is illegal and remains within the informal sector and outside of national accounting and regulatory systems. Few studies exist to help policy makers and wildlife managers develop and implement systems designed to halt unsustainable hunting, prevent species loss, and maintain, over the long term, flows of wildlife available to people as a source of food and income. This paper uses empirical data from a tropical forest area in Gabon within a heuristic simulation model to explore how hunter capture rates would need to change over time to halt unsustainable hunting and to maximize the nutritional and economic value of wildlife as a source of food and income over the long term. Results show that sustainable hunting of wildlife populations that are at or near 50% of carrying capacity (0.5 K) generates more biomass available for consumption and income generation over 25 years than either hunting to maintain current population densities or continuing to hunt unsustainably. Unsustainable hunting generates more biomass than sustainable hunting but only for the first 1 to 3 years after which offtake dwindles rapidly. Achieving sustainable hunting will require that hunters reduce their offtake for 3–13 years until depleted populations recover, which may be unlikely unless they have access to alternative sources of food and income. © 2019 Wilkie, Wieland and Poulsen.","Bushmeat; Hunting; Protein deficit; Simulation; Unsustainable",,"Wilkie, D.S.; Wildlife Conservation SocietyUnited States; email: dwilkie@wcs.org",,"Frontiers Media S.A.",2296701X,,,,"English","Front. ecol. evol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85072922551
"Fa J.E., Nasi R., Van Vliet N.","7003936013;18434563900;19337994200;","Bushmeat, human impacts and human health in tropical rainforests: The Ebola virus case [Viande de brousse, impacts anthropiques et santé humaine dans les forêts tropicales humides: le cas du virus Ebola]",2019,"Sante Publique","31",,,"107","114",,,"10.3917/spub.190.0107","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068176070&doi=10.3917%2fspub.190.0107&partnerID=40&md5=906fd4487a501df8812e0206915c849e","Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom","Fa, J.E., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia, Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Nasi, R., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Van Vliet, N., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","At a time when more than 5 million tonnes of bushmeat are harvested annually from tropical forests, and which account for a significant, but unrecorded, share of the gross domestic product of many forest countries, decision makers are encouraged, within conservation and food security policies, to understand the role that wildlife can play in the conservation of ecosystem services. In this article, we present an analysis of the problem, describing the role played by bushmeat in human diets, and the health risks linked to the consumption of bushmeat, in particular with regard to Ebola disease, to provide insights on the direction of possible strategies to manage the use of wildlife for meeting the needs of local populations and reducing risks to human health. © 2019 Societe Francaise de Sante Publique. All rights reserved.À l’heure où plus de 5 millions de tonnes par an de viande de brousse sont prélevées dans les forêts tropicales et représentent une part significative, mais non comptabilisée, du produit intérieur brut de nombreux pays forestiers, les décideurs publics sont amenés à clarifier, dans les politiques de conservation et de sécurité alimentaire, le rôle que peut jouer la faune sauvage dans la conservation des services écosystémiques. Dans cet article, nous proposons une analyse du problème, en décrivant le rôle que joue la viande de brousse dans l’alimentation, les risques de santé humaine liés à la consommation de viande de brousse, et en particulier en ce qui concerne la maladie d’Ebola, afin d’apporter quelques éléments de réflexion sur l’orientation des stratégies possibles pour diminuer les risques pour la santé humaine dans le contexte d’une utilisation fréquente de la viande de brousse pour les besoins des populations rurales et urbaines. © 2019 Societe Francaise de Sante Publique. All rights reserved.","Food security; Human health; Tropical moist forests; Zoonotic diseases","anthropology; Article; decision making; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; food preservation; food security; health hazard; human; infection; meat; meat industry; nonhuman; nutrition; rain forest; risk reduction; tropical rain forest; tropics; wetland; zoonosis; animal; catering service; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; ecosystem; rain forest; transmission; zoonosis; Animals; Ebolavirus; Ecosystem; Food Supply; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Rainforest; Zoonoses","Fa, J.E.; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; email: jfa949@gmail.com",,"Societe Francaise de Sante Publique",09953914,,SAPUE,"31210471","French","Sante Publique",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85068176070
"Kazaba P.K.","57208107750;","'Non-protected' primates as bushmeat, pets and pests in southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo",2019,"Journal of Threatened Taxa","11","3",,"13251","13260",,1,"10.11609/jott.4669.11.3.13251-13260","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063803043&doi=10.11609%2fjott.4669.11.3.13251-13260&partnerID=40&md5=d960cdf693aaea72d5e8a55d94a83251","Ecology, Ecological Restoration and Landscape (EREP) Research Unit, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, B.P. 1825, Congo; Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","Kazaba, P.K., Ecology, Ecological Restoration and Landscape (EREP) Research Unit, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, B.P. 1825, Congo, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","This article reports the uses of primates in a fast-expanding city, and human-primate interactions in the vicinity of a protected area in southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Surveys in markets, households and restaurants suggested that primate meat is frequently sold and consumed in the city of Lubumbashi. Carcasses of diurnal monkeys accounted for almost 10% of the total weight of smoked bushmeat sold between March and July 2016 in urban markets, and in 21% of households the last bushmeat consumed prior the date of the survey was of a primate species. Kinda Baboons Papio kindae, Malbrouck Monkeys Chlorocebus cynosuros and Blue Monkeys Cercopithecus mitis were found illegally kept as pets. Occasional observations and questionnaire surveys carried out in both the Sector North of Upemba National Park and its neighboring areas, indicated wild populations of these species which were mentioned as ""pest primates"" by 73% of respondents. There is no compensation scheme for damages caused by wildlife to crops, and culling problematic animals was listed by a majority (70%) of respondents as the most effective way to repel crop-raiding primates. Given the current population growth, and considering the increasing spatial overlap between human activities and wildlife, wild populations of these primates are no doubt at risk, but all the three species belong to the Least Concern category on the latest version of the IUCN Red List. The Blue Monkey is a 'partially protected' species in DRC, while the two other benefit from less strict conservation measures and their legal status of 'non-protected' remains. This situation illustrates the necessity of updating legal status and establishing a Red List of species at the country level. © Kazaba 2019.Cet artcle décrit les utlisatons des primates dans une ville en expansion et les interactons humains-primates à proximité d'une aire protégée dans le sud-est de la République démocratque du Congo (RDC). Des enquêtes conduites au niveau des marchés, des ménages et des restaurants ont suggéré que la viande des primates est fréquemment vendue et consommée dans la ville de Lubumbashi. En efet, les carcasses des primates représentaient près de 10% du poids de la viande de brousse vendue entre mars et juillet 2016 sur les marchés communaux. Dans 21% des ménages, la dernière viande consommée avant la période de l'enquête était d'une espèce de primate. Des babouins (Papio kindae), des singes de Malbrouck (Chlorocebus cynosuros) et singes bleus (Cercopithecus mits) ont été trouvés illégalement détenus comme animaux de compagnie. Des observatons occasionnelles et des enquêtes réalisées dans le Parc natonal de l'Upemba et ses environs ont indiqué la présence de ces trois espèces, qui ont été qualifées de primates nuisibles par 73% des répondants. Il n'existe aucun système de compensaton des dommages causés par les animaux sauvages, et l'abatage des animaux à problèmes a été mentonné par la majorité (70%) des répondants comme le meilleur moyen de répulsion des primates ravageurs des cultures. Etant donné le rythme actuel de croissance démographique et le chevauchement croissant entre les actvités humaines et la faune, ces primates sont sans doute en péril. Ils restent néanmoins dans la catégorie Préoccupaton mineure sur la Liste rouge de l'UICN; le singe bleu est une espèce partellement protégée, tandis que les deux autres espèces conservent leur statut juridique animaux non encore protégés. Cete situaton illustre la nécessité de metre à jour le statut juridique et d'établir une liste rouge des espèces au niveau des pays. © Kazaba 2019.","Cercopithecine monkeys; Human-wildlife interactions; Poaching; Wildlife conservation",,"Kazaba, P.K.; Ecology, Ecological Restoration and Landscape (EREP) Research Unit, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of LubumbashiCongo; email: paulkazaba@gmail.com",,"Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society",09747893,,,,"English","J. Threat. Taxa",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85063803043
"Brodie J.F.","15755121500;","Carbon Costs and Bushmeat Benefits of Hunting in Tropical Forests",2018,"Ecological Economics","152",,,"22","26",,3,"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.028","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047811575&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolecon.2018.05.028&partnerID=40&md5=e15f9d7ecd0ff27ee182f5a28be3ef54","Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT  59812, United States","Brodie, J.F., Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT  59812, United States","Unsustainable hunting is widespread globally, generating one of the primary threats to tropical vertebrates but providing important revenue for many people. Recent evidence suggests that by removing seed dispersing vertebrates, overhunting can induce shifts in tree species composition that reduce the amount of carbon stored in the forest. I developed a bioeconomic model to assess the conditions under which hunting might lead to the loss of forest carbon, and to compare the revenue lost via carbon erosion to that gained from bushmeat procurement. The potential long-term decline in forest biomass and the uncertain degree of ecological complementarity among frugivore species had the strongest influence on the amount of carbon lost via overhunting. Parameters related to frugivore population dynamics and the economics of the hunting system had relatively little influence. Total revenue in the system was maximized when hunter effort and the opportunity costs of hunting were low, suggesting that limiting hunting effort could maximize income for hunters by avoiding the depletion of both game species and potentially saleable carbon credits. These results highlight that enhanced understanding of long-term carbon responses to hunting in different tropical forests could help increase revenue for forest-dwelling people and contribute to global climate change mitigation efforts. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.","Carbon cycle; Climate change; Defaunation; Overexploitation; REDD+; Subsistence hunting; Wild meat","biomass; bushmeat; carbon cycle; climate change; environmental policy; exploitation; frugivory; hunting; population dynamics; subsistence; tropical forest; vertebrate; Vertebrata",,,"Elsevier B.V.",09218009,,ECECE,,"English","Ecol. Econ.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85047811575
"Wicander S., Coad L.","57202454063;26633525100;","Can the Provision of Alternative Livelihoods Reduce the Impact of Wild Meat Hunting in West and Central Africa?",2018,"Conservation and Society","16","4",,"441","458",,12,"10.4103/cs.cs_17_56","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059776918&doi=10.4103%2fcs.cs_17_56&partnerID=40&md5=dd74faf35aa977a427b3d4ac282e8e96","UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia","Wicander, S., UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, United Kingdom; Coad, L., UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, United Kingdom, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia","As threats to the world's ecosystems continue to escalate, the demand for evidence-based conservation approaches from conservation scientists, practitioners, policy-makers and donors is growing. Wild meat hunting represents one of the biggest threats to tropical forest ecosystems and various conservation strategies have been employed with the aim of reducing hunting impacts. Alternative livelihood projects have been implemented at the community level to reduce hunting through the provision of protein and income substitutes to wild meat. However, there is scant evidence of these projects' impact on hunting practices and wildlife populations. This study addresses this knowledge gap, focusing on alternative livelihood projects in West Africa and Central Africa. A comprehensive literature review and call for information identified 155 past and current projects, of which 19 were analysed in detail through key informant interviews. The study found that a range of different livelihood alternatives are being offered. Most projects are run by local and national non-governmental organisations, and project managers acknowledged the importance of involving communities in project decision-making; however, many projects are funded through small, short-term grants and struggle to meet their objectives with the available time, funding and capacity. Given these constraints, few projects monitor their outcomes and impacts. Projects also seldom implement conditionalities and sanctions, which may lead to the alternatives offered becoming additional rather than substitutional activities. Applying currently available best-practice guidelines for Integrated Conservation and Development Project design and implementation, including the use of simple monitoring methods for evaluating outcomes and impact, would greatly increase the chances of success for alternative livelihood projects, along with a restructuring of current funding models. Copyright © 2018 Wicander and Coad.","analysis; best practice; bushmeat; effectiveness; ICDP; integrated conservation and development projects; meaningful impact assessment; monitoring",,"Wicander, S.; UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)United Kingdom; email: sylvia.wicander@unep-wcmc.org",,"Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications",09724923,,,,"English","Conserv. Soc.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85059776918
"Souto W.M.S., Barboza R.R.D., Fernandes-Ferreira H., Júnior A.J.C.M., Monteiro J.M., Abi-chacra E.A., Alves R.R.N.","22939205600;22833664100;53877025600;57203920918;11439998500;57203914345;35608472400;","Zootherapeutic uses of wildmeat and associated products in the semiarid region of Brazil: General aspects and challenges for conservation",2018,"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","14","1", 60,"","",,8,"10.1186/s13002-018-0259-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053534679&doi=10.1186%2fs13002-018-0259-y&partnerID=40&md5=40c9917fd1de2adc5f2eaa917fec7ecd","Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Zoology, Wildlife Use and Conservation (ZUCON), Teresina, Piaui, CEP 64049-550, Brazil; Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, João Pessoa, Paraiba, CEP 58059-970, Brazil; State University of Paraiba (UEPB), Department of Biology, Av. Baraúnas n. 351, Campina Grande, Paraiba, CEP 58109-753, Brazil; State University of Ceara (UECE), Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Quixadá, Ceará, CEP 63900-000, Brazil; Federal University of San Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Natural Sciences Course, São Raimundo Nonato, Piaui, CEP 64770-000, Brazil; UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral (CAFS), Biological Sciences Course, Floriano, Piaui, CEP 64800-000, Brazil; Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Department of Parasitology and Microbiology (DPM), Teresina, Piaui, CEP 64049-550, Brazil","Souto, W.M.S., Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Zoology, Wildlife Use and Conservation (ZUCON), Teresina, Piaui, CEP 64049-550, Brazil, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, João Pessoa, Paraiba, CEP 58059-970, Brazil; Barboza, R.R.D., Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, João Pessoa, Paraiba, CEP 58059-970, Brazil, State University of Paraiba (UEPB), Department of Biology, Av. Baraúnas n. 351, Campina Grande, Paraiba, CEP 58109-753, Brazil; Fernandes-Ferreira, H., Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, João Pessoa, Paraiba, CEP 58059-970, Brazil, State University of Ceara (UECE), Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Quixadá, Ceará, CEP 63900-000, Brazil; Júnior, A.J.C.M., Federal University of San Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Natural Sciences Course, São Raimundo Nonato, Piaui, CEP 64770-000, Brazil; Monteiro, J.M., UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral (CAFS), Biological Sciences Course, Floriano, Piaui, CEP 64800-000, Brazil; Abi-chacra, E.A., Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Department of Parasitology and Microbiology (DPM), Teresina, Piaui, CEP 64049-550, Brazil; Alves, R.R.N., State University of Paraiba (UEPB), Department of Biology, Av. Baraúnas n. 351, Campina Grande, Paraiba, CEP 58109-753, Brazil","Background: Hunting wildlife for medicinal purposes is a widespread practice throughout Brazil; however, studies about the animals used for zootherapeutic practices have been performed almost exclusively with traders (herbalists) and end consumers, and not hunters. This makes it difficult to completely understand the market chain, trade strategies, and drivers of this practice. The present study investigated the species hunted or trapped for traditional medicinal uses by collecting data about the use and trade of the zootheurapeutic species. Methods: We collected data through semi-structured questionnaires complemented by free interviews and informal conversations with hunters in five municipalities of semiarid region of the NE Brazil. We calculated the Use-Value (UV) index to determine the relative importance of each species reported by interviewees. The Multiple Linear Regression model was used to assess the influence of socioeconomic factors (age, schooling, residence zone, trade of zootherapeutic species) on species richness exploited by hunters. Results: Hunters reported a significant richness of species (n=39) intentionally or opportunistically captured for use as remedies for treatment of 92 diseases or conditions in humans or livestock. Respondents also reported trade strategies that were well-organized and quickly directed the selling of wild animals or byproducts via modern technology. We found a weak positive relationship only between species richness and hunters' age via MLR model. Conclusions: The hunting and use of wild species for medicinal purposes are culturally disseminated activities among hunters. Our results demonstrate the importance of studying hunters in order to understanding the dynamics of bushmeat exploitation and to develop more efficient strategies for wildlife use and conservation. © 2018 The Author(s).","Bushmeat; Neotropical fauna; Traditional medicine; Wildlife conservation; Wildlife trade","adolescent; adult; aged; animal; Brazil; environmental protection; human; meat; middle aged; organotherapy; traditional medicine; very elderly; wild animal; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Animals, Wild; Brazil; Conservation of Natural Resources; Humans; Meat; Medicine, Traditional; Middle Aged; Organotherapy; Young Adult","Souto, W.M.S.; Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Zoology, Wildlife Use and Conservation (ZUCON)Brazil; email: wedson@ufpi.edu.br",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",17464269,,,"30223856","English","J. Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85053534679
"Ahmadi S., Maman S., Zoumenou R., Massougbodji A., Cot M., Glorennec P., Bodeau-Livinec F.","57202359874;6602772012;55802965800;7003414712;7006762308;6603527266;23033143400;","Hunting, sale, and consumption of bushmeat killed by lead-based ammunition in Benin",2018,"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","15","6", 1140,"","",,3,"10.3390/ijerph15061140","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048046424&doi=10.3390%2fijerph15061140&partnerID=40&md5=df7a00f41efd50731bcd6db941dd2e6b","EHESP, Rennes, F-35000, France; Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (U1153), INSERM, Paris Descartes University, Paris, 75020, France; Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC  27599, United States; Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; MERIT (Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales), UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France; Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75006, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France; Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, Rennes, F-35000, France","Ahmadi, S., EHESP, Rennes, F-35000, France, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (U1153), INSERM, Paris Descartes University, Paris, 75020, France; Maman, S., Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC  27599, United States; Zoumenou, R., Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Massougbodji, A., Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Cot, M., MERIT (Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales), UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75006, France, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75006, France; Glorennec, P., EHESP, Rennes, F-35000, France, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, Rennes, F-35000, France; Bodeau-Livinec, F., EHESP, Rennes, F-35000, France, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (U1153), INSERM, Paris Descartes University, Paris, 75020, France","Human consumption of animal meat killed by lead ammunition has been reported as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels. However, little is known about how meat killed by lead ammunition is hunted, prepared, sold, and consumed. We explored the process from hunting to consumption within communities in Benin from the perspective of preventive measures. We conducted 38 semi-structured interviews with hunters (n = 9) and sellers (n = 8) of bushmeat and families (n = 21) as consumers of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition. Data were transcribed, translated, and coded for analysis. We conducted content analysis to identify and describe key themes and processes from hunting to consumption. Many hunters (n = 7/9) used lead-based ammunition. After the meat is hunted, market sellers often buy it directly from the hunters. Amongst the hunters and sellers, few (n = 4/17) acknowledged removing the meat impacted by lead shot prior to sale. Many families (n = 15/21) mentioned consumption of the hunted bushmeat. The meat is cooked before sharing with children. Many families (n = 19/21) mentioned they look for the remains of the lead shot or remove the meat impacted by the shot. The finding suggests that hunting, sale, and consumption of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition are well-known practices in Allada, Benin. The bushmeat often hunted illegally with lead shot is sold in the markets and eventually consumed by families who attempt to clean the meat impacted by the lead shot before cooking it. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Africa; Dietary metal exposure; Game meat; Health; Lead exposure; Sources","bushmeat; consumption behavior; diet; health impact; metal; pollutant source; pollution exposure; risk factor; article; Benin; child; clinical article; consumer; content analysis; cooking; diet; female; genetic transcription; human; male; market; semi structured interview; adult; animal; Benin; commercial phenomena; cooking; food contamination; interview; lead poisoning; middle aged; qualitative research; red meat; risk assessment; wild animal; Benin [West Africa]; Animalia; lead; Adult; Animals; Animals, Wild; Benin; Child; Commerce; Cooking; Female; Food Contamination; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Male; Middle Aged; Qualitative Research; Red Meat; Risk Assessment","Ahmadi, S.; EHESPFrance; email: shukrullah.ahmadi@inserm.fr",,"MDPI AG",16617827,,,"29857592","English","Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85048046424
"Mavah G.A., Funk S.M., Child B., Swisher M.E., Nasi R., Fa J.E.","35798603000;7005723153;6602386631;23494154300;18434563900;7003936013;","Food and livelihoods in park-adjacent communities: The case of the Odzala Kokoua National Park",2018,"Biological Conservation","222",,,"44","51",,10,"10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.036","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044949764&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2018.03.036&partnerID=40&md5=a01d80ab3adc99e58ed6bc39cdbcc135","Center for African Studies, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, PO Box 117315, Gainesville, FL  32611-7315, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460, United States; Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional CEMT, Universidad de la Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco, Chile; Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom","Mavah, G.A., Center for African Studies, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, PO Box 117315, Gainesville, FL  32611-7315, United States, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460, United States; Funk, S.M., Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional CEMT, Universidad de la Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco, Chile; Child, B., Center for African Studies, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, PO Box 117315, Gainesville, FL  32611-7315, United States; Swisher, M.E., Center for African Studies, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, PO Box 117315, Gainesville, FL  32611-7315, United States; Nasi, R., Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Fa, J.E., Center for International Forestry Research, CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia, Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom","Protected areas (PAs) in Central Africa provide unprecedented opportunities to maintain ecosystem integrity and safeguard the unique wildlife of one of the most biodiverse regions in the world. However, conflicts exist between wildlife protection, and the needs of human populations adjacent to PAs. Although the use of wildlife resources within PAs is nominally regulated, wildlife exploitation in the areas surrounding parks benefit human nutrition and livelihoods of adjacent populations. In 2013–2014, we interviewed 28% of all known households in 37 villages surrounding the Odzala Kokoua National Park (OKNP), Republic of Congo. We gathered information on bushmeat consumption, income, material assets, and hunter perception of the state of wildlife. We show that bushmeat species (mostly duikers, small monkeys and porcupine) were consumed in 38–48% of meals, and 20–30% of households earned cash from hunting wildlife in most villages; more than any other single source of revenue, except cocoa. Although it remains unknown whether the park was a reservoir for wildlife for areas around the studied villages, we showed that more bushmeat was consumed closer to OKNP. By contrast, income from bushmeat sales in villages closer to markets was greater, and as a corollary, market access and household wealth were positively correlated. Overall, total household income, income from bushmeat sales, travel time, and distance to the OKNP were good predictors of household wealth. Wildlife, although considered more abundant around villages closest to the park, was perceived as generally declining around all village groups. Our results highlight the possible importance of PAs and adjacent areas as reservoirs of wildlife and in maintaining wild meat resources used by the surrounding human populations. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Buffer zone; Bushmeat hunting; Congo; Human livelihoods; Local communities; Protected area","biodiversity; buffer zone; bushmeat; community organization; ecosystem management; food; food consumption; human activity; livelihood; living resource; population decline; protected area; Congo; Odzala National Park; Theobroma cacao","Fa, J.E.; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityUnited Kingdom; email: jfa949@gmail.com",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85044949764
"Nielsen M.R., Meilby H., Smith-Hall C., Pouliot M., Treue T.","30967633400;57201264310;36115457400;39962154500;11739626300;","The Importance of Wild Meat in the Global South",2018,"Ecological Economics","146",,,"696","705",,23,"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.12.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038908662&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolecon.2017.12.018&partnerID=40&md5=3ca2dbce51c3c27fc5a1bd3ebb338ce2","Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark","Nielsen, M.R., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Meilby, H., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Smith-Hall, C., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Pouliot, M., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Treue, T., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark","Information on the economic importance of wild meat to rural people is mainly based on small case studies conducted in limited geographical areas with high hunting intensities, which impede generalization of results. Through a one-year quarterly income survey of 7978 households in 24 countries across Latin America, Asia, and Africa, we show that 39% of the sampled households, by extrapolation representing ~ 150 million households in the Global South, ‘harvest’ wild meat. On average, wild meat makes up 2% of households’ income of which own consumption accounts for 89%. Reliance on wild meat is highest among the poorest households and inversely related to their reliance on domestic animal income. Seasonally, reliance on wild meat is inversely related to other incomes, suggesting a gap filling function. The fact that hunting is of low economic importance but widespread and mostly for subsistence suggests that wild meat is important in rural households’ diets. Through an approximated yield-effort curve estimation, we show that hunting appears economically sustainable in 78% of the observed communities although in most cases this might represent post-depletion sustainability. Our results imply that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation efforts is likely to be enhanced if rural food security is simultaneously improved. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Bushmeat; Food Security; Poverty Environment Network; Rural Household Income; Wildlife Conservation","diet; ecological economics; food security; household survey; hunting; meat; nature conservation; nature-society relations; poverty; rural area; seasonal variation; subsistence; Africa; Asia; Latin America; Animalia","Nielsen, M.R.; Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, Denmark; email: mrni@ifro.ku.dk",,"Elsevier B.V.",09218009,,ECECE,,"English","Ecol. Econ.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85038908662
"Bonwitt J., Dawson M., Kandeh M., Ansumana R., Sahr F., Brown H., Kelly A.H.","55935121600;57193866823;57195282347;36599955100;6506493626;55093529700;36888685600;","Unintended consequences of the ‘bushmeat ban’ in West Africa during the 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease epidemic",2018,"Social Science and Medicine","200",,,"166","173",,25,"10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.028","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041480855&doi=10.1016%2fj.socscimed.2017.12.028&partnerID=40&md5=6776dcf2c309429f7f778e175d414eb9","Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Department of Social Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, School of Global Affairs, Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy, King's College London, United Kingdom","Bonwitt, J., Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Dawson, M., Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Kandeh, M., Department of Social Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone; Ansumana, R., Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Sahr, F., Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Brown, H., Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Kelly, A.H., Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, School of Global Affairs, Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy, King's College London, United Kingdom","Following the 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa, governments across the region imposed a ban on the hunting and consumption of meat from wild animals. This injunction was accompanied by public health messages emphasising the infectious potential of wild meat, or ‘bushmeat.’ Using qualitative methods, we examine the local reception and impact of these interventions. Fieldwork was focused in 9 villages in the Eastern and Southern provinces of Sierra Leone between August and December 2015. We conducted 47 semi-structured interviews, coordinated 12 informal group discussions, and conducted direct observations throughout. We also draw from research undertaken in Sierra Leone immediately before the outbreak, and from our participation in the EVD response in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Our findings underscore the social and political reverberations of hunting proscriptions. Messaging that unilaterally stressed the health risk posed by wild meat contradicted the experiences of target publics, who consume wild meat without incident. This epistemic dissonance radically undercut the effectiveness of the ban, which merely served to proliferate informal networks of wild animal trade and sale—rendering the development of acceptable, evidence-based surveillance and mitigation strategies for zoonotic spillovers almost impossible. Further, the criminalisation of wild meat consumption fuelled fears and rumours within communities under considerable strain from the health, social, and economic effects of the epidemic, entrenching distrust towards outbreak responders and exacerbating pre-existing tensions within villages. These unintended consequences are instructive for public health emergency response and preparedness. While wild meat is a risk for zoonotic infection, mitigating those risks entails interventions that fully take into account the local significances of hunting—including a communicative engagement that is designed, validated, and continually refined before emergency situations. Ultimately, our research questions the value of legal sanctions as a means of behavioural change in an emergency context. © 2018 The Authors","Bushmeat; Ebola virus disease; Global health security; Guinea; Health messaging; Hunting; Outbreak control; Sierra Leone; Wild meat","bushmeat; disease incidence; Ebola virus disease; epidemic; fieldwork; health geography; health risk; public health; adult; animal hunting; Article; behavior change; bushmeat; clinical article; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; epidemic; fear; female; Guinea; health hazard; human; male; meat; population risk; public health; Sierra Leone; social status; strategic planning; trend study; West African; wild animal; Africa; animal; catering service; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; epidemic; human relation; law; psychology; qualitative research; trust; wild animal; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Animalia; Ebola virus; Adult; Africa, Western; Animals; Animals, Wild; Epidemics; Female; Food Supply; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Legislation, Food; Male; Meat; Qualitative Research; Trust","Bonwitt, J.; Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, United Kingdom; email: jesse.bonwitt@durham.ac.uk",,"Elsevier Ltd",02779536,,SSMDE,"29421463","English","Soc. Sci. Med.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85041480855
"Chaves W.A., Valle D.R., Monroe M.C., Wilkie D.S., Sieving K.E., Sadowsky B.","55569363900;14040741200;7006334976;57203197896;6603352141;56112499800;","Changing Wild Meat Consumption: An Experiment in the Central Amazon, Brazil",2018,"Conservation Letters","11","2", e12391,"","",,15,"10.1111/conl.12391","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028429335&doi=10.1111%2fconl.12391&partnerID=40&md5=b1c40006b486cd0669c9ceaf428f18ab","School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of FloridaFL, United States; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Instituto PiagaçuAM, Brazil; School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 136 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY  10460, United States; RareVA, United States; brooke's2cents, P.O. Box 2811, Poughkeepsie, NY  12603, United States","Chaves, W.A., School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of FloridaFL, United States, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States, Instituto PiagaçuAM, Brazil; Valle, D.R., School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 136 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Monroe, M.C., School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 136 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Wilkie, D.S., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Sieving, K.E., Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Sadowsky, B., RareVA, United States, brooke's2cents, P.O. Box 2811, Poughkeepsie, NY  12603, United States","Millions of people across the tropics rely on wildlife for food and income. However, overhunting to satisfy this demand is causing the decline of many species; an issue known as the wild meat crisis. We applied a before-after control-intervention design to assess the effects of social marketing (an information campaign and community engagement) with and without an economic incentive (discount coupons for chicken) on wild meat consumption. Coupons increased chicken consumption, as expected, but did not reduce wild meat consumption. In contrast, social marketing without the price incentive reduced wild meat consumption by ∼62%. This study demonstrates how social marketing and price incentives may be effective at reducing demand for meat and other wildlife products. Copyright and Photocopying: © 2017 The Authors. Conservation Letters published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Behavior change; bushmeat; demand reduction; economic incentive; social marketing",,"Chaves, W.A.; School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of FloridaUnited States; email: willandiac@gmail.com",,"Wiley-Blackwell",1755263X,,,,"English","Conserv. Lett.",Letter,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85028429335
"Stirnemann R.L., Stirnemann I.A., Abbot D., Biggs D., Heinsohn R.","24466845700;56177648000;57198885869;37118524700;7004031481;","Interactive impacts of by-catch take and elite consumption of illegal wildlife",2018,"Biodiversity and Conservation","27","4",,"931","946",,2,"10.1007/s10531-017-1473-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037329726&doi=10.1007%2fs10531-017-1473-y&partnerID=40&md5=0460856530e0bbf4ac075239bfe99076","Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 48a Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT  2601, Australia; Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster, 48149, Germany; Statistics Consultancy, Vienna, United States; ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD  4072, Australia; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, c/IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, Switzerland","Stirnemann, R.L., Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 48a Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT  2601, Australia; Stirnemann, I.A., Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster, 48149, Germany; Abbot, D., Statistics Consultancy, Vienna, United States, IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, c/IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, Switzerland; Biggs, D., ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD  4072, Australia, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Heinsohn, R., Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 48a Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT  2601, Australia","Harvesting, consumption and trade of forest meat are key causes of biodiversity loss. Successful mitigation programs are proving difficult to design, in part because anthropogenic pressures are treated as internationally uniform. Despite illegal hunting being a key conservation issue in the Pacific Islands, there is a paucity of research. Here, we examine the dynamics of hunting of birds and determine how these contribute to biodiversity loss on the islands of Samoa. We focus on the interactive effects of hunting on two key seed dispersing bird species: the Pacific pigeon (Ducula pacifica) and the critically endangered Manumea or tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigiristris). We interviewed hunters, vendors and consumers and analyzed household consumption. Results suggest that over 22,000 pigeons were consumed per year and this is by primarily the richest people across the country. Indeed, the wealthiest 10% of households consumed 43% of all wild pigeon meat, and the wealthiest 40% of households consumed 80% of all pigeons. The Manumea was shot by 33% (n = 30) of the surveyed hunters while pursuing the Pacific pigeon. Results raise serious conservation concerns, as pigeon hunting is likely to be a key factor contributing to the decline of the Manumea and critical forest seed dispersers in general. Our results show that wild meat consumption can lead to non-targeted pressure on bycatch species. Wild meat harvesting and consumption is a key issue leading to species declines and extinctions in the tropics. It is critical that this issue receives the appropriate attention and is addressed in the Pacific if species and forests are to be maintained. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature.","Bushmeat; Hunting; Illegal wildlife trade; Inequality; Poaching; Supply chain","anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; bird; bycatch; conservation management; endangered species; extinction; food consumption; harvesting; hunting; poaching; population decline; seed dispersal; American Samoa; Aves; Columba; Didunculus; Ducula; Ducula pacifica","Stirnemann, R.L.; Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 48a Linnaeus Way, Australia; email: rstirnemann@gmail.com",,"Springer Netherlands",09603115,,BONSE,,"English","Biodiversity Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85037329726
"Alhaji N.B., Yatswako S., Oddoh E.Y.","36617101300;57193435747;57195281102;","Knowledge, risk perception and mitigation measures towards Ebola virus disease by potentially exposed bushmeat handlers in north-central Nigeria: Any critical gap?",2018,"Zoonoses and Public Health","65","1",,"158","167",,,"10.1111/zph.12384","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026733048&doi=10.1111%2fzph.12384&partnerID=40&md5=283a06a79d079f7262df5d70a39433cb","Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna, Minna, Nigeria","Alhaji, N.B., Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna, Minna, Nigeria; Yatswako, S., Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna, Minna, Nigeria; Oddoh, E.Y., Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna, Minna, Nigeria","The bushmeat industry has been a topic of increasing importance among public health officials for its influence on zoonotic diseases transmission, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD), a rare and severe infectious disease of humans and non-human primates. This survey assessed knowledge/awareness, risk perceptions and mitigation practices towards EVD among bushmeat handlers in north-central Nigeria. These characteristics are premise to level of preparedness against appropriate risk prevention and control. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted between January and December 2015 on 395 bushmeat handlers. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed using Epi-Info 3.5.3 software, and p < 0.05 was considered statistical significance in all analyses. Mean age of respondents was 40.9 ± 10.7 years, and most (30.4%) of them were in the age group 40–49 years. Majority (82.8%) of them were males, while most (47.9%) do not possess formal education. Bushmeat hunters, vendors and consumers constituted 17.2%, 28.1% and 54.7% of the respondents, respectively. A majority (85.6%) of the participants had heard about EVD. Bushmeat vendors were more likely (OR 1.96; 95% CI: 1.05–3.65) to have satisfactory knowledge than the hunters. Handlers with tertiary education were more likely (OR 3.22; 95% CI: 1.56–6.67) to possess significant satisfactory knowledge/awareness about EVD. Also, vendors were more likely (OR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.01–3.42) to practice satisfactory mitigation measures than the hunters. Only handlers with tertiary education were more likely (OR 2.48; 95% CI: 1.26–4.89) to significantly practice satisfactory mitigation measures against EVD. Although most of the handlers possessed significant knowledge/awareness about EVD, few applied mitigation measures against its infection, which is the challenging gap. There is a need for collaborations between the public health, veterinary and wildlife authorities in the provision of health information to bushmeat handlers on better management of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases of wildlife origin. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH","epidemiology; infectious disease; public health; viral pathogens; wild life; zoonoses","adult; aged; Article; attitude to illness; awareness; consumer; controlled study; cross-sectional study; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; female; food handling; human; knowledge; male; meat industry; medical education; middle aged; Nigeria; perception; priority journal; socioeconomics; structured questionnaire; wildlife; animal; attitude to health; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; epidemic; epidemiology; health education; information processing; meat; public health; questionnaire; risk factor; transmission; virology; wild animal; zoonosis; Adult; Animals; Animals, Wild; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Disease Outbreaks; Ebolavirus; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Public Health; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Zoonoses","Alhaji, N.B.; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of IbadanNigeria; email: nmabida62@gmail.com",,"Wiley-VCH Verlag",18631959,,,"28771956","English","Zoonoses Public Health",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85026733048
"Cooney R.","55255030700;","A polarising issue: Wild animals as food",2018,"Australian Zoologist","39","1",,"52","56",,1,"10.7882/AZ.2017.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85039418467&doi=10.7882%2fAZ.2017.027&partnerID=40&md5=7dd334e3706f3d37b3952cb5be6ab271","IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, UNSW Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Australia","Cooney, R., IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, UNSW Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Australia","Using wild animals as food is controversial, but remains a widespread practice globally, and in some places wild meat is fundamental for food security. Hunting wild animals for food is widely unsustainable and in many places is driving alarming declines, particularly of large mammals. In general this occurs under governance regimes that fail to provide any practical incentives to users to limit their exploitation and develop sustainable management. However, use of wild species for food alongside other values can underpin successful models of robust and sustainable management - these depend on developing both clear incentives and adequate capacity to enable sustainable use. Even where such management regimes are in place, however, these can fall hostage to the vagaries of international animal protection campaigning efforts. This is explored through considering Inuit hunting of polar bear in Canada.","Biodiversity conservation; Bushmeat; Food security; Hunting; Inuit; Sustainable use","biodiversity; bushmeat; exploitation; food; food security; governance approach; hunting; incentive; mammal; meat; sustainable development; wild population; Canada; Animalia; Mammalia; Ursus maritimus","Cooney, R.; IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, UNSW Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesAustralia",,"Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales",00672238,,AUZOA,,"English","Aust. Zool.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85039418467
"Valões Cardoso M.L., Ferreira P.B., Wanderley A.M., Torres R.A., Gomes M.T., Teixeira R.H.F., Duarte J.M.B., Garcia J.E.","57205628270;36021061800;55944816200;55865568392;57214412922;13613946600;7102883051;55684873100;","A cost-effective method for rapid identification of the southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides): A contribution for the control of illegal bushmeat trade [Um método rápido e simples para a identificação do muriqui-do-sul (Brachyteles arachnoides): Uma contribuição para o combate à caça ilegal]",2018,"Mastozoologia Neotropical","25","1",,"35","41",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060887333&partnerID=40&md5=841b37ebfc2710476ec67381d16ee5f7","Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil; Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil","Valões Cardoso, M.L., Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Ferreira, P.B., Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Wanderley, A.M., Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Torres, R.A., Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Gomes, M.T., Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil; Teixeira, R.H.F., Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Duarte, J.M.B., Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Garcia, J.E., Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil","To control illegal wildlife-product trade and protect endangered species of animals, unambiguous identification of the captured specimens is essential. Forensic genetic tools have contributed to identify animal species for conservation purposes promoting accurate results for informing public policies and management of the biodiversity. The southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) is the largest non-human primate of the Neotropical region and is critically endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), mainly due to the illegal hunting for bushmeat. In this study, we describe a molecular method using PCR/RFLP to differentiate between bushmeat of southern muriqui and the meat of the domestic animals most commonly consumed in Brazil (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, and Sus scrofa). The method is based on the amplification and digestion with BanI restriction enzyme of the 16S mtDNA region. We also examine 16S mtDNA sequences of the southern muriqui and other 13 sympatric and parapatric wild species of mammals also hunted for bushmeat to examine whether homologies of the BanI restriction sites could lead to species misidentification. The results indicate the utility of this tool as it represents a simple and cost-effective method to differentiate southern muriqui samples from those of the examined domestic and wild sympatric and parapatric species. We hope this molecular tool will help public authorities in crime prevention, and enhance law reinforcement of illegal hunting of threatened animal species. © SAREM, 2018.","16S mtDNA; Brachyteles arachnoides; Forensic genetics; Illegal hunting; Threatened species",,"Garcia, J.E.; Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrazil; email: jegarcia30@gmail.com",,"SAREM Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamiferos",03279383,,,,"English","Mastozoologia Neotropical",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85060887333
"Ozioko K.U., Okoye C.I., Obiezue R.N., Agbu R.A.","56786603200;57213367143;26022532200;57203353994;","Knowledge, attitudes, and behavioural risk factors regarding zoonotic infections among bushmeat hunters and traders in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria",2018,"Epidemiology and health","40",,,"e2018025","",,2,"10.4178/epih.e2018025","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051384884&doi=10.4178%2fepih.e2018025&partnerID=40&md5=6e6d64ad36491e97feba792bf4cf62fd","Parasitology and Public Health Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Central Laboratory Unit, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria","Ozioko, K.U., Parasitology and Public Health Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okoye, C.I., Parasitology and Public Health Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Obiezue, R.N., Parasitology and Public Health Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Agbu, R.A., Central Laboratory Unit, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria","OBJECTIVES: In light of the dramatic spread of Ebola virus in some parts of Africa and the 2014 outbreak in Nigeria, a study was conducted to evaluate bushmeat dealers' knowledge and attitudes about zoonotic infections and the risk of transmission to humans.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a community in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. Hunters (n=34) and bushmeat traders (n=42) were interviewed. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to generate the data. The Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the significance of differences between these groups.RESULTS: Only 11.8% of the hunters, as compared to 35.7% of the traders, had no knowledge of possible causes of zoonotic infections (p<0.05). However, 64.7% of the hunters, compared to 38.1% of the traders, were ignorant regarding the responsibility of public health personnel and veterinarians (p<0.05), and 76.5% of the hunters compared to 42.9% of the traders were ignorant regarding the existence of zoonoses in Nigeria (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was also found between these groups regarding the risk of contracting an infection from ectoparasites (p<0.05). The attitudes of respondents towards zoonotic diseases did not differ significantly between the groups.CONCLUSIONS: The level of awareness about zoonotic diseases was low in this area, underscoring the need for interventions.","Attitude; Knowledge; Pathogen; Risk; Wildlife; Zoonotic","animal; attitude to health; commercial phenomena; cross-sectional study; female; human; male; meat; microbiology; Nigeria; questionnaire; risk factor; transmission; zoonosis; Animals; Commerce; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Meat; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Zoonoses",,,,20927193,,,"29909609","English","Epidemiol Health",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85051384884
"Fa J.E., Nasi R., Vanvliet N.","7003936013;18434563900;57208824877;","Bushmeat, human impacts and human health in tropical rainforests: The ebola virus case [Viande de brousse, impacts anthropiques et santé humaine dans les forêts tropicales humides: Le cas du virus ebola]",2018,"Revue Forestiere Francaise","70","2-4",,"231","241",,,"10.4267/2042/69999","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065889811&doi=10.4267%2f2042%2f69999&partnerID=40&md5=ac0b05d31cd19beba98adb663a627b32","5 Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University, MANCHESTER, M1 5GD, United Kingdom; CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, BOGOR, Jawa Barat  16115, Indonesia","Fa, J.E., 5 Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University, MANCHESTER, M1 5GD, United Kingdom, CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, BOGOR, Jawa Barat  16115, Indonesia; Nasi, R., CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, BOGOR, Jawa Barat  16115, Indonesia; Vanvliet, N., CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Barat, Kota Bogor, BOGOR, Jawa Barat  16115, Indonesia","At a time when more than 5million tonnes of bush meat are harvested annually from tropical forests, and which account for a significant, but unrecorded, share of the gross domestic product of many forest countries, decision makers are encouraged, within conservation and food security policies, to understand the role that wildlife can play in the conservation of ecosystem services. In this article, we present an analysis of the problem, describing the role played by bush meat in human diets, and the health risks linked to the consumption of bush meat, in particular with regard to Ebola disease. The aim is to provide insights on the direction of possible strategies to manage the use of wildlife while meeting the needs of local populations and reducing risks to human health. © AgroParisTech, 2018.",,"Animals; Decision making; Ecosystems; Food supply; Forestry; Health risks; Meats; Risk assessment; Tropics; Viruses; Decision makers; Ecosystem services; Food security; Gross domestic products; Human impact; Local populations; Tropical forest; Tropical rain forest; Diseases; Animals; Decision Making; Ecosystems; Forestry; Risk Assessment; Tropics",,,"Ecole Nationale du Genie Rural des Eaux et des Forets",00352829,,RVFFA,,"French","Revue Forestiere Francaise",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85065889811
"Estrada A., Garber P.A., Mittermeier R.A., Wich S., Gouveia S., Dobrovolski R., Nekaris K.A.I., Nijman V., Rylands A.B., Maisels F., Williamson E.A., Bicca-Marques J., Fuentes A., Jerusalinsky L., Johnson S., de Melo F.R., Oliveira L., Schwitzer C., Roos C., Cheyne S.M., Kierulff M.C.M., Raharivololona B., Talebi M., Ratsimbazafy J., Supriatna J., Boonratana R., Wedana M., Setiawan A.","7004287493;7005176713;57152546700;6603053832;25225110900;36611565100;6603467721;6603777959;6602121906;6601992715;35865812300;6701796909;8832501900;35332252900;7406329541;15918989000;35218169000;8698304400;7102389391;23396245300;7801544042;36028576900;12786375200;12783183700;57194437188;6507441564;57202499318;57205544013;","Primates in peril: The significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation",2018,"PeerJ","2018","6", e4869,"","",,37,"10.7717/peerj.4869","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048588060&doi=10.7717%2fpeerj.4869&partnerID=40&md5=40330ebdef868cd72ba7d3ce7931e1d3","Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, United States; School of Natural Sciences and Psychology and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Liverpool John Moores University and University of Amsterdam, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation SocietyNY, United States; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States; Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Universidade Federal de Goiás and Dept. Eng. Florestal, Campus UFV, UFV, Viçosa, Jataí Viçosa, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (DCIEN/FFP/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, United Kingdom; Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Indonesia; Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Instituto Pri-Matas and Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil; Groupe d'étude et de recherche sur les primates (Gerp), Antananarivo, Madagascar; Graduate Program in Conservation Biology, Department of Biology FMIPA, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Mahidol University International College, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; The Aspinall Foundation-Indonesia Program, Bandung West Java, Indonesia; SwaraOwa, Coffee and Primate Conservation Project, Java, Central Java, Indonesia","Estrada, A., Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico; Garber, P.A., Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Mittermeier, R.A., Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, United States; Wich, S., School of Natural Sciences and Psychology and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Liverpool John Moores University and University of Amsterdam, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Gouveia, S., Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Dobrovolski, R., Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Nekaris, K.A.I., Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nijman, V., Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Rylands, A.B., Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, United States; Maisels, F., Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation SocietyNY, United States, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom; Williamson, E.A., Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom; Bicca-Marques, J., Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Fuentes, A., Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States; Jerusalinsky, L., Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia, Brazil; Johnson, S., Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; de Melo, F.R., Universidade Federal de Goiás and Dept. Eng. Florestal, Campus UFV, UFV, Viçosa, Jataí Viçosa, Brazil; Oliveira, L., Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (DCIEN/FFP/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Schwitzer, C., Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, United Kingdom; Roos, C., Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Cheyne, S.M., Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Indonesia, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Kierulff, M.C.M., Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Instituto Pri-Matas and Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Raharivololona, B., Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Talebi, M., Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil; Ratsimbazafy, J., Groupe d'étude et de recherche sur les primates (Gerp), Antananarivo, Madagascar; Supriatna, J., Graduate Program in Conservation Biology, Department of Biology FMIPA, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Boonratana, R., Mahidol University International College, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Wedana, M., The Aspinall Foundation-Indonesia Program, Bandung West Java, Indonesia; Setiawan, A., SwaraOwa, Coffee and Primate Conservation Project, Java, Central Java, Indonesia","Primates occur in 90 countries, but four-Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-harbor 65% of the world's primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worstcase- scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems. © 2018 Estrada et al.","Agricultural expansion; Community forests; Corruption and governance; Deforestation; Forest-risk commodity trade; Hunting; Illegal trade; Logging; Poaching; Protected areas","fossil fuel; ground water; agricultural land; Article; biodiversity; brachyteles hypoxanthus; Brazil; cebuella pygmaea; climate change; deforestation; Democratic Republic Congo; environmental exploitation; forest management; Gorilla beringei graueri; habitat fragmentation; human activities; Indonesia; lepilemur septentrionalis; Madagascar; nonhuman; nycticebus javanicus; Pongo abelii; primate; soil pollution; species conservation; species extinction; species habitat; species richness","Estrada, A.; Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)Mexico; email: aestradaprimates@gmail.com",,"PeerJ Inc.",21678359,,,,"English","PeerJ",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85048588060
"Nava A., Shimabukuro J.S., Chmura A.A., Luz S.L.B.","8525008400;57201635803;55539155600;6701730509;","The impact of global environmental changes on infectious disease emergence with a focus on risks for Brazil",2017,"ILAR Journal","58","3", ilx022,"393","400",,16,"10.1093/ilar/ilx034","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045460752&doi=10.1093%2filar%2filx034&partnerID=40&md5=d1bc7ed5d42ed0336aa331046b39ec27","FIOCRUZ ILMD, Manaus, Brazil; Cnpq Research Group Ecology of Transmissible Diseases in Amazon, International Association for Ecology and Health, Brazil; University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Kingston University, London, United Kingdom; Instituto Lêonidas e Maria Deane FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Amazonas, Brazil","Nava, A., FIOCRUZ ILMD, Manaus, Brazil, Cnpq Research Group Ecology of Transmissible Diseases in Amazon, International Association for Ecology and Health, Brazil; Shimabukuro, J.S., University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Chmura, A.A., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom; Luz, S.L.B., Instituto Lêonidas e Maria Deane FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Amazonas, Brazil","Environmental changes have a huge impact on the emergence and reemergence of certain infectious diseases, mostly in countries with high biodiversity and serious unresolved environmental, social, and economic issues. This article summarizes the most important findings with special attention to Brazil and diseases of present public health importance in the country such as Chikungunya, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, leptospirosis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease. An extensive literature review revealed a relationship between infectious diseases outbreaks and climate change events (El Niño, La Niña, heatwaves, droughts, floods, increased temperature, higher rainfall, and others) or environmental changes (habitat fragmentation, deforestation, urbanization, bushmeat consumption, and others). To avoid or control outbreaks, integrated surveillance systems and effective outreach programs are essential. Due to strong global and local influence on emergence of infectious diseases, a more holistic approach is necessary to mitigate or control them in low-income nations. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.","Climate change; Disease emergence; EIDs; Environmental drivers; Landscape change; Vector-borne diseases; Weather; Zoonoses","Article; biogeochemical cycle; Chagas disease; chikungunya; cholera; climate change; cryptosporidiosis; deforestation; dengue; disease surveillance; disease transmission; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; environmental change; Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; health program; human; infection risk; leishmaniasis; leptospirosis; low income country; Lyme disease; lymphatic filariasis; malaria; morbidity; occupational hazard; Rift Valley fever; toxoplasmosis; typhoid fever; urbanization; yellow fever; Zika fever; animal; Brazil; communicable disease; epidemic; metabolism; public health; statistics and numerical data; Animals; Brazil; Climate Change; Communicable Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Public Health","Nava, A.Rua Terezina 476, Bairro Adrianópolis, Brazil; email: navaveterinaria@gmail.com",,"Oxford University Press",10842020,,IJLOA,"29253158","English","ILAR J.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85045460752
"Walz E., Wilson D., Stauffer J.C., Wanduragala D., Stauffer W.M., Travis D.A., Alpern J.D.","14046328600;57197810473;57197807005;36127986900;7003271876;8556714600;56416280300;","Incentives for bushmeat consumption and importation among west african immigrants, Minnesota, USA",2017,"Emerging Infectious Diseases","23","12",,"2095","2097",,1,"10.3201/eid2312.170563","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85035024691&doi=10.3201%2feid2312.170563&partnerID=40&md5=dcb79fb3cae753202856c3276ce62eb6","Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; African Career, Education, and Resources, Inc, Brooklyn Park, MN, United States; Stillwater High School, Stillwater, MN, United States; Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, United States","Walz, E., Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Wilson, D., African Career, Education, and Resources, Inc, Brooklyn Park, MN, United States; Stauffer, J.C., Stillwater High School, Stillwater, MN, United States; Wanduragala, D., Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, United States; Stauffer, W.M., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Travis, D.A., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Alpern, J.D., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States","The knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding bushmeat consumption and importation in the United States are not well described. Focus groups of West African persons living in Minnesota, USA, found that perceived risks are low and unlikely to deter consumers. Incentives for importation and consumption were multifactorial in this community. © 2017, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). All rights reserved.",,"adult; consumer; human; immigrant; information processing; Minnesota; adolescent; Africa; animal; attitude to health; bat; Carnivora; ethnology; feeding behavior; female; male; meat; migrant; Minnesota; primate; psychology; rodent; social stigma; wild animal; Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Western; Animals; Animals, Wild; Carnivora; Chiroptera; Emigrants and Immigrants; Feeding Behavior; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Meat; Minnesota; Primates; Rodentia; Social Stigma","Walz, E.; University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, United States; email: walzx148@umn.edu",,"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)",10806040,,EIDIF,"29148387","English","Emerg. Infect. Dis.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85035024691
"Hardi R., Babocsay G., Tappe D., Sulyok M., Bodó I., Rózsa L.","55797012900;6506158874;6602266725;55797081600;6701822650;56016248900;","Armillifer-Infected Snakes Sold at Congolese Bushmeat Markets Represent an Emerging Zoonotic Threat",2017,"EcoHealth","14","4",,"743","749",,1,"10.1007/s10393-017-1274-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031397746&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-017-1274-5&partnerID=40&md5=8e0df8ae3b156ce4276239a8ed16077d","St. Raphael Ophthalmological Center, Mbuji Mayi, Congo; Mátra Museum of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Gyöngyös, Hungary; Bernhard Nocht Institute, Hamburg, Germany; Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Pazmany Str. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary; Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary","Hardi, R., St. Raphael Ophthalmological Center, Mbuji Mayi, Congo; Babocsay, G., Mátra Museum of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Gyöngyös, Hungary; Tappe, D., Bernhard Nocht Institute, Hamburg, Germany; Sulyok, M., Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Bodó, I., Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Rózsa, L., MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Pazmany Str. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary, Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary","African pythons (Pythonidae) and large vipers (Bitis spp.) act as definitive hosts for Armillifer armillatus and Armillifer grandis parasites (Crustacea: Pentastomida) in the Congo Basin. Since the proportion of snakes in bushmeat gradually increases, human pentastomiasis is an emerging zoonotic disease. To substantiate the significance of this threat, we surveyed snakes offered for human consumption at bushmeat markets in the Kole district, Democratic Republic of the Congo, for the presence of adult pentastomids. In Bitis vipers (n = 40), Armillifer spp. infestations exhibited an 87.5% prevalence and 6.0 median intensity. Parasite abundance covaried positively with viper length, but not with body mass. In pythons (n = 13), Armillifer spp. exhibited a 92.3% prevalence and 3.5 median intensity. The positive correlations between parasite abundance and python length or mass were statistically nonsignificant. Ninety-one percent of A. grandis were discovered in vipers and 97% of infected vipers hosted A. grandis, whereas 81% of A. armillatus specimens were found in pythons and 63% of infected pythons hosted A. armillatus. Thus, challenging the widespread notion of strict host specificity, we found ‘reversed’ infections and even a case of coinfection. In this study, we also gathered information about the snake consumption habits of different tribal cultures in the area. Infective parasite ova likely transmit to humans directly by consumption of uncooked meat, or indirectly through contaminated hands, kitchen tools or washing water. © 2017, EcoHealth Alliance.","Armillifer spp; Bitis spp; Bushmeat; Congo Basin; Python spp; Zoonosis","animal; animal parasitosis; Boidae; Congo; food control; meat; parasitology; Pentastomida; prevalence; transmission; Viperidae; zoonosis; Animals; Boidae; Congo; Food Parasitology; Meat; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Pentastomida; Prevalence; Viperidae; Zoonoses","Rózsa, L.; MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Pazmany Str. 1/C, Hungary; email: lajos.rozsa@gmail.com",,"Springer New York LLC",16129202,,,"29030787","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85031397746
"Bueno M.G., Catão-Dias J.L., de Oliveira Laroque P., Arruda Vasconcellos S., Ferreira Neto J.S., Gennari S.M., Ferreira F., Laurenti M.D., Umezawa E.S., Kesper N., Kirchgatter K., Oliveira Guimarães L., Pavanato H.J., Valença-Montenegro M.M.","37025636700;6602455809;57196369604;57196390982;7103352951;7005859178;35508353100;6603608113;7004240897;6507791517;6602394949;57196391886;56151405900;55515066900;","Infectious Diseases in Free-Ranging Blonde Capuchins, Sapajus flavius, in Brazil",2017,"International Journal of Primatology","38","6",,"1017","1031",,3,"10.1007/s10764-017-9994-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85032823523&doi=10.1007%2fs10764-017-9994-5&partnerID=40&md5=f29a60a3a20549ebff986bc49673c881","Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – Plataforma Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre - Presidência, Rio de Janeiro, 21.040-361, Brazil; Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá – IDSM/MCTI, Tefé, Amazonas  69.553-225, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens – LAPCOM, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.508-270, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros – CPB, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58.010-480, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.508-270, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01.246-903, Brazil; Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.403-000, Brazil; Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.403-000, Brazil; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand","Bueno, M.G., Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – Plataforma Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre - Presidência, Rio de Janeiro, 21.040-361, Brazil, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá – IDSM/MCTI, Tefé, Amazonas  69.553-225, Brazil; Catão-Dias, J.L., Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens – LAPCOM, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.508-270, Brazil; de Oliveira Laroque, P., Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros – CPB, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58.010-480, Brazil; Arruda Vasconcellos, S., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.508-270, Brazil; Ferreira Neto, J.S., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.508-270, Brazil; Gennari, S.M., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.508-270, Brazil; Ferreira, F., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.508-270, Brazil; Laurenti, M.D., Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01.246-903, Brazil; Umezawa, E.S., Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.403-000, Brazil; Kesper, N., Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.403-000, Brazil; Kirchgatter, K., Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.403-000, Brazil; Oliveira Guimarães, L., Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05.403-000, Brazil; Pavanato, H.J., Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá – IDSM/MCTI, Tefé, Amazonas  69.553-225, Brazil, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Valença-Montenegro, M.M., Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros – CPB, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58.010-480, Brazil","The main threats to primates worldwide are the degradation, fragmentation, and loss of their habitats; hunting (especially for bushmeat); and illegal trade. For many species, the most important threat is forest fragmentation, resulting in small populations that are restricted to isolated forest patches. In this situation, primates are particularly vulnerable to disease. The Endangered blonde capuchin (Sapajus flavius) is now restricted to a few forest patches in Northeast Brazil. We investigated the occurrence of parasites and bacterial diseases in one of three free-ranging groups of S. flavius in a small forest patch in Paraíba state, Northeast Brazil. We tested for antibodies against Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. (24 strains), and Brucella spp. We used molecular analysis to detect Plasmodium spp., and evaluated blood smears for the presence of hemoparasites. All individuals tested negative for Leptospira spp. and B. abortus, but 8 of 48 (16%) presented antibodies for both Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi. We identified antibodies to T. gondii in 12% of the individuals tested. Plasmodium brasilianum infection was present in 4% of the individuals tested, and blood smears showed microfilariae parasites in 46% of the individuals tested. The occurrence of these infectious diseases in S. flavius may pose a significant threat in terms of reduced recruitment and poor survival rates, and an understanding of the influence of pathogens is crucial for the management of small populations of primates. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Atlantic Forest; Blonde capuchin monkey; Conservation; Pathogens","antibody; bacterial disease; blood; conservation status; disease incidence; endangered species; habitat fragmentation; habitat loss; hemoparasite; hunting; infectious disease; pathogen; primate; recruitment (population dynamics); species conservation; survival; Atlantic Forest; Brazil; Brazil; Para [Brazil]; Paraiba; Bacteria (microorganisms); Brucella; Brucella melitensis biovar Abortus; Leptospira; Plasmodium brasilianum; Primates; Toxoplasma gondii; Trypanosoma cruzi","Bueno, M.G.; Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá – IDSM/MCTIBrazil; email: buenomg@gmail.com",,"Springer New York LLC",01640291,,IJPRD,,"English","Int. J. Primatol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85032823523
"Gbogbo F., Kyei M.O.","16401306800;57193837789;","Knowledge, perceptions and attitude of a community living around a colony of straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) in Ghana after Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa",2017,"Zoonoses and Public Health","64","8",,"628","635",,5,"10.1111/zph.12357","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016979884&doi=10.1111%2fzph.12357&partnerID=40&md5=20eeed6937ba21652af31c62b6eb004b","Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana","Gbogbo, F., Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Kyei, M.O., Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana","A large population of straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) colonizes a prime area in the city of Accra where several public amenities are located. Although the colony is positive to several zoonotic viruses including the Ebola virus, there is limited information on the social dimensions of the existence of the bats. As a step towards effective response to health risk and conservation of the bats, this study assessed the knowledge and attitude of the community living around the bats and determined their level of environmental and public health consciousness. The community generally lacks interest in bat bushmeat consumption but had low knowledge and disease risk perception of the bats. Despite major campaigns during the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa, elements of risky behaviour including disbelief and disregard for some preventive measures and lack of interest in post-bat exposure prophylaxis were recorded among a limited proportion of the community. There was the need to focus public health education on the community and possibly others that may have E. helvum colonies in West Africa. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH","Ebola; Eidolon helvum; knowledge; risk; zoonotic disease","adult; Africa; Article; attitude to health; community living; consciousness; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; epidemic; female; field work; flying fox; health hazard; high risk behavior; human; major clinical study; male; perception; priority journal; professional knowledge; public health problem; semi structured interview; adolescent; animal; bat; child; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; epidemic; Ghana; information processing; isolation and purification; middle aged; perception; virology; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child; Chiroptera; Data Collection; Disease Outbreaks; Ebolavirus; Female; Ghana; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Perception; Young Adult","Gbogbo, F.; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of GhanaGhana; email: fgbogbo@ug.edu.gh",,"Wiley-VCH Verlag",18631959,,,"28371424","English","Zoonoses Public Health",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85016979884
"Nielsen M.R., Pouliot M., Meilby H., Smith-Hall C., Angelsen A.","30967633400;39962154500;57201264310;36115457400;7004049467;","Global patterns and determinants of the economic importance of bushmeat",2017,"Biological Conservation","215",,,"277","287",,18,"10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.036","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038970932&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2017.08.036&partnerID=40&md5=5e834a5857ed061040f3fdcc2723d03a","Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Science, PO Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway","Nielsen, M.R., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Pouliot, M., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Meilby, H., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Smith-Hall, C., Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark; Angelsen, A., School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Science, PO Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway","Knowledge about the economic role of bushmeat in rural livelihoods mainly stems from small case studies in sites characterised by high hunting intensities, challenging the formation of national-level conservation and development policies. We use the global Poverty Environment Network data to analyse the economic importance of bushmeat to rural households in sites selected with no consideration of the level of bushmeat hunting. Data were gathered from 7978 households in 333 communities across 24 tropical and sub-tropical countries in Latin America, Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. We report prevalence of hunting; absolute bushmeat income (both cash and subsistence income); share of bushmeat income in total household income; and share of bushmeat income obtained in cash. We investigate patterns and determinants of these variables at the community mean level using generalized linear models, focusing on six general hypothesis identified from the literature. Hunting is more prevalent than generally assumed (39%) but contributes less to rural household income than expected (2%) and mainly through own consumption (87%). Bushmeat is more important in smaller and more remote communities, in communities in the middle of the cash income distribution, communities with few domestic animals, in countries characterised by poor governance, and with rising costs of living. We argue that bushmeat is likely to be most important to rural households as a source of protein and micronutrients unavailable through own domestic animal and staple crop production. Wildlife conservation therefore would benefit from policies simultaneously addressing household-level food and nutritional security. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd","Absolute bushmeat income; Bushmeat trade; Poverty Environment Network; Prevalence of hunting; Reliance on bushmeat; Wild meat","bushmeat; conservation management; development strategy; economic analysis; global perspective; governance approach; household income; household survey; hunting; income distribution; livelihood; national planning; poverty alleviation; rural area; trade-environment relations; wildlife management; Asia; Latin America; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia","Nielsen, M.R.; Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Denmark; email: mrni@life.ku.dk",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85038970932
"Sousa J.D., Müller V., Vandamme A.-M.","37762281300;56343236500;35380737400;","The epidemic emergence of HIV: What novel enabling factors were involved?",2017,"Future Virology","12","11",,"685","707",,2,"10.2217/fvl-2017-0042","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034425536&doi=10.2217%2ffvl-2017-0042&partnerID=40&md5=8aeeb8ce5967bd27cb4a1554a1380010","Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary","Sousa, J.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium, Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Müller, V., Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary; Vandamme, A.-M., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium, Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal","Humans acquired retroviruses from simians, mainly through bushmeat handling. All epidemically successful HIV groups started to spread in early 20th century, contrasting with the antiquity of T-cell lymphotropic viruses, implying that novel enabling factors were involved in HIV emergence. Here we review the Parenteral Serial Transmission and the Enhanced Heterosexual Transmission hypotheses for the adaptation and early spread of HIV. Epidemic start roughly coincides in time with peak genital ulcer disease in cities, suggesting a major role for sexual transmission. Only ill-adapted and rare HIV groups emerged after approximately 1950, when injections and transfusions attained their maximal levels, suggesting that if parenteral serial transmission was necessary for HIV adaptation, it had to be complemented by sexual transmission for HIV to reach epidemic potential. </inline-graphic. © 2017 Future Medicine Ltd.","Central Africa; genital ulcer disease; HIV; male circumcision; origin of HIV; unsterile injections; West Africa","biogeography; comparative study; epidemic; ethnic group; genetic difference; genital ulcer; heterosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 group M; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; priority journal; Review; risk factor; sexual transmission; Simian immunodeficiency virus; tropical rain forest","Sousa, J.D.; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenBelgium; email: joao.sousa@kuleuven.be",,"Future Medicine Ltd.",17460794,,,,"English","Future Virol.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85034425536
"Rimoin A.W., Alfonso V.H., Hoff N.A., Doshi R.H., Mulembakani P., Kisalu N.K., Muyembe J.-J., Okitolonda E.W., Wright L.L.","9744662700;55271706300;39561165100;54683599000;36559917100;16444807500;16234181300;16444628300;7402248289;","Human Exposure to Wild Animals in the Sankuru Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo",2017,"EcoHealth","14","3",,"552","563",,6,"10.1007/s10393-017-1262-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027870543&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-017-1262-9&partnerID=40&md5=4a2ab1aab975aadbeebd53042f7eade5","Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Congo; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Congo; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States","Rimoin, A.W., Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Alfonso, V.H., Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Hoff, N.A., Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Doshi, R.H., Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Mulembakani, P., Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Congo; Kisalu, N.K., Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Muyembe, J.-J., Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Congo; Okitolonda, E.W., Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Congo; Wright, L.L., National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States","Due to the high level of biological diversity in the Congo Basin and human population dependence on bushmeat, the DRC represents an ideal location for expanding knowledge on wild animal exposures and thus the potential for transmission of zoonotic pathogens. However, limited information exists on patterns and extent of contact with wildlife in such communities. Using a cross-sectional study, 14 villages in the Sankuru Province of the DRC were surveyed between August and September 2007. Villagers ≥ 1 year of age and at home of the time of the survey were eligible and enrolled to describe and assess factors associated with animal exposures (both activity and type of animal). Among respondents, 91% reported exposure to rodents, 89% to duikers, 78% to non-human primates (NHPs), and 32% reported contact with bats in the month prior to the survey. The most frequently reported activities included eating (95%), cooking (70%), and butchering or skinning of animals (55%). The activities and animals to which subjects had contact varied by sex and age. Moreover, we observed a high correlation of the same activities across animal types. In this and other populations that rely on bushmeat, there is a high frequency of exposure to multiple animal species through various modalities. In the event of future zoonotic disease outbreaks, effective public health interventions and campaigns that mitigate the risk of animal contact during outbreaks need to be broad to include various modes of contact and should be directed to both men and women across all age groups. As available information is limited, further studies are necessary to better understand the complex relationships and exposures individuals have with animals. © 2017, EcoHealth Alliance.","Butchering; Emerging infections; Hunting; Spillover; Wild animal exposure; Zoonosis","adolescent; adult; aged; animal; child; cross-sectional study; Democratic Republic Congo; epidemiology; female; human; infant; male; meat; microbiology; middle aged; preschool child; risk assessment; statistics and numerical data; transmission; very elderly; wild animal; young adult; zoonosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Animals, Wild; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Risk Assessment; Young Adult; Zoonoses","Rimoin, A.W.; Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, United States; email: arimoin@ucla.edu",,"Springer New York LLC",16129202,,,"28831639","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85027870543
"Chaves W.A., Wilkie D.S., Monroe M.C., Sieving K.E.","55569363900;57203197896;7006334976;6603352141;","Market access and wild meat consumption in the central Amazon, Brazil",2017,"Biological Conservation","212",,,"240","248",,12,"10.1016/j.biocon.2017.06.013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85025838979&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2017.06.013&partnerID=40&md5=73600e002c66e6a972559b4c7304e485","School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, United States; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Instituto Piagaçu, Brazil; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY  10460, United States; School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 347 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States","Chaves, W.A., School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, United States, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States, Instituto Piagaçu, Brazil; Wilkie, D.S., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY  10460, United States; Monroe, M.C., School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 347 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Sieving, K.E., Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States","Wild meat is an important source of food and income for people across the tropics, but overhunting is driving species declines. Comprehension of the interrelated factors that influence wild meat consumption is needed to help address this important issue. A central hypothesis is that market access in the tropics drives consumption. We tested this hypothesis by comparing households with high (living in a town) and low (living in rural areas) market access in the central Amazon. When comparing households in rural communities only, we used travel frequency to town and boat traffic as proxies for market access. To determine interrelationships, we assessed other factors that may influence meat consumption, such as occupation, wealth, and number of people in households. As predicted, town residents consumed more domesticated meat and less wild meat than rural residents. Among rural communities, travel frequency was negatively, and boat traffic was positively, associated with wild meat consumption. Occupation was an important predictor of consumption, with farmers (occupation more common in rural areas) consuming more wild meat than people with other occupations. Number of people in the household was negatively associated with beef consumption. Wealth was associated with wild meat and beef consumption but its effect on consumption was negligible (effect size near zero). When comparing urban and rural residents, we detected a strong relationship between market access and wild meat consumption, but this was influenced by the diversity of livelihood options available to town versus rural residents. Among rural residents, we detected a relationship between market access and wild meat consumption, but this relationship depended on the nature of the market access (household travel frequency to town versus boat traffic at rural communities). Our findings suggest that greater access to market may lead to a decrease in wild meat consumption at the household level. Key factors we did not address, however, require further research in rural communities; namely whether reduced consumption leads to overall reduction in hunting or merely a shift from consumption to trade. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd","Amazon; Bushmeat consumption; Market access; Meat alternatives","bushmeat; conservation management; food consumption; food market; household survey; hunting; livelihood; research work; rural population; urban population; wild population; Amazonia; Brazil","Chaves, W.A.; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of FloridaUnited States; email: willandia@ufl.edu",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85025838979
"Temmam S., Davoust B., Chaber A.-L., Lignereux Y., Michelle C., Monteil-Bouchard S., Raoult D., Desnues C.","13105225000;56694303700;38662341800;6603795728;26537832600;56964315000;36040059800;25226867700;","Screening for Viral Pathogens in African Simian Bushmeat Seized at A French Airport",2017,"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","64","4",,"1159","1167",,11,"10.1111/tbed.12481","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84975677663&doi=10.1111%2ftbed.12481&partnerID=40&md5=898d456c9746efd6e07858fbd505745f","URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium; Wildlife Consultant L.L.C, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; National Veterinary School, INP, Toulouse Cedex 03, France; Natural History Museum, Toulouse, France","Temmam, S., URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Davoust, B., URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Chaber, A.-L., Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium, Wildlife Consultant L.L.C, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Lignereux, Y., National Veterinary School, INP, Toulouse Cedex 03, France, Natural History Museum, Toulouse, France; Michelle, C., URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Monteil-Bouchard, S., URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Raoult, D., URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Desnues, C., URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France","Illegal bushmeat traffic is an important threat to biodiversity conservation of several endangered species and may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases in humans. The hunting, manipulation and consumption of wildlife-based products, especially those of primate origin, may be a threat to human health; however, few studies have investigated the role of bushmeat trade and consumption as a potential source of human infections to date. In this study, we report the screening of viral pathogens in African simian game seized by French customs at Toulouse Blagnac Airport. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles in the samples, and further metagenomic sequencing of the DNA and RNA viromes confirmed the presence of sequences related to the Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae bacteriophage families; some of them infecting bacterial hosts that could be potentially pathogenic for humans. To increase the sensitivity of detection, twelve pan-generic PCRs targeting several viral zoonoses were performed, but no positive signal was detected. A large-scale inventory of bacteria, viruses and parasites is urgently needed to globally assess the risk for human health of the trade, manipulation and consumption of wildlife-related bushmeat. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH","bushmeat; epifluorescence microscopy; pan-generic PCR; viral metagenomics; virus; wild game; zoonoses","virus DNA; virus RNA; Africa; airport; animal; bacteriophage; commercial phenomena; fluorescence microscopy; food control; France; genetics; Haplorhini; isolation and purification; mass screening; meat; metagenome; virology; virus genome; Africa; Airports; Animals; Bacteriophages; Commerce; DNA, Viral; Food Microbiology; France; Genome, Viral; Haplorhini; Mass Screening; Meat; Metagenome; Microscopy, Fluorescence; RNA, Viral","Desnues, C.; URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Aix-Marseille UniversitéFrance; email: christelle.desnues@univ-amu.fr",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",18651674,,,"26876732","English","Transboundary Emer. Dis.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84975677663
"Rowland D., Ickowitz A., Powell B., Nasi R., Sunderland T.","57189330609;6507052223;35724661500;18434563900;19338072100;","Forest foods and healthy diets: Quantifying the contributions",2017,"Environmental Conservation","44","2",,"102","114",,35,"10.1017/S0376892916000151","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992052277&doi=10.1017%2fS0376892916000151&partnerID=40&md5=686b16c485a74433b4087c78994ed6aa","Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia; School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, WC1H 0XG, United Kingdom; Department of Geography and African Studies Program, Pennsylvania State University, 314 Walker Building, University Park, PA  16801, United States; School of Environmental and Marine Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Townsville City, QLD  4811, Australia","Rowland, D., Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, WC1H 0XG, United Kingdom; Ickowitz, A., Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia; Powell, B., Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia, Department of Geography and African Studies Program, Pennsylvania State University, 314 Walker Building, University Park, PA  16801, United States; Nasi, R., Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia; Sunderland, T., Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia, School of Environmental and Marine Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Townsville City, QLD  4811, Australia","Forested landscapes provide a source of micronutrient rich food for millions of people around the world. A growing evidence base suggests these foods may be of great importance to the dietary quality of people living in close proximity to forests - especially in communities with poor access to markets. Despite widespread evidence of the consumption of forest foods around the world, to date, few studies have attempted to quantify the nutritional contributions these foods make. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the consumption of forest foods can make important contributions to dietary quality. We investigated the dietary contributions of wild forest foods in smallholder dominated forested landscapes from 37 sites in 24 tropical countries, using data from the Poverty and Environment Network (PEN). We compared quantities of forest foods consumed by households with dietary recommendations and national average consumption patterns. In addition, we compared the relative importance of forests and smallholder agriculture in supplying fruits, vegetables, meat and fish for household consumption. More than half of the households in our sample collected forest foods for their own consumption, though consumption patterns were skewed towards low-quantity users. For high-quantity consuming households, however, forest foods made a substantial contributions to their diets. The top quartile of forest food users in each site obtained 14.8% of the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables, and 106% of the reference quantity of meat and fish from forests. In 13 sites, the proportion of meat and fish coming from forests was greater than from domestic livestock and aquaculture, while in 11 sites, households procured a greater proportion of fruits and vegetables from forests than from agriculture. Given high levels of heterogeneity in forest food consumption, we identify four forest food use site typologies to characterize the different use patterns: 'forest food dependent', 'limited forest food use', 'forest food supplementation' and 'specialist forest food consumer' sites. Our results suggest that while forest foods do not universally contribute significantly to diets, in some sites where large quantities of forest foods are consumed, their contribution towards dietary adequacy is substantial. Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2016 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence.","animal source foods; bushmeat; diets; forests; fruits; micronutrients; nutrition; vegetables; wild foods","Agriculture; Fish; Food supply; Fruits; Meats; Nutrients; Nutrition; Trace elements; Vegetables; Animal source foods; bushmeat; forests; micronutrients; Wild food; Forestry; diet; food; food supply; forest; fruit; heterogeneity; hypothesis testing; livestock; meat; nutrition; quantitative analysis; smallholder; trace element; typology; vegetable; Animalia","Ickowitz, A.; Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Indonesia; email: A.Ickowitz@cgiar.org",,"Cambridge University Press",03768929,,EVCNA,,"English","Environ. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84992052277
"Stürmer S., Rohmann A., Mazziotta A., Siem B., Barbarino M.-L.","6603542240;6603467192;37063339900;13907620900;56282956200;","Fear of Infection or Justification of Social Exclusion? The Symbolic Exploitation of the Ebola Epidemic",2017,"Political Psychology","38","3",,"499","513",,4,"10.1111/pops.12354","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978208323&doi=10.1111%2fpops.12354&partnerID=40&md5=d80a7ef53e3da69c2ad2a16e6d33c667","FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany","Stürmer, S., FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany; Rohmann, A., FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany; Mazziotta, A., FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany; Siem, B., FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany; Barbarino, M.-L., FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany","Public discourse in Western countries on the 2014 Ebola epidemic provided a unique natural opportunity to study the relationship between a disease's sociocultural representation and health policy support. Our main prediction stated that among Western citizens, support for restrictive health policies (e.g., mandatory quarantining) would be determined more through preexisting prejudice towards African immigrants than fears of Ebola infection. A questionnaire study with time-lagged measurement of predictor and criterion variables employing a German sample (N = 218) that was heterogeneous in terms of gender, age, profession, political orientation, and income level provided clear support for this assumption. Although variables related to fear-of-infection were significant predictors, prejudice-related variables explained several times more variance in participants’ support for restrictive policies. Moreover, the degree to which participants adopted prevalent beliefs regarding the sociocultural origins of Ebola (e.g., eating bushmeat) further intensified the impact of prejudice-related variables. © 2016 International Society of Political Psychology","Ebola; health policies support; social representation; symbolic prejudice",,"Stürmer, S.; FernUniversität in HagenGermany; email: Stefan.Stuermer@fernuni-hagen.de",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",0162895X,,,,"English","Polit. Psychol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84978208323
"Mossoun A., Calvignac-Spencer S., Anoh A.E., Pauly M.S., Driscoll D.A., Michel A.O., Nazaire L.G., Pfister S., Sabwe P., Thiesen U., Vogler B.R., Wiersma L., Muyembe-Tamfum J.-J., Karhemere S., Akoua-Koffi C., Couacy-Hymann E., Fruth B., Wittig R.M., Leendertz F.H., Schubert G.","56045283700;55139371100;56046276900;56046220100;57189017481;57194021260;57194005118;57194009758;57194026819;6507717210;57197865837;55960675300;6603743560;8411304400;55908558300;13003787900;7003484562;8617029400;6602340558;36060178900;","Bushmeat hunting and zoonotic transmission of simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 in tropical west and central Africa",2017,"Journal of Virology","91","10", e02479-16,"","",,9,"10.1128/JVI.02479-16","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018342078&doi=10.1128%2fJVI.02479-16&partnerID=40&md5=dd6406ef2574b453413545a156b3c5dd","Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Laboratoire National d'appui au Développement Agricole, Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire; Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire; Institut National de Recherche Bio-Médicale, Kinshasa, Congo; Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Centre for Research and Conservation/RZSA, Antwerp, Belgium","Mossoun, A., Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Laboratoire National d'appui au Développement Agricole, Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire; Calvignac-Spencer, S., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Anoh, A.E., Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire; Pauly, M.S., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Driscoll, D.A., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Michel, A.O., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Nazaire, L.G., Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Pfister, S., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Sabwe, P., Institut National de Recherche Bio-Médicale, Kinshasa, Congo; Thiesen, U., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Vogler, B.R., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wiersma, L., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Muyembe-Tamfum, J.-J., Institut National de Recherche Bio-Médicale, Kinshasa, Congo; Karhemere, S., Institut National de Recherche Bio-Médicale, Kinshasa, Congo; Akoua-Koffi, C., Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire; Couacy-Hymann, E., Laboratoire National d'appui au Développement Agricole, Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire; Fruth, B., Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Centre for Research and Conservation/RZSA, Antwerp, Belgium; Wittig, R.M., Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Leendertz, F.H., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Schubert, G., Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany","Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 (STLV-1) enters human populations through contact with nonhuman primate (NHP) bushmeat. We tested whether differences in the extent of contact with STLV-1-infected NHP bushmeat foster regional differences in prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). Using serological and PCR assays, we screened humans and NHPs at two Sub-Saharan African sites where subsistence hunting was expected to be less (Taï region, Côte d'Ivoire [CIV]) or more (Bandundu region, Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC]) developed. Only 0.7% of human participants were infected with HTLV-1 in CIV (n = 574), and 1.3% of humans were infected in DRC (n = 302). Two of the Ivorian human virus sequences were closely related to simian counterparts, indicating ongoing zoonotic transmission. Multivariate analysis of human demographic parameters and behavior confirmed that participants from CIV were less often exposed to NHPs than participants from DRC through direct contact, e.g., butchering. At the same time, numbers of STLV-1-infected NHPs were higher in CIV (39%; n = 111) than in DRC (23%; n = 39). We conclude that similar ultimate risks of zoonotic STLV-1 transmission-defined as the product of prevalence in local NHP and human rates of contact to fresh NHP carcasses-contribute to the observed comparable rates of HTLV-1 infection in humans in CIV and DRC. We found that young adult men and mature women are most likely exposed to NHPs at both sites. In view of the continued difficulties in controlling zoonotic disease outbreaks, the identification of such groups at high risk of NHP exposure may guide future prevention efforts. © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.","Bushmeat; HTLV-1; Retroviruses; STLV-1; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zoonoses","animal hunting; Article; disease transmission; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; gene amplification; long terminal repeat; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; priority journal; questionnaire; Retroviridae; sequence analysis; Western blotting; adult; Africa; animal; Central Africa; Cote d'Ivoire; Deltaretrovirus Infections; Democratic Republic Congo; Disease Outbreaks; female; HTLV-I Infections; human; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; isolation and purification; male; meat; primate; Retroviridae; transmission; virology; wild animal; young adult; Zoonoses; Adult; Africa, Central; Africa, Northern; Animals; Animals, Wild; Cote d'Ivoire; Deltaretrovirus Infections; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Disease Outbreaks; Female; HTLV-I Infections; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Humans; Male; Meat; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Primates; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1; Young Adult; Zoonoses","Schubert, G.; Robert Koch InstituteGermany; email: SchubertG@rki.de",,"American Society for Microbiology",0022538X,,JOVIA,"28298599","English","J. Virol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85018342078
"Attinsounon C.A., Hounnankan C.A., Dovonou C.A., Alassani C.A., Salifou S.","56386025000;57194348612;56566725500;57194344907;57194323285;","Knowledge and attitudes of community volunteers on lassa and ebola viral haemorrhagic fevers in the Donga department (North Benin) [Connaissances et attitudes des relais communautaires sur les fièvres hémorragiques à virus lassa et ebola dans le département de la Donga (Nord Bénin)]",2017,"Pan African Medical Journal","26",, 229,"","",,1,"10.11604/pamj.2017.26.229.12072","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019768553&doi=10.11604%2fpamj.2017.26.229.12072&partnerID=40&md5=559a441d5a4798b6dc4094eca3a0e4b0","UER de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Parakou, Benin; Ministère de la Santé, Benin; Service de Médecine Interne, CHUD Borgou-Alibori, Parakou, Benin; Zone Sanitaire Djougou Copargo Ouaké, Ministère de la santé, Benin","Attinsounon, C.A., UER de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Parakou, Benin; Hounnankan, C.A., Ministère de la Santé, Benin; Dovonou, C.A., Service de Médecine Interne, CHUD Borgou-Alibori, Parakou, Benin; Alassani, C.A., Service de Médecine Interne, CHUD Borgou-Alibori, Parakou, Benin; Salifou, S., Zone Sanitaire Djougou Copargo Ouaké, Ministère de la santé, Benin","Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledges and attitudes of community volunteers on Lassa and Ebola viral haemorrhagic fevers and their role in the implementation of activities for the prevention of these diseases. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive survey among community volunteers chosen by lot in 40 villages in the Donga Department. Children under five years of age with respiratory and diarrheal diseases and malaria were treated by these community volunteers in their home. An anonymous questionnaire was administered by direct interview. Data were analyzed using Epi-Info 3.5.1. Results: Out of 60 community volunteers potentially participating in this survey a total of 58 effectively participated. The average age of community volunteers was 38.7 ± 10.6 years with a sex-ratio of 3.5. The majority of the community volunteers were farmers (thirty-five, 60.3%) and resellers (thirteen, 22.4%). Forty-eight respondents (82.8%) recognized the two diseases as being serious, life-threatening and transmissible. The three main routes of transmission cited were the contact with or the consumption of bushmeat (87.9%), the direct contact with infected people (74.1%) or with their corpses (46.6%). The main preventive measures listed were related to the routes of transmission. Fever (81.0%), vomiting (81.0%) and diarrhea (60.3%) were at the top of the cited symptoms. Only twenty-two community volunteers (37.9%) had gloves but they rarely used them to examine sick children. As regards the procedure to follow in case of suspected Lassa or Ebola viral haemorrhagic fever, forty-one community volunteers (70.7%) would make use of community-based health workers without touching the patient, nine (15.5%) would call for the ambulance and eight (13.8%) would take the patient to the nearest health center using their own motorcycle or a motorcycle-taxi.Conclusion: Strengthening community volunteers’ capacity to manage viral hemorrhagic fevers would contribute to the improvement of their knowledge of these life-threatening epidemics and to the quality of population health interventions. © Cossi Angelo Attinsounon et al.","Attitude; Benin; Community volunteers; Ebola; Knowledge; Lassa; West Africa","adult; Article; attitude to health; cross-sectional study; diarrhea; Ebolavirus; female; human; infection prevention; Lassa virus; malaria; male; questionnaire; respiratory tract disease; virus hemorrhagic fever; virus transmission; volunteer; vomiting; Benin; child; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; health auxiliary; Lassa fever; middle aged; statistics and numerical data; transmission; young adult; Adult; Benin; Child; Community Health Workers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Lassa Fever; Male; Middle Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult","Attinsounon, C.A.; UER de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de ParakouBenin; email: acosange@yahoo.fr",,"African Field Epidemiology Network",19378688,,,"28690743","French","Pan Afr. Med. J.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85019768553
"Van Vliet N., Quiceno M., Moreno J., Cruz D., Fa J.E., Nasi R.","19337994200;56888704700;56888285900;56658360100;7003936013;18434563900;","Is urban bushmeat trade in Colombia really insignificant?",2017,"ORYX","51","2",,"305","314",,4,"10.1017/S0030605315001118","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960102450&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605315001118&partnerID=40&md5=3bd29149ec8183c0fbdfe660d4d0f1f4","Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Fundación S.I. Science International, Cundinamarca, Colombia; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom","Van Vliet, N., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Quiceno, M., Fundación S.I. Science International, Cundinamarca, Colombia; Moreno, J., Fundación S.I. Science International, Cundinamarca, Colombia; Cruz, D., Fundación S.I. Science International, Cundinamarca, Colombia; Fa, J.E., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia, Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Nasi, R., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","The bushmeat trade in ecosystems in South America other than those within the Amazon basin is presumed to be insignificant, as alternative sources of protein (e.g. beef, chicken, fish) are considered to be more readily available in non-moist forests. However, studies and confiscation reports from countries such as Colombia suggest that bushmeat is consumed in a variety of ecosystems, although the nature of market chains, particularly in urban areas, is still unknown. We studied the urban bushmeat trade in markets in the five main ecoregions in Colombia. We recorded a total of 85 species, the most frequently traded being the paca Cuniculus paca, red brocket deer Mazama americana, grey brocket deer Mazama gouazoubira, capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, armadillo Dasypus spp. and black agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Most sales of wild meat occur through clandestine channels and involve a limited number of stakeholders. Bushmeat is a luxury product in urban areas of the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Andean regions. Further work is needed to quantify and monitor the volumes of bushmeat traded, comprehend motivations, explore ways of reducing threats, and engage with stakeholders to organize legal and sustainable use of bushmeat. © Copyright 2016 Fauna & Flora International.","Bushmeat; Colombia; market chain; mountain forest; trade; tropical dry forest; tropical moist forest; urban areas","bushmeat; commodity market; deer; dry forest; ecoregion; montane forest; protein; rodent; stakeholder; supply chain management; sustainable development; trade-environment relations; tropical forest; urban area; Amazon Basin; Colombia; Agouti; Agouti paca; Armadillo; Cervidae; Dasyprocta fuliginosa; Dasypus; Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris; Mazama americana; Mazama gouazoupira","Van Vliet, N.; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Indonesia; email: vanvlietnathalie@yahoo.com",,"Cambridge University Press",00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84960102450
"Leendertz S.A.J., Wich S.A., Ancrenaz M., Bergl R.A., Gonder M.K., Humle T., Leendertz F.H.","36164919500;6603053832;6603628884;15072574300;7003308879;6508390015;6602340558;","Ebola in great apes – current knowledge, possibilities for vaccination, and implications for conservation and human health",2017,"Mammal Review","47","2",,"98","111",,21,"10.1111/mam.12082","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006341615&doi=10.1111%2fmam.12082&partnerID=40&md5=a2d4b6e5e9d4314092e19a3f40a428a5","Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP), United Nations Environment Programme, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; Liverpool John Moore's University, 70 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5UA, United Kingdom; Borneo Futures, Taman Kinanty, Lorong Angsa 12, House 61D, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88300, Malaysia; North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC, United States; Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA  19104, United States; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom; Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin, 13353, Germany","Leendertz, S.A.J., Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP), United Nations Environment Programme, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya, Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin, 13353, Germany; Wich, S.A., Liverpool John Moore's University, 70 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5UA, United Kingdom; Ancrenaz, M., Borneo Futures, Taman Kinanty, Lorong Angsa 12, House 61D, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88300, Malaysia; Bergl, R.A., North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC, United States; Gonder, M.K., Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA  19104, United States; Humle, T., Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom; Leendertz, F.H., Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin, 13353, Germany","Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a threat to human health and to the survival of African great apes. The disease has led to major population declines in chimpanzees Pan troglodytes and gorillas Gorilla gorilla, and infected great apes play an important role as sources of human EVD outbreaks. The threat posed by EVD raises the question whether vaccination of wild apes is an effective strategy to reduce the occurrence and impact of this disease. We review the current knowledge about EVD in great apes and document the link between outbreaks in apes and in humans, mainly via bushmeat consumption. We discuss the need for control strategies, such as vaccination, and describe aspects of primate behaviour, virus biology, vaccine composition, and vaccination principles that need to be considered when making management decisions about great ape vaccination. Finally, we identify gaps in the understanding of Ebola ecology and highlight surveillance and research that can aid the survival of great apes and reduce human exposure to Ebola virus. The severe impact of EVD indicates the need for efficient monitoring and, ultimately, control of Ebola. However, the unknown reservoir and unpredictable emergence of Ebola, the elusive nature of great apes, and the lack of licensed and suitable vaccines represent major hurdles for such control. Public education about zoonotic diseases and monitoring of great ape health are both important strategies. Experts should also discuss the feasibility of developing safe vaccines that can be delivered efficiently to large populations of elusive wild apes in their natural remote habitats. This review provides a platform for further interdisciplinary discussions, so that management plans can be discussed and adjusted according to possible future changes in the development, availability and cost of vaccines, the status of EVD, knowledge about Ebola ecology, and opinion on wildlife vaccination. © 2016 The Mammal Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd","conservation; Ebola; global health; vaccination; wild great apes","conservation management; disease control; Ebola virus disease; knowledge; primate; public health; vaccination; vaccine; Ebola virus; Gorilla gorilla; Hominidae; Pan; Pan troglodytes; Primates","Leendertz, F.H.; Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Germany; email: LeendertzF@rki.de",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",03051838,,,,"English","Mammal Rev.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85006341615
"Dindé A.O., Mobio A.J., Konan A.G., Fokou G., Yao K., Esso E.L.J.C., Fantodji A., Koussemon M., Bonfoh B.","57193565274;57212716680;56915633800;12765811500;57193561103;55622612600;55274624200;6506750251;6602398317;","Response to the Ebola-related bushmeat consumption ban in rural Côte d'Ivoire",2017,"Agriculture and Food Security","6","1", 28,"","",,5,"10.1186/s40066-017-0105-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014957635&doi=10.1186%2fs40066-017-0105-9&partnerID=40&md5=e3dc02c90886d484f482ca68a7e865f7","Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Institut d'Ethno-Sociologie, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Département de Biochimie et Science des Aliments, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Laboratoire de Botanique, UFR Biosciences, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Institut de Géographie Tropicale, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences des sciences de la Nature, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire; University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, 4051, Switzerland","Dindé, A.O., Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Mobio, A.J., Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Institut d'Ethno-Sociologie, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Konan, A.G., Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Département de Biochimie et Science des Aliments, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Fokou, G., Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Yao, K., Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Laboratoire de Botanique, UFR Biosciences, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Esso, E.L.J.C., Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Institut de Géographie Tropicale, 01 BP V4, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire; Fantodji, A., Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences des sciences de la Nature, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire; Koussemon, M., Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences des sciences de la Nature, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire; Bonfoh, B., Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire, University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, 4051, Switzerland","Background: Bushmeat represents an important animal protein source for populations in rural areas of Côte d'Ivoire; consequently, the exploitation of the bushmeat reserves has contributed to food security in these areas for long time. However, emergence of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa in 2014 has led to a ban and stigmatization of this essential food source in rural zones. The present study analyses the influence of the decision to ban bushmeat consumption due to EVD on the patterns of consumption of proteins sources and food security. It aims to characterize the different protein sources consumed in rural areas in the Toumodi region before and after the EVD outbreak in order to identify alternatives to bushmeat. Results: The results demonstrated that fish remains the principal animal protein source (92.1% of households) even outside the EVD crisis. Among protein sources, only bushmeat and fish consumptions have been modified with the Ebola threat. The proportion of households that regularly consume bushmeat decreased to 19.8%, however, this reduction in consumption has been driving by sensitization and repression. Fish consumption frequency increased from 4 to 7 times per week in the EVD crisis period. Picking up in the bush is a main mode of supply of some protein sources such as snail or shellfish but their seasonal character limits their use in the households. Vegetable protein sources seem to play a minor role in the diet of the households assessed, whereas edible mushrooms are consumed frequently to complement or substitute animal protein sources. Conclusion: The ban on bushmeat has led to a reduction in its consumption while fish and edible mushrooms seem to have filled related protein deficits in the households assessed. However, constraints in availability and utilization of these alternative sources build an inconsistent basis to fulfil the nutritional needs. To counteract potentially arising protein deficiencies among the population, the development and implementation of fish farming and livestock at short cycle are suggested in order to improve access to protein sources other than bushmeat. © 2017 The Author(s).","Bushmeat; Côte d'Ivoire; Ebola; Food security; Protein source; Rural",,"Dindé, A.O.; Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, 02 BP 801, Cote d'Ivoire; email: arlettedinde@gmail.com",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",20487010,,,,"English","Agric. Food Secur.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85014957635
"Ordaz-Németh I., Arandjelovic M., Boesch L., Gatiso T., Grimes T., Kuehl H.S., Lormie M., Stephens C., Tweh C., Junker J.","57193825894;23003193400;57193826526;56326868500;57193827102;23567109200;56091602100;56463567100;56091962000;55362146200;","The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis",2017,"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases","11","3", e0005450,"","",,29,"10.1371/journal.pntd.0005450","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016951258&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pntd.0005450&partnerID=40&md5=d5c71f5a102a99cb172678197796f924","Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany; Forestry Development Authority, Wheintown, Mount Barclay, Liberia; School of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya","Ordaz-Németh, I., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Arandjelovic, M., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Boesch, L., Institute for Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Gatiso, T., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany; Grimes, T., Forestry Development Authority, Wheintown, Mount Barclay, Liberia; Kuehl, H.S., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany; Lormie, M., Forestry Development Authority, Wheintown, Mount Barclay, Liberia; Stephens, C., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Tweh, C., School of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Junker, J., Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany","Bushmeat represents an important source of animal protein for humans in tropical Africa. Unsustainable bushmeat hunting is a major threat to wildlife and its consumption is associated with an increased risk of acquiring zoonotic diseases, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD). During the recent EVD outbreak in West Africa, it is likely that human dietary behavior and local attitudes toward bushmeat consumption changed in response to the crisis, and that the rate of change depended on prevailing socio-economic conditions, including wealth and education. In this study, we therefore investigated the effects of income, education, and literacy on changes in bushmeat consumption during the crisis, as well as complementary changes in daily meal frequency, food diversity and bushmeat preference. More specifically, we tested whether wealthier households with more educated household heads decreased their consumption of bushmeat during the EVD crisis, and whether their daily meal frequency and food diversity remained constant. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models to analyze interview data from two nationwide household surveys across Liberia. We found an overall decrease in bushmeat consumption during the crisis across all income levels. However, the rate of bushmeat consumption in high-income households decreased less than in low-income households. Daily meal frequency decreased during the crisis, and the diversity of food items and preferences for bushmeat species remained constant. Our multidisciplinary approach to study the impact of EVD can be applied to assess how other disasters affect social-ecological systems and improve our understanding and the management of future crises. © 2017 Ordaz-Németh et al.",,"Africa; analytic method; animal product; Article; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; food intake; food preference; geographic distribution; health literacy; health survey; household; human; income; information processing; meat; natural resource; prevalence; questionnaire; response variable; socioeconomics; statistical model; feeding behavior; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; interview; Liberia; Feeding Behavior; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Liberia; Socioeconomic Factors","Ordaz-Németh, I.; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyGermany; email: isabel_ordaz@eva.mpg.de",,"Public Library of Science",19352727,,,"28282378","English","PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85016951258
"Steve A.-M., Ahidjo A., Placide M.-K., Caroline F., Mukulumanya M., Simon-Pierre N.-K., Octavie L.-M., Valentin M.-A., Jean-Jacques M.-T., Eric D., Martine P.","57192808524;26638705200;57192816193;57192805216;57192816049;57192807649;57192806735;57192810665;57192810664;36559014000;26638914500;","High Prevalences and a Wide Genetic Diversity of Simian Retroviruses in Non-human Primate Bushmeat in Rural Areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo",2017,"EcoHealth","14","1",,"100","114",,5,"10.1007/s10393-016-1202-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008224686&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-016-1202-0&partnerID=40&md5=168e0bca882ef81d82a134f2378ecc33","UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, Cedex 1, 34394, France; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Institut Supérieur de Techniques Médicales de Walikale, Walikale, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic Congo; Projet Lac Tumba, WWF, Malebo, Congo","Steve, A.-M., UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, Cedex 1, 34394, France, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo, Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Ahidjo, A., UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, Cedex 1, 34394, France; Placide, M.-K., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo, Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Caroline, F., UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, Cedex 1, 34394, France; Mukulumanya, M., Institut Supérieur de Techniques Médicales de Walikale, Walikale, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic Congo; Simon-Pierre, N.-K., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Octavie, L.-M., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo, Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Valentin, M.-A., Projet Lac Tumba, WWF, Malebo, Congo; Jean-Jacques, M.-T., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo, Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo; Eric, D., UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, Cedex 1, 34394, France; Martine, P., UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, Cedex 1, 34394, France","Like the majority of emerging infectious diseases, HIV and HTLV are of zoonotic origin. Here we assess the risk of cross-species transmissions of their simian counterparts, SIV and STLV, from non-human primates (NHP) to humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A total of 331 samples, derived from NHP bushmeat, were collected as dried blood spots (DBS, n = 283) or as tissue samples (n = 36) at remote forest sites mainly in northern and eastern DRC. SIV antibody prevalences in DBS were estimated with a novel high throughput immunoassay with antigens representing the actual known diversity of HIV/SIV lineages. Antibody-positive samples were confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis. Screening for STLV infection was done with universal primers in tax, and new strains were further characterized in LTR. SIV and STLV infection in tissue samples was done by PCR only. Overall, 5 and 15.4% of NHP bushmeat was infected with SIV and STLV, respectively. A new SIV lineage was identified in Allen’s swamp monkeys (Allenopithecus nigroviridis). Three new STLV-1 subtypes were identified in Allen’s swamp monkeys (Allenopithecus nigroviridis), blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) and agile mangabeys (Cercocebus agilis). SIV and STLV prevalences varied according to species and geographic region. Our study illustrates clearly, even on a small sample size from a limited number of geographic areas, that our knowledge on the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of simian retroviruses is still limited and that humans continue to be exposed to relative high proportions on infected NHP bushmeat. © 2016, International Association for Ecology and Health.","Bushmeat; Democratic Republic of Congo; Non-human primate; Retrovirus; SIV; STLV","virus antibody; animal; blood; classification; Deltaretrovirus infection; Democratic Republic Congo; genetic variation; genetics; human; isolation and purification; meat; phylogeny; prevalence; primate; Retroviridae; simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; transmission; virology; zoonosis; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Deltaretrovirus Infections; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Genetic Variation; Humans; Meat; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Primates; Retroviruses, Simian; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Zoonoses","Martine, P.; UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, France; email: martine.peeters@ird.fr",,"Springer New York LLC",16129202,,,"28050688","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85008224686
"Ngade I., Singer M., Marcus O., Hasemann J.","57194563851;7401654651;57193538937;57190488872;","Implications of changing attitudes towards game meat consumption at the time of Ebola in Limbe, Cameroon",2017,"Human Organization","76","1",,"48","58",,1,"10.17730/0018-7259.76.1.48","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020853330&doi=10.17730%2f0018-7259.76.1.48&partnerID=40&md5=45070f712a3e47956cbecaa53b3d1d69","Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University in South Africa, South Africa; Departments of Anthropology and Community Medicine, University of Connecticut, United States; University of Connecticut, United States","Ngade, I., Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University in South Africa, South Africa; Singer, M., Departments of Anthropology and Community Medicine, University of Connecticut, United States; Marcus, O., University of Connecticut, United States; Hasemann, J., University of Connecticut, United States","In this article, we examine social responses to the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in Cameroon, a country near to but beyond the farthest reaches of known Ebola cases. As Ebola spread in West Africa, there was mounting anxiety that the epidemic would spill over the border with Nigeria. To investigate people's responses to Ebola-fear, we interviewed a sample of fifty people living in Limbe, near the Nigerian border. We found a pattern of response that involved information-seeking, the adoption of various behavioral strategies believed to protect people from infection, and the spread of messages about Ebola prevention by word of mouth and through social media. Informed by resilience theory and recognition of the emergent nature of culture, we argue that by studying people's emotional, behavioral, and social reactions to perceived health threats, medical anthropologists can contribute to efforts to develop useful intervention in a world of enhanced infectious disease epidemic risk. Copyright © 2017 by the Society for Applied Anthropology.","""bushmeat"" avoidance; Cameroon; Ebola; Epidemic fear; Mass and social media; Resilience theory","attitudinal survey; bushmeat; consumption behavior; disease control; disease spread; Ebola virus disease; epidemic; health risk; infectious disease; Cameroon; Limbe; South West Region",,,"Society for Applied Anthropology",00187259,,,,"English","Hum. Organ.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85020853330
"Fargeot C., Drouet-Hoguet N., Le Bel S.","34881802000;56825964500;8280502600;","The role of bushmeat in urban household consumption: Insights from Bangui, the capital city of the Central African Republic",2017,"Bois et Forets des Tropiques",,"332",,"31","42",,4,"10.19182/bft2017.332.a31331","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85025813593&doi=10.19182%2fbft2017.332.a31331&partnerID=40&md5=f7850f985032ac7d97d5015c41c0b615","Cirad UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398, France; Practical Wildlife, 82 rue Anatole France, Grenoble, 38100, France","Fargeot, C., Cirad UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398, France; Drouet-Hoguet, N., Practical Wildlife, 82 rue Anatole France, Grenoble, 38100, France; Le Bel, S., Cirad UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398, France","In the Congo Forest Basin, hunting provides a major source of protein for rural household consumption. In the context of increasing urbanisation, an understanding of bushmeat consumption in urban settings is needed to both address food security issues and design biodiversity conservation strategies. This paper provides insights into bushmeat consumption patterns in Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, through an analysis of household expenditures and market prices. A survey of approximately 4,000 households combined with 3 years (2005-2008) of market price monitoring was used to estimate the consumption of bushmeat and alternative proteins. The results showed the presence of a diverse range of animal proteins on the Bangui market, including meat from domestic and wild animals. The taxonomic composition of the bushmeat mainly included common, sedentary wildlife species that are highly resilient to hunting pressure, while protected species were rarely observed. The household consumption survey showed that 54% of daily meals contained beef, 35% contained fish and 19% contained bushmeat. Fish and bushmeat consumption decreased in the rainy season, and caterpillar consumption increased. Smoked proteins (bushmeat, fish), were cheaper than all fresh meat except for caterpillars. The consumption of proteins and bushmeat increased with wealth; fresh proteins were consumed more by wealthy consumers, while smoked bushmeat was consumed by the poorest. Total consumption of protein and bushmeat was highest in rich households, but the relative proportion of bushmeat in the total protein intake was highest for poor households. Overall, the results confirm the importance of bushmeat in the diet of urban consumers, especially in poor households. However, the patterns of consumption suggest that bushmeat is less popular than alternatives, which may potentially limit an increase in bushmeat consumption, particularly if cheaper, alternative meat can be made available.","Bangui; Bushmeat consumption; Bushmeat trade; Central African Republic; Food security",,"Le Bel, S.; Cirad UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de BaillarguetFrance; email: sebastien.le_bel@cirad.fr",,"CIRAD",0006579X,,,,"English","Bois Forets Tropiques",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85025813593
"Paulsen P., Nauman K., Bauer F., Avagnina A., Smulders F.J.M.","7005765306;55902884600;14059584500;55026758700;7006764976;","Game meat fermented products-food safety aspects",2017,"Fermented Meat Products: Health Aspects",,,,"58","77",,,"10.1201/9781315369846","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052909606&doi=10.1201%2f9781315369846&partnerID=40&md5=2bee0d3aec9d13bbfe6c8086e3a27dc0","Institute of Meat Hygiene Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A 1210, Austria; Department of Meat Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan","Paulsen, P., Institute of Meat Hygiene Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A 1210, Austria; Nauman, K., Department of Meat Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Bauer, F., Institute of Meat Hygiene Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A 1210, Austria; Avagnina, A., Institute of Meat Hygiene Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A 1210, Austria; Smulders, F.J.M., Institute of Meat Hygiene Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A 1210, Austria","Meat from wild animals has been presumably the first source of animal protein for human nutrition (Ahl et al. 2002). In poor economies, rural population still has to rely on this “cheap” source of protein in the form of bushmeat (Awaiwanont et al. 2014, Kamins et al. 2014), but meat from “exotic” or unusual species has a potential to contribute to the growing demand for sustainably produced food (Hoffman and Cawthorn 2013). It is conceivable that since ancient times attempts have been made to preserve the nutritional qualities of such meat for an extended period of time by drying, smoking and fermentation. Nowadays, consumers concerned about “healthy and natural” meat with low environmental footprint consider game meat as an alternative to meat from farmed animals (Hoffman and Wiklund 2006, Hoffman and Cawthorn 2012), and according to the “palaeo diet” concept (Cordain 2011, Cordain and Friel 2012), humans might be better adapted to the nutrient composition provided by meat from wild game than to that from domesticated animals. Fermented meat products fit well in this line of thinking, since fermentation is one of the most natural food preserving processes. Meat producers can fulfil the demand for fermented meats from game either by adapting conventional meat product formulations, including nitrate/nitrite as curing agents, the use of commercial starter cultures and of artificial casings for instance, or by adhering to minimizing additives, e.g. by relying on spontaneous fermentation or in-house flora, or by omission of curing agents. © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Biogenic amines; Fat oxidation; Game meat; Hepatitis E; Listeria monocytogenes; Ostrich; pH; Ruminants; Stec; Wild boar",,"Paulsen, P.; Institute of Meat Hygiene Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Austria; email: peter.paulsen@vetmeduni.ac.at",,"CRC Press",,9781498733052; 9781498733045,,,"English","Fermented Meat Products: Health Aspects",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85052909606
"Nauman K., Paulsen P.","55902884600;7005765306;","Food safety and food security implications of game",2017,"Trends in Food Safety and Protection",,,,"187","204",,,"10.1201/9781315114859","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052697285&doi=10.1201%2f9781315114859&partnerID=40&md5=683ba172eab8e47dc10b4cac0b2ea026","University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria","Nauman, K., University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Paulsen, P., Meat Technology and Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria","Since ancient times, wild animals have been used as a food source. While meat from these animals has always contributed to human nutrition, nowadays it is either as a cheap or affordable source of protein and fat in the form of bushmeat or it be processed into luxury foods in developed regions. Humans can be exposed to health hazards during the handling of wild animals and during the processing and consumption of the meat of these animals. Processing will also vary in qualitative as well as in quantitative terms from region to region. Codes of good practice and surveillance systems should help to control these hazards, and the farming of “wild” animals will introduce a level of biosecurity comparable to that of extensively 188kept (ranched) domestic animals. The wildlife-domestic animal interface has been studied extensively in terms of transmission of infectious agents or of antibiotic resistance. Likewise, wild animals can be used as sentinels or bioindicators for biotic and abiotic hazards in the ecosphere. The role of wildlife as a reservoir for emerging infectious diseases, and their impact on human health as well as on trade and food security requires a close observation of wildlife trade and translocation not only in a regional, but also in a global context. © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Biohazards; Commerce; Food supply; Health hazards; Antibiotic resistance; Developed regions; Domestic animals; Emerging infectious disease; Human nutrition; Infectious agents; Surveillance systems; Wildlife trades; Animals",,,"CRC Press",,9781351628938; 9781138070912,,,"English","Trends in Food Saf. and Protection",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85052697285
"Luiselli L., Petrozzi F., Akani G.C., Di Vittorio M., Amadi N., Ebere N., Dendi D., Amori G., Eniang E.A.","35569133600;37039566900;6603752055;15128455900;35387581900;25921723300;56444401500;6603563922;6508194826;","Rehashing bushmeat – Interview campaigns reveal some controversial issues about the bushmeat trade dynamics in Nigeria",2017,"Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie)","72","1",,"3","18",,9,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050396602&partnerID=40&md5=d9f48e912c237cf890234ef441483262","Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria; IDECC – Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, 00144, Italy; Ecologia Applicata Italia, via Edoardo Jenner 70, Rome, 00151, Italy; CNR, Institute for Ecosystem Studies, viale Università 32, Rome, 00152, Italy; Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","Luiselli, L., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria, IDECC – Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, 00144, Italy; Petrozzi, F., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria, Ecologia Applicata Italia, via Edoardo Jenner 70, Rome, 00151, Italy; Akani, G.C., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria; Di Vittorio, M., Ecologia Applicata Italia, via Edoardo Jenner 70, Rome, 00151, Italy; Amadi, N., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria; Ebere, N., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria; Dendi, D., IDECC – Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, 00144, Italy; Amori, G., CNR, Institute for Ecosystem Studies, viale Università 32, Rome, 00152, Italy; Eniang, E.A., IDECC – Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, 00144, Italy, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","Using questionnaire surveys in southern Nigeria, this paper explores whether: (i) bushmeat is still a crucial source of animal protein for local communities; (ii) is still culturally very relevant; and (iii) if people value differently the various kinds of bushmeat species because of customer preferences. In addition, this paper provides information on whether (iv) the bushmeat trade locally depletes target game species; and (v) whether the disappearance of large animals from the markets would indicate their local extirpation from the wild. A combination of interviews was carried out with both men and women of different age classes including hunters, consumers and sellers, from different Nigerian locations with different habitat conditions, socio-economic and ethnic characteristics. Results of these interviews suggest that the consumption of bushmeat has little subsistence value, especially in urban areas, except for a small sub-section of the community. Indeed, even in rural areas less than 30 % of the interviewees of less than 50 years age answered that they frequently eat bushmeat. Cultural importance of bushmeat decreased substantially in recent years, as shown by that (i) this food source was quickly abandoned by people during the 2014 Ebola crisis, and (ii) most of questionnaire respondents affirmed that they would have eaten bushmeat only rarely or even not at all. There was support for the notion that the price of a carcass was mainly determined by the animal size and not by the consumer preference. Bushmeat utilization and trade may certainly deplete target animal species at the local scale. Nonetheless, there is still no sufficient empirical evidence for the notion that, when large animals disappeared from the markets, it meant that their populations were heavily depleted or even extinct. Indeed, based on cultural elements highlighted by interviewed hunters, there is evidence that this notion may be wrong, at least in the richest and economically more dynamic regions of West Africa. It is advised that bushmeat studies should explore more in depth the cultural flexibility of human communities before drawing generalized conclusions, thus avoiding unsupported large-scale conclusions based on data collected at a very small spatial scale and during short time periods. © 2017 Societe Nationale de Protection de la Nature. All rights reserved.",,"age class; bushmeat; consumption behavior; Ebola virus disease; food market; food preference; protein; questionnaire survey; subsistence; trade; trade-environment relations; urban area; Nigeria; Animalia",,,"Societe Nationale de Protection de la Nature",02497395,,RETVE,,"English","Rev. Ecol. Terre Vie",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85050396602
"Essama-Nssah B., Gockowski J., Kelly L.A.","6506888534;57210607658;57210416696;","A new deal for Cameroon’s forests?",2017,"Managing a Global Resource: Challenges of Forest Conservation and Development","5",,,"137","165",,,"10.4324/9780203786512-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070641902&doi=10.4324%2f9780203786512-5&partnerID=40&md5=a01e91c73e2755c580ed9283a042037e",,"Essama-Nssah, B.; Gockowski, J.; Kelly, L.A.","The highly diverse forests of Cameroon in West Africa are representative of the biological diversity of forests in the Congo Basin, which is home to about 80 percent of Africa's moist forests and 20 percent of the world's tropical moist forests. Cameroon's forests range from wet evergreen forest in the shadow of Mount Cameroon in the southwest to the semi-arid Guinea Savanna Woodlands of northern Cameroon. Deforestation occurs mainly in the dry forests in the northern part of the country, which is the country's most fragile and threatened ecosystem. The most important non-timber forest product activities in the moist forest zone of Cameroon are the poaching of bushmeat. Operating in a symbiotic relationship with logging concessions, hunters place snares along newly created logging tracks to supply urban markets and logging camps with smoked and fresh game. The non-market values of Cameroon's forests have yet to be transferred into local incentives and therefore have little influence over forest sector policy. © 2002 by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.",,,,,"Taylor and Francis",,9781351507318; 076580137X; 9780765801371,,,"English","Managing a Global Resource: Challenges of Forest Conservation and Development",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85070641902
"Muehlenbein M.P.","6603240648;","Primates on display: Potential disease consequences beyond bushmeat",2017,"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","162",,,"32","43",,7,"10.1002/ajpa.23145","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010843412&doi=10.1002%2fajpa.23145&partnerID=40&md5=e279a7cbdf3cabfe00c9b92d59635edf","Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, United States","Muehlenbein, M.P., Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, United States","Human interactions with nonhuman primates vary tremendously, from daily cultural engagements and food commodities, to pet ownership and tourist encounters. These interactions provide opportunities for the exchange of pathogenic organisms (both zoonoses and anthroponoses). As exposures are not limited to areas where bushmeat usage continues to be a major problem, we must work to understand better our motivations for engaging in activities like owning primates as pets and having direct physical contact with wild primates within the context of nature-based tourism. These topics, and the theoretical potential for pathogen transmission, are reviewed in the present manuscript. This is followed by a case study utilizing 3845 survey responses collected from four international locations known for primate-based tourism, with results indicating that while a majority of people understand that they can give/get diseases to/from wild primates, a surprising percentage would still touch or feed these animals if given the opportunity. Many people still choose to touch and/or own primates, as their drive to bond with animals outweighs some basic health behaviors. Desires to tame, control, or otherwise establish emotional connections with other species, combined with the central role of touch for exploring our environment, necessitate the development of better communication and educational campaigns to minimize risks of emerging infectious diseases. © 2017 American Association of Physical Anthropologists","anthroponoses; biophilia; bushmeat; companion animals; ecotourism; emerging infectious diseases; environmental attitudes; haptics; Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary; pets; primates; Saint Kitts; Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre; Takasakiyama Monkey Park; zoonoses; zoos","Article; disease transmission; domestication; emotional attachment; endangered species; health behavior; health education; human; human-animal bond; infection risk; interpersonal communication; motivation; nonhuman; physical activity; primate; risk reduction; social cognition; tourism; wildlife conservation; animal; communicable disease; global health; physical anthropology; risk; travel; wild animal; zoo animal; zoonosis; Animals; Animals, Wild; Animals, Zoo; Anthropology, Physical; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Global Health; Humans; Primates; Risk; Travel; Zoonoses","Muehlenbein, M.P.; Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San AntonioUnited States; email: Michael.muehlenbein@utsa.edu",,"Wiley-Liss Inc.",00029483,,AJPNA,"28105720","English","Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85010843412
"Estrada A., Garber P.A., Rylands A.B., Roos C., Fernandez-Duque E., Fiore A.D., Anne-Isola Nekaris K., Nijman V., Heymann E.W., Lambert J.E., Rovero F., Barelli C., Setchell J.M., Gillespie T.R., Mittermeier R.A., Arregoitia L.V., de Guinea M., Gouveia S., Dobrovolski R., Shanee S., Shanee N., Boyle S.A., Fuentes A., MacKinnon K.C., Amato K.R., Meyer A.L.S., Wich S., Sussman R.W., Pan R., Kone I., Li B.","7004287493;7005176713;6602121906;7102389391;6601994442;55908978200;57195529252;6603777959;7006296058;7401836923;57192300947;15759211900;6701625451;7102070911;57152546700;55808784600;57200584199;25225110900;36611565100;35782599100;46661454000;26026782300;8832501900;7005084655;45761039600;55520150500;6603053832;7006175365;7101684658;6507671063;56129818100;","Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter",2017,"Science Advances","3","1", e1600946,"","",,315,"10.1126/sciadv.1600946","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019314783&doi=10.1126%2fsciadv.1600946&partnerID=40&md5=1a06f601d8e187ae723b657abb8c34b4","Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, CP 04510, Mexico; Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL  61801, United States; Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA  22202, United States; Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany; Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT  06511, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX  78705, United States; Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Abteilung Verhaltensökologie und Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street UCB 233, Boulder, CO  80309, United States; Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, Trento, 38122, Italy; Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Math and Science Center, 400 Dowman Drive, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA  30322, United States; Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse 15, Bern, CH-3005, Switzerland; Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE  49100-000, Brazil; Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA  40170-290, Brazil; Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester, M32 0PH, United Kingdom; Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru; Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN  38112, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN  46556, United States; Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO  63108, United States; Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL  60208, United States; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19020, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil; School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, United Kingdom; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO  63130, United States; School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia (M309), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA  6009, Australia; Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Xi’an Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229, Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069, China","Estrada, A., Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, CP 04510, Mexico; Garber, P.A., Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL  61801, United States; Rylands, A.B., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA  22202, United States; Roos, C., Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany; Fernandez-Duque, E., Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT  06511, United States; Fiore, A.D., Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX  78705, United States; Anne-Isola Nekaris, K., Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Nijman, V., Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Heymann, E.W., Abteilung Verhaltensökologie und Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany; Lambert, J.E., Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street UCB 233, Boulder, CO  80309, United States; Rovero, F., Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, Trento, 38122, Italy; Barelli, C., Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, Trento, 38122, Italy; Setchell, J.M., Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Gillespie, T.R., Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Math and Science Center, 400 Dowman Drive, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA  30322, United States; Mittermeier, R.A., Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA  22202, United States; Arregoitia, L.V., Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse 15, Bern, CH-3005, Switzerland; de Guinea, M., Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Gouveia, S., Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE  49100-000, Brazil; Dobrovolski, R., Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA  40170-290, Brazil; Shanee, S., Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester, M32 0PH, United Kingdom, Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru; Shanee, N., Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester, M32 0PH, United Kingdom, Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru; Boyle, S.A., Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN  38112, United States; Fuentes, A., Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN  46556, United States; MacKinnon, K.C., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO  63108, United States; Amato, K.R., Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL  60208, United States; Meyer, A.L.S., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19020, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil; Wich, S., School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Sussman, R.W., Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO  63130, United States; Pan, R., School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia (M309), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA  6009, Australia; Kone, I., Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Li, B., Xi’an Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229, Taibai North Road, Xi’an, 710069, China","Nonhuman primates, our closest biological relatives, play important roles in the livelihoods, cultures, and religions of many societies and offer unique insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and the threat of emerging diseases. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. Current information shows the existence of 504 species in 79 genera distributed in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Alarmingly, ~60% of primate species are now threatened with extinction and ~75% have declining populations. This situation is the result of escalating anthropogenic pressures on primates and their habitats—mainly global and local market demands, leading to extensive habitat loss through the expansion of industrial agriculture, large-scale cattle ranching, logging, oil and gas drilling, mining, dam building, and the construction of new road networks in primate range regions. Other important drivers are increased bushmeat hunting and the illegal trade of primates as pets and primate body parts, along with emerging threats, such as climate change and anthroponotic diseases. Often, these pressures act in synergy, exacerbating primate population declines. Given that primate range regions overlap extensively with a large, and rapidly growing, human population characterized by high levels of poverty, global attention is needed immediately to reverse the looming risk of primate extinctions and to attend to local human needs in sustainable ways. Raising global scientific and public awareness of the plight of the world’s primates and the costs of their loss to ecosystem health and human society is imperative. 2017 © The Authors, some rights reserved.",,"Biodiversity; Biology; Climate change; Commerce; Ecology; Mammals; Oil well drilling; Reforestation; Anthropogenic pressures; Ecosystem health; Emerging disease; Forest regeneration; Human population; Non-human primate; Population decline; Public awareness; Ecosystems; animal; Cercopithecidae; ecosystem; species extinction; Animals; Cercopithecidae; Ecosystem; Extinction, Biological","Estrada, A.; Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of MexicoMexico; email: aestradaprimates@gmail.com",,"American Association for the Advancement of Science",23752548,,,"28116351","English","Sci. Adv.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85019314783
"Golden C.D., Gupta A.C., Vaitla B., Myers S.S.","35305127300;57190092540;27068055800;23028117700;","Ecosystem services and food security: Assessing inequality at community, household and individual scales",2016,"Environmental Conservation","43","4",,"381","388",,11,"10.1017/S0376892916000163","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973524608&doi=10.1017%2fS0376892916000163&partnerID=40&md5=0fd5de87d5a2da8d5381d3cb44934cff","Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States","Golden, C.D., Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, MA, United States; Gupta, A.C., Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Vaitla, B., Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Myers, S.S., Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, MA, United States","Wildlife populations provide harvestable meat to people and contribute to local food security. Throughout the year, and particularly at times of agricultural food shortages, wildlife and other wild foods play a critical role in supporting food security and enhancing local human nutrition. We explored the distribution of food security benefits of agricultural food production and a particular ecosystem provisioning service - wildlife harvest in the Makira Natural Park (MNP) of Madagascar - at community, household and individual levels. We found strong variation in wildlife consumption both among communities and among households and less variation among individuals within households. Mean household wildlife consumption in the target community was 10 kg per year ranging by approximately two orders of magnitude, with poorer and more food insecure households more reliant on wildlife for food. Meats (including wildlife) appeared to be evenly distributed within households, unaffected by age, sex, birth order and body weight, while other foods (including stew, rice and other staples) appeared to be allocated based on body mass. Reductions in wildlife consumption cause increased risk of food insecurity and specific nutritional deficiencies. The findings from our multilevel study suggest that disaggregated analysis that merges ecosystem services theory and the microeconomics of resource allocation allows for a more accurate valuation approach. © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2016.","bushmeat; food security; hunting; Madagascar; nutrition","Agriculture; Animals; Ecology; Economics; Food supply; Nutrition; Resource valuation; Agricultural foods; bushmeat; Ecosystem services; Food security; hunting; Madagascar; Orders of magnitude; Wildlife populations; Ecosystems; bushmeat; ecosystem service; food production; food security; food storage; household survey; hunting; microeconomics; nutrition; resource allocation; Madagascar; Makira Natural Park","Golden, C.D.; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthUnited States; email: golden@hsph.harvard.edu",,"Cambridge University Press",03768929,,EVCNA,,"English","Environ. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84973524608
"Muehlenbein M.P.","6603240648;","Disease and Human/Animal Interactions",2016,"Annual Review of Anthropology","45",,,"395","416",,9,"10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-100003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992578647&doi=10.1146%2fannurev-anthro-102215-100003&partnerID=40&md5=5b7bf51e164d1a445f47528df2dac88b","Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX  78249, United States","Muehlenbein, M.P., Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX  78249, United States","Understanding pathogen exchange among human, wildlife, and livestock populations, and the varying ecological and cultural contexts in which this exchange takes place, is a major challenge. The present review contextualizes the risk factors that result from human interactions with livestock, companion animals, animal exhibits, wildlife through nature-based tourism, and wildlife through consumption. Given their phylogenetic relatedness to humans, primates are emphasized in this discussion; primates serve as reservoirs for several human pathogens, and some human pathogens can decimate wild primate populations. Anthropologists must play a central role in understanding cultural variation in attitudes toward other species as well as perceived risks when interacting with animals. I argue that the remediation of emerging infectious diseases will be accomplished primarily through human behavioral changes rather than through efforts in pathogen discovery. Given the history of human interactions with wildlife, candid discussions on zoonotic diseases will be increasingly important for our combined survival. © Copyright 2016 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Anthroponoses; Anthrozoology; Biophilia; Bushmeat; Companion animals; Conservation medicine; EcoHealth; Ecotourism; Emerging infectious diseases; Ethnoprimatology; One Health; Primates; Zoonoses","bushmeat; ecotourism; infectious disease; pathogen; phylogenetics; primate; risk factor; survival; zoology; Animalia; Candida; Primates","Muehlenbein, M.P.; Department of Anthropology, University of TexasUnited States; email: Michael.muehlenbein@utsa.edu",,"Annual Reviews Inc.",00846570,,,,"English","Ann. Rev. Anthropol.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84992578647
"Ripple W.J., Abernethy K., Betts M.G., Chapron G., Dirzo R., Galetti M., Levi T., Lindsey P.A., Macdonald D.W., Machovina B., Newsome T.M., Peres C.A., Wallach A.D., Wolf C.","7003774540;7004267574;7005106792;57070783000;7003959015;7004205870;22035083500;8585167100;7401463172;8521865300;55608447100;7005085103;22136986600;57190759164;","Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world’s mammals",2016,"Royal Society Open Science","3","10",,"","",,157,"10.1098/rsos.160498","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992121185&doi=10.1098%2frsos.160498&partnerID=40&md5=75906287165a8098c0f208de8fe25666","GlobalTrophic Cascades, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States; Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States; School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, BP 842, Gabon; Grims�Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, 73091, Sweden; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA  94305, United States; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto Bioci�ncias, Departamento de Ecologia, Rio Claro, S�o Paulo  13506-900, Brazil; Department of Bioscience, Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark; Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY  10018, United States; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL  33199, United States; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood campus, Geelong, VIC  3125, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of SydneyNSW  2006, Australia; School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA  98195, United States; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia","Ripple, W.J., GlobalTrophic Cascades, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States, Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States; Abernethy, K., School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, BP 842, Gabon; Betts, M.G., GlobalTrophic Cascades, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States, Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States; Chapron, G., Grims�Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, 73091, Sweden; Dirzo, R., Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA  94305, United States; Galetti, M., Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto Bioci�ncias, Departamento de Ecologia, Rio Claro, S�o Paulo  13506-900, Brazil, Department of Bioscience, Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark; Levi, T., GlobalTrophic Cascades, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States, Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States; Lindsey, P.A., Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY  10018, United States, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Macdonald, D.W., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Machovina, B., Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL  33199, United States; Newsome, T.M., GlobalTrophic Cascades, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood campus, Geelong, VIC  3125, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of SydneyNSW  2006, Australia, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA  98195, United States; Peres, C.A., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Wallach, A.D., Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia; Wolf, C., GlobalTrophic Cascades, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States, Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States","Terrestrial mammals are experiencing a massive collapse in their population sizes and geographical ranges around the world, but many of the drivers, patterns and consequences of this decline remain poorly understood. Here we provide an analysis showing that bushmeat hunting for mostly food and medicinal products is driving a global crisis whereby 301 terrestrial mammal species are threatened with extinction. Nearly all of these threatened species occur in developing countries where major coexisting threats include deforestation, agricultural expansion, human encroachment and competition with livestock. The unrelenting decline of mammals suggests many vital ecological and socio-economic services that these species provide will be lost, potentially changing ecosystems irrevocably. We discuss options and current obstacles to achieving effective conservation, alongside consequences of failure to stem such anthropogenic mammalian extirpation. We propose a multipronged conservation strategy to help save threatened mammals from immediate extinction and avoid a collapse of food security for hundreds of millions of people. � 2016 The Authors.","Bushmeat; Extinction; Hunting; Mammals; Wild meat",,"Ripple, W.J.; GlobalTrophic Cascades, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityUnited States; email: bill.ripple@oregonstate.edu",,"Royal Society Publishing",20545703,,,,"English","R. Soc. Open Sci.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84992121185
"Harrison R.D., Sreekar R., Brodie J.F., Brook S., Luskin M., O'Kelly H., Rao M., Scheffers B., Velho N.","7403906434;27268003700;15755121500;55311766200;35812162200;55392210500;7404631266;13409551700;16308482000;","Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia",2016,"Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology","30","5",,"972","981",,71,"10.1111/cobi.12785","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027929071&doi=10.1111%2fcobi.12785&partnerID=40&md5=22488bbf30659b088b486a32b271e871","Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China, China; World Agroforestry Centre, East & Southern Africa Region, 13 Elm Road, Woodlands, Lusaka, Zambia; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia, Australia; Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, P.O. Box 1620, House 21, Street 21, Phenom Penh, Cambodia, Cambodia; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114 Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, SE Asia Program, 14 Science Drive 4, 11743, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 11743, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A; Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia, Australia","Harrison, R.D., Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China, China, World Agroforestry Centre, East & Southern Africa Region, 13 Elm Road, Woodlands, Lusaka, Zambia; Sreekar, R., Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia, Australia; Brodie, J.F., Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada, Canada; Brook, S., Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, P.O. Box 1620, House 21, Street 21, Phenom Penh, Cambodia, Cambodia; Luskin, M., Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114 Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A, United States; O'Kelly, H., Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, P.O. Box 1620, House 21, Street 21, Phenom Penh, Cambodia, Cambodia; Rao, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, SE Asia Program, 14 Science Drive 4, 11743, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 11743, Singapore, Singapore; Scheffers, B., Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A; Velho, N., Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia, Australia","Although deforestation and forest degradation have long been considered the most significant threats to tropical biodiversity, across Southeast Asia (Northeast India, Indochina, Sundaland, Philippines) substantial areas of natural habitat have few wild animals (>1 kg), bar a few hunting-tolerant species. To document hunting impacts on vertebrate populations regionally, we conducted an extensive literature review, including papers in local journals and reports of governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Evidence from multiple sites indicated animal populations declined precipitously across the region since approximately 1980, and many species are now extirpated from substantial portions of their former ranges. Hunting is by far the greatest immediate threat to the survival of most of the region's endangered vertebrates. Causes of recent overhunting include improved access to forests and markets, improved hunting technology, and escalating demand for wild meat, wildlife-derived medicinal products, and wild animals as pets. Although hunters often take common species, such as pigs or rats, for their own consumption, they take rarer species opportunistically and sell surplus meat and commercially valuable products. There is also widespread targeted hunting of high-value species. Consequently, as currently practiced, hunting cannot be considered sustainable anywhere in the region, and in most places enforcement of protected-area and protected-species legislation is weak. The international community's focus on cross-border trade fails to address overexploitation of wildlife because hunting and the sale of wild meat is largely a local issue and most of the harvest is consumed in villages, rural towns, and nearby cities. In addition to improved enforcement, efforts to engage hunters and manage wildlife populations through sustainable hunting practices are urgently needed. Unless there is a step change in efforts to reduce wildlife exploitation to sustainable levels, the region will likely lose most of its iconic species, and many others besides, within the next few years. © 2016 Society for Conservation Biology.","aplicación; bosque tropical; bushmeat; carne de animales silvestres; carne silvestre; defaunación; defaunation; enforcement; extinción; extinction; extirpación; extirpation; mercado de vida silvestre; overexploitation; sobreexplotación; tropical forest; wild meat; wildlife trade","biodiversity; bushmeat; deforestation; endangered species; exploitation; hunting; local extinction; population decline; protected area; rare species; tropical forest; vertebrate; animal; endangered species; environmental protection; forest; human; India; Philippines; pig; rat; Southeast Asia; tropic climate; Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Conservation of Natural Resources; Endangered Species; Forests; Humans; India; Philippines; Rats; Swine; Tropical Climate; India; Indochina; Philippines; Sunda Isles; Animalia; Rattus; Suidae; Vertebrata",,,"Blackwell Publishing Inc.",15231739,,CBIOE,"27341537","English","Conserv. Biol.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85027929071
"Seytre B.","57191490597;","The wanderings of the communication on the Ebola virus disease [Les errances de la communication sur la maladie à virus Ebola]",2016,"Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique","109","4",,"314","323",,4,"10.1007/s13149-016-0524-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84990943266&doi=10.1007%2fs13149-016-0524-z&partnerID=40&md5=941c6639cb15bf43efb90047cf33ef3e","bnscommunication, 7 rue Ledion, Paris, 75014, France","Seytre, B., bnscommunication, 7 rue Ledion, Paris, 75014, France","For two reasons, communication is one of the major tools in the fight against any Ebola epidemics. Firstly, because Ebola is one of the most easily preventable of all infectious diseases and the thorough application of health-protection measures by the community of the sick persons is the best tool to fight any Ebola epidemic. Secondly, because during the two dozens of known Ebola epidemics health care workers have often met with people’s skepticism, or even hostility. However, our review of Ebola communication, as defined by WHO since 2013, shows that it has been marked by a series of errors, as well from a strategic perspective as in its concrete deployment. The same communication messages and tools have been used in non-epidemic and epidemic countries. A general ban on hunting has been promoted, while only 2% of sub-Saharan Africans live in areas inhabited by the bats that are the reservoir of the Ebola virus and while it is not proven that hunting is a major risk of infection. Erroneous or inappropriate messages have contributed to doubts and created anxiety. To be effective, Ebola communication should be based on education about the disease, meaning explanation of its cause, its transmission and its prevention. © 2016, Lavoisier.","Africa; Bushmeat; CDC; Communication; Ebola virus disease; EBV; Guinea; Hunting; Liberia; ONUCI; Plan; Red-Cross; Sierra Leone; Togo; Unicef; USAID; WHO","Africa; animal; attitude to health; communication disorder; disease transmission; education; epidemic; health care personnel; health promotion; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; human; organization and management; prevention and control; procedures; standards; world health organization; Africa, Western; Animals; Communication Barriers; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Epidemics; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Health Promotion; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; World Health Organization","Seytre, B.; bnscommunication, 7 rue Ledion, France; email: seytre@bnscom.fr",,"Springer-Verlag France",00379085,,,"27726104","French","Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84990943266
"Mwangi D.K., Akinyi M., Maloba F., Ngotho M., Kagira J., Ndeereh D., Kivai S.","57194072603;37103570800;56568290200;15035518200;6507835596;41762306100;57193996511;","Socioeconomic and health implications of human-wildlife interactions in Nthongoni, Eastern Kenya",2016,"African Journal of Wildlife Research","46","2",,"87","102",,3,"10.3957/056.046.0087","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018548452&doi=10.3957%2f056.046.0087&partnerID=40&md5=e04e24b63097aa213bc47629eac5334d","Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya","Mwangi, D.K., Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya; Akinyi, M., Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya; Maloba, F., Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Ngotho, M., Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya; Kagira, J., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Ndeereh, D., Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Kivai, S., Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya","The human population in Kenya has doubled over the last 25 years and is expected to rise twofold by 2050. Thus, pressure for human space has led to encroachment into wildlife habitats, increasing human-wildlife interactions. Such interactions pose serious health risks to both humans and wildlife, yet studies to understand these risks are limited in Kenya. To understand the possible predisposing factors for zoonoses at the human-wildlife interface, a survey was carried out in Nthongoni, an area bordering Tsavo and Chyulu Hills national parks in Kenya. Questionnaires were administered to 11 key informants and 200 residents from 35 villages. Our results indicate that the majority (75%) of the respondents suffered from crop raids and livestock depredation by wildlife. On their part, residents killed wildlife for: subsistence (41%), revenge (35%), bush-meat trade (22%), and other undisclosed reasons. Nineteen per cent of the respondents were knowledgeable about disease transmission through bush-meat. Qualitative data revealed helplessness, bitterness and revenge tendencies by farmers due to wildlife losses, which contributed to their poverty. This study enhances our understanding of human-wildlife interactions and the associated socioeconomic, health and conservation implications. It demonstrates the predicaments communities living adjacent to wildlife areas face and the need to involve them in sustainable management of the areas. We recommend identification of appropriate alternative livelihoods, to mitigate illegal bush-meat and agricultural practices that attract wildlife, leading to conflicts. In addition, responsive health and conservation education, and participatory research aimed at advising policy, are necessary to cushion the communities from wildlife damages.","Bushmeat; Crop raiding; Human-wildlife conflict; Wildlife areas; Zoonoses","bushmeat; conservation management; disease transmission; health impact; health risk; nature-society relations; questionnaire survey; socioeconomic impact; sustainability; Chyulu Hills; Kenya; Tsavo East National Park","Mwangi, D.K.; Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya; email: mwangikareri@yahoo.com",,"Southern African Wildlife Management Association",24107220,,,,"English","Afr. J. Wildl. Res.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85018548452
"Simons R.R.L., Horigan V., Gale P., Kosmider R.D., Breed A.C., Snary E.L.","36614634200;16645888100;56218853900;14422538600;14059643400;6508020765;","A generic quantitative risk assessment framework for the entry of bat-borne zoonotic viruses into the European Union",2016,"PLoS ONE","11","10", e0165383,"","",,7,"10.1371/journal.pone.0165383","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992702672&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0165383&partnerID=40&md5=2e093f65e914cb990cae5d748c63ed2e","Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom","Simons, R.R.L., Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Horigan, V., Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Gale, P., Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Kosmider, R.D., Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Breed, A.C., Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Snary, E.L., Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom","Bat-borne viruses have been linked to a number of zoonotic diseases; in 2014 there have been human cases of Nipah virus (NiV) in Bangladesh and Ebola virus in West and Central Africa. Here we describe a model designed to provide initial quantitative predictions of the risk of entry of such viruses to European Union (EU) Member States (MSs) through four routes: human travel, legal trade (e.g. fruit and animal products), live animal movements and illegal importation of bushmeat. The model utilises available datasets to assess the movement via these routes between individual countries of the world and EU MSs. These data are combined with virus specific data to assess the relative risk of entry between EU MSs. As a case study, the model was parameterised for NiV. Scenario analyses showed that the selection of exporting countries with NiV and potentially contaminated trade products were essential to the accuracy of all model outputs. Uncertainty analyses of other model parameters identified that the model expected number of years to an introduction event within the EU was highly susceptible to the prevalence of NiV in bats. The relative rankings of the MSs and routes, however, were more robust. The UK, the Netherlands and Germany were consistently the most likely points of entry and the ranking of most MSs varied by no more than three places (maximum variation five places). Legal trade was consistently the most likely route of entry, only falling below human travel when the estimate of the prevalence of NiV in bats was particularly low. Any model-based calculation is dependent on the data available to feed into the model and there are distinct gaps in our knowledge, particularly in regard to various pathogen/virus as well as host/bat characteristics. However, the strengths of this model lie in the provision of relative comparisons of risk among routes and MSs. The potential for expansion of the model to include other routes and viruses and the possibility of rapid parameterisation demonstrates its potential for use in an outbreak situation. © Copyright 2016 Simons et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",,"accuracy; Article; bat; case study; controlled study; disease predisposition; epidemic; European; Germany; infection risk; Netherlands; Nipah virus; nonhuman; policy; prediction; prevalence; process development; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; risk benefit analysis; virus entry; virus load; virus transmission; animal; bat; European Union; human; Nipah virus; physiology; risk assessment; species difference; statistical model; travel; uncertainty; virology; Animals; Chiroptera; European Union; Humans; Models, Statistical; Nipah Virus; Risk Assessment; Species Specificity; Travel; Uncertainty",,,"Public Library of Science",19326203,,POLNC,"27788234","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84992702672
"Chaber A.-L., Cunningham A.","38662341800;57203051586;","Public health risks from illegally imported African bushmeat and smoked fish: Public health risks from African bushmeat and smoked fish",2016,"EcoHealth","13","1",,"135","138",,10,"10.1007/s10393-015-1065-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84944530550&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-015-1065-9&partnerID=40&md5=141d8c7bb15a9afab8026775eca871b3","Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium; Wildlife Consultant L.L.C, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Zoology, London, United Kingdom","Chaber, A.-L., Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium, Wildlife Consultant L.L.C, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, Institute of Zoology, London, United Kingdom; Cunningham, A., Institute of Zoology, London, United Kingdom","Large-scale importation of bushmeat from West and Central Africa into Europe was reported in 2010. We sampled 18 illegal African bushmeat consignments seized at Charles de Gaulle airport, Paris, France and tested for the presence of bacteria. Additionally, five smuggled smoked fish were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known carcinogens. All bushmeat samples had viable counts of aerobic bacteria above levels considered safe for human consumption. We also identified zoonotic bacterial pathogens in bushmeat and unsafe levels of carcinogens in fish. The illegal importation of meat is a potential risk for the introduction of pathogens. © 2015 International Association for Ecology and Health.","Bushmeat; Europe; Illegal trade; Public health","carcinogen; Africa; animal; Central Africa; commercial phenomena; fish; food contamination; food control; France; human; legislation and jurisprudence; meat; microbiology; public health; risk factor; wild animal; Zoonoses; Africa, Central; Africa, Western; Animals; Animals, Wild; Carcinogens; Commerce; Fishes; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; France; Humans; Meat; Public Health; Risk Factors; Zoonoses","Chaber, A.-L.; Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeBelgium; email: alchaber@hotmail.com",,"Springer New York LLC",16129202,,,"26399879","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84944530550
"Kanagavel A., Parvathy S., Nameer P.O., Raghavan R.","56083187500;56872736100;6507739308;16203946400;","Conservation implications of wildlife utilization by indigenous communities in the southern Western Ghats of India",2016,"Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity","9","3",,"271","279",,8,"10.1016/j.japb.2016.04.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84990029515&doi=10.1016%2fj.japb.2016.04.003&partnerID=40&md5=9a699635a106d0748bb62cc5841ab327","Conservation Research Group (CRG), St. Albert's College, Banerji Road, Kochi, India; Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pudhucherry, India; Center for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Thrissur, India; Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, India","Kanagavel, A., Conservation Research Group (CRG), St. Albert's College, Banerji Road, Kochi, India; Parvathy, S., Conservation Research Group (CRG), St. Albert's College, Banerji Road, Kochi, India, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pudhucherry, India; Nameer, P.O., Center for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Thrissur, India; Raghavan, R., Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, India","Wildlife utilization in the tropics is massive, with nearly 5 million tons of bushmeat consumed by local communities. In India, a megadiversity nation, hunting—although illegal—is widespread among indigenous communities. However, the extent, frequency, and rationale for hunting, and factors influencing wildlife utilization are poorly known. Our study, based on 19 different indigenous communities in the Western Ghats region, revealed the utilization of 54 wild species/taxa. Although freshwater fish, herpetofauna, and small mammals were most frequently utilized, enforcement by the Forest Department was largely focused on large mammals. Gender, land ownership, number of domestic meats consumed, distance to markets, time spent hunting, and distance to hunting areas were major factors that affected wild meat utilization in the region. Although conservation needs to be focused on the most utilized groups, increasing access to domestic meats at remote settlements and integrating utilization of common, culturally prominent species can improve conservation of threatened fauna. © 2016 National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA)","bushmeat; domestic meat; hunting; indigenous communities; Western Ghats–Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot",,"Kanagavel, A.; Conservation Research Group (CRG), St. Albert's College, Banerji Road, India; email: arun.kanagavel@gmail.com",,"National Science Museum od Korea",2287884X,,,,"English","J. Asia-Pac. Biodivers.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84990029515
"Reuter K.E., Randell H., Wills A.R., Sewall B.J.","56583758400;57163543500;56470405300;7801352984;","The consumption of wild meat in Madagascar: Drivers, popularity and food security",2016,"Environmental Conservation","43","3",,"273","283",,8,"10.1017/S0376892916000059","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84982816928&doi=10.1017%2fS0376892916000059&partnerID=40&md5=fd50108be745df599876da1179879396","Temple University, Department of Biology, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA  19122, United States; Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative, PO Box 49, Kilwa Masoko, Tanzania","Reuter, K.E., Temple University, Department of Biology, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA  19122, United States; Randell, H., Temple University, Department of Biology, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA  19122, United States; Wills, A.R., Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative, PO Box 49, Kilwa Masoko, Tanzania; Sewall, B.J., Temple University, Department of Biology, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA  19122, United States","The role of wild meat for subsistence or as a luxury good is debated. We investigated the role of wild meat in food security in Madagascar, where consumption is poorly understood in urban areas and at regional scales. Using semi-structured interviews (n = 1339 heads-of-households, 21 towns), we aimed to: (1) quantify the amount and purpose of, (2) understand the drivers of, and (3) examine changes in wild meat consumption. Few respondents preferred wild meat (8 ± 3%) but most had eaten it at least once in their lifetime (78 ± 7%). Consumption occurred across ethnic groups, in urban and rural settings. More food insecure areas reported higher rates of wild meat consumption in the 6-8 months prior to interviews. Consumption was best explained by individual preferences and taboos. Less than 1% of respondents had increased consumption during their lifetimes. Wild meat prices showed no change from 2005-2013. Most consumption involved wild pigs and smaller-sized animals, though they were consumed less in the years following the 2009 coup. These data illustrate the differences between urban and rural communities, the occasions in which wild meat is used a source of food security, and provide evidence that some taxa are not hunted sustainably in Madagascar. © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2016.","Africa; bats; bushmeat; civets; food security; fossa; hunting; illegal trade; lemurs; Madagascar; mongoose; tenrecs","Food supply; Africa; bats; bushmeat; civets; Food security; fossa; hunting; Illegal trade; lemurs; Madagascar; mongoose; tenrecs; Meats; ethnic group; food consumption; food security; meat; quantitative analysis; questionnaire survey; rural area; sustainability; urban area; Madagascar; Animalia; Lemuridae; Suidae; Tenrecidae; Viverridae","Reuter, K.E.; Temple University, Department of Biology, 1900 N. 12th St., United States; email: kimeleanorreuter@gmail.com",,"Cambridge University Press",03768929,,EVCNA,,"English","Environ. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84982816928
"Mendonça L.E.T., Vasconcellos A., Souto C.M., Oliveira T.P.R., Alves R.R.N.","26536337300;7005949910;57021289500;22835558400;35608472400;","Bushmeat consumption and its implications for wildlife conservation in the semi-arid region of Brazil",2016,"Regional Environmental Change","16","6",,"1649","1657",,13,"10.1007/s10113-015-0901-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951845047&doi=10.1007%2fs10113-015-0901-3&partnerID=40&md5=ab02a8325433b4962eb89bfd20f52c49","Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58051-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, Paraíba  58109-753, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Rua Horácio Trajano de Oliveira, S/N, Cristo Redentor, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58020-540, Brazil","Mendonça, L.E.T., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58051-900, Brazil, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, Paraíba  58109-753, Brazil; Vasconcellos, A., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58051-900, Brazil; Souto, C.M., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58051-900, Brazil; Oliveira, T.P.R., Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Rua Horácio Trajano de Oliveira, S/N, Cristo Redentor, João Pessoa, Paraíba  58020-540, Brazil; Alves, R.R.N., Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, Paraíba  58109-753, Brazil","Hunting plays an important socioeconomic role in the semi-arid region of Brazil, by supplying meat and other products. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on which species are most used by the local populations and what are the implications for conservation of exploited animals. This paper explores the bushmeat consumption in the Brazilian Caatinga region, where wild animals comprise an important protein source. A questionnaire was used to gather information from hunters, and the consumption of bushmeat by their families was monitored. Interviews revealed that 58 vertebrate species could potentially be consumed as bushmeat, but the samples provided by the monitored families comprised only 28 species. Birds were the animals most consumed, followed by mammals, although the biomass of both groups was similar. The consumption of bushmeat was not correlated with hunters’ socioeconomic data (income, age or schooling). Hunters recognized that the populations of some game species appeared to be declining, showing that bushmeat consumption, together with the cultural, economic and social aspects of the human populations involved in hunting, should be considered when discussing the conservation of animal resources in the Caatinga region. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Caatinga; Ethnozoology; Game species; Hunting; Vertebrates",,"Alves, R.R.N.; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Brazil; email: romulo_nobrega@yahoo.com.br",,"Springer Verlag",14363798,,,,"English","Reg. Environ. Change",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84951845047
"Judson S.D., Fischer R., Judson A., Munster V.J.","56507469500;55458514900;57190967964;9332531900;","Ecological Contexts of Index Cases and Spillover Events of Different Ebolaviruses",2016,"PLoS Pathogens","12","8", e1005780,"","",17,28,"10.1371/journal.ppat.1005780","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84984827931&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.ppat.1005780&partnerID=40&md5=61a0d0dc495aa2b28f1aa51499844abf","Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Square Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States","Judson, S.D., Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Fischer, R., Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States; Judson, A., Square Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States; Munster, V.J., Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States","Ebola virus disease afflicts both human and animal populations and is caused by four ebolaviruses. These different ebolaviruses may have distinct reservoir hosts and ecological contexts that determine how, where, and when different ebolavirus spillover events occur. Understanding these virus-specific relationships is important for preventing transmission of ebolaviruses from wildlife to humans. We examine the ecological contexts surrounding 34 human index case infections of ebolaviruses from 1976–2014. Determining possible sources of spillover from wildlife, characterizing the environment of each event, and creating ecological niche models to estimate habitats suitable for spillover, we find that index case infections of two ebolaviruses, Ebola virus and Sudan virus, have occurred under different ecological contexts. The index cases of Ebola virus infection are more associated with tropical evergreen broadleaf forests and consuming bushmeat than the cases of Sudan virus. Given these differences, we emphasize caution when generalizing across different ebolaviruses and that location and virus-specific ecological knowledge will be essential to unravelling how human and animal behavior lead to the emergence of Ebola virus disease.",,"rain; air temperature; Article; climate; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; ecological niche; ecology; evergreen rain forest; habitat; human; meat; nonhuman; vegetation; virus transmission; wildlife; animal; biological model; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; transmission; Animals; Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Models, Biological","Munster, V.J.; Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesUnited States; email: Vincent.munster@nih.gov",,"Public Library of Science",15537366,,,"27494600","English","PLoS Pathog.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84984827931
"Ziegler S., Fa J.E., Wohlfart C., Streit B., Jacob S., Wegmann M.","57007808800;7003936013;54894279300;7003742077;57217411108;57074870500;","Mapping Bushmeat Hunting Pressure in Central Africa",2016,"Biotropica","48","3",,"405","412",,17,"10.1111/btp.12286","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964461233&doi=10.1111%2fbtp.12286&partnerID=40&md5=539fd4a5f11b330c784d08a9089c7582","WWF Germany, Reinhardtstraße 18, Berlin, 10117, Germany; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt on Main, 60438, Germany; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Company for Remote Sensing and Environmental Research (SLU), C/o DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Earth Observation Center, German Remote Sensing Data Center, Wessling, 82234, Germany; Department of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 86, Würzburg, 97074, Germany","Ziegler, S., WWF Germany, Reinhardtstraße 18, Berlin, 10117, Germany, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt on Main, 60438, Germany; Fa, J.E., Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Wohlfart, C., Company for Remote Sensing and Environmental Research (SLU), C/o DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Earth Observation Center, German Remote Sensing Data Center, Wessling, 82234, Germany; Streit, B., Department of Ecology and Evolution, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt on Main, 60438, Germany; Jacob, S., Department of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 86, Würzburg, 97074, Germany; Wegmann, M., Department of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 86, Würzburg, 97074, Germany","Hunting and trade of wild animals for their meat (bushmeat), especially mammals, is commonplace in tropical forests worldwide. In West and Central Africa, bushmeat extraction has increased substantially during recent decades. Currently, such levels of hunting pose a major threat to native wildlife. In this paper, we compiled published data on hunting offtake of mammals, from a number of studies conducted between 1990 and 2007 in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Republic of Congo. From these data sources, we estimated annual extraction rates of all hunted species and analyzed the relationship between environmental and anthropogenic variables surrounding each hunting rate and levels of bushmeat extraction. We defined hunting pressure as a function of bushmeat offtake and number of hunted species and confirm that hunting pressure is significantly correlated with road density, distance to protected areas and population density. These correlations are then used to map hunting pressure across the Congo Basin. We show that predicted risk areas show a patchy distribution throughout the study region and that many protected areas are located in high-risk areas. We suggest that such a map can be used to identify areas of greatest impact of hunting to guide large-scale conservation planning initiatives for central Africa. © 2016 The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation.","GIS; Hunting offtake; Mammals; Random forests","anthropogenic effect; bushmeat; conservation planning; environmental gradient; environmental risk; forest ecosystem; hunting; mammal; population density; protected area; road; wildlife management; Central Africa; Animalia; Mammalia","Fa, J.E.; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityUnited Kingdom; email: jfa949@gmail.com",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",00063606,,BTROA,,"English","Biotropica",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84964461233
"Paulsen P., Avagnina A., Smulders F.J.M., Nauman K.","7005765306;55026758700;7006764976;55902884600;","Foodborne disease outbreaks in meat from wild game and bushmeat",2016,"Foodborne Diseases: Case Studies of Outbreaks in the Agri-Food Industries",,,,"241","256",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051570395&partnerID=40&md5=dc7abe1247c315fe42c3b76b82e93859","Institute of Meat Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Meat Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan","Paulsen, P., Institute of Meat Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Avagnina, A., Institute of Meat Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Smulders, F.J.M., Institute of Meat Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Nauman, K., Institute of Meat Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, Department of Meat Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan",[No abstract available],,,"Paulsen, P.; Institute of Meat Hygiene, University of Veterinary MedicineAustria",,"CRC Press",,9781482208283; 9781482208276,,,"English","Foodborne Dis.: Case Stud. of Outbreaks in the Agri-Food Ind.",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85051570395
"Yang X., Noyes N.R., Doster E., Martin J.N., Linke L.M., Magnuson R.J., Yang H., Geornaras I., Woerner D.R., Jones K.L., Ruiz J., Boucher C., Morley P.S., Belk K.E.","56949241300;56054163300;57193453420;8158994800;24177897900;8078903200;55731104500;6701666047;15726824300;57201953809;35811246400;36843507800;35269363700;7004868150;","Use of metagenomic shotgun sequencing technology to detect foodborne pathogens within the microbiome of the beef production chain",2016,"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","82","8",,"2433","2443",,47,"10.1128/AEM.00078-16","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84963569080&doi=10.1128%2fAEM.00078-16&partnerID=40&md5=3c63c69994ee61da59e35e2177aca8f8","Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States","Yang, X., Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Noyes, N.R., Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Doster, E., Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Martin, J.N., Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Linke, L.M., Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Magnuson, R.J., Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Yang, H., Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Geornaras, I., Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Woerner, D.R., Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Jones, K.L., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Ruiz, J., Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Boucher, C., Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Morley, P.S., Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Belk, K.E., Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States","Foodborne illnesses associated with pathogenic bacteria are a global public health and economic challenge. The diversity of microorganisms (pathogenic and nonpathogenic) that exists within the food and meat industries complicates efforts to understand pathogen ecology. Further, little is known about the interaction of pathogens within the microbiome throughout the meat production chain. Here, a metagenomic approach and shotgun sequencing technology were used as tools to detect pathogenic bacteria in environmental samples collected from the same groups of cattle at different longitudinal processing steps of the beef production chain: cattle entry to feedlot, exit from feedlot, cattle transport trucks, abattoir holding pens, and the end of the fabrication system. The log read counts classified as pathogens per million reads for Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium spp. (C. botulinum and C. perfringens), and Campylobacter spp. (C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus) decreased over subsequential processing steps. Furthermore, the normalized read counts for S. enterica, E. coli, and C. botulinum were greater in the final product than at the feedlots, indicating that the proportion of these bacteria increased (the effect on absolute numbers was unknown) within the remaining microbiome. From an ecological perspective, data indicated that shotgun metagenomics can be used to evaluate not only the microbiome but also shifts in pathogen populations during beef production. Nonetheless, there were several challenges in this analysis approach, one of the main ones being the identification of the specific pathogen from which the sequence reads originated, which makes this approach impractical for use in pathogen identification for regulatory and confirmation purposes. © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.",,"Bacteria; Beef; Chains; Clostridium; Diseases; Ecology; Environmental technology; Escherichia coli; Meats; Pathogens; Population statistics; Salmonella; Food-borne pathogens; Global public health; Listeria monocytogenes; Meat production chains; Pathogen identification; Pathogen populations; Pathogenic bacterium; Staphylococcus aureus; Food microbiology; bacterium; bushmeat; cattle; genetic analysis; meat; pathogen; public health; species diversity; technological development; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bos; Campylobacter; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter fetus; Campylobacter jejuni; Clostridium; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium perfringens; Escherichia coli; Listeria monocytogenes; Salmonella enterica; Staphylococcus aureus; animal; bacterium; bovine; classification; DNA sequence; food handling; genetics; metagenomics; microbiology; microflora; red meat; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Environmental Microbiology; Food Handling; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Red Meat; Sequence Analysis, DNA","Belk, K.E.; Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State UniversityUnited States; email: keith.belk@colostate.edu",,"American Society for Microbiology",00992240,,AEMID,"26873315","English","Appl. Environ. Microbiol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84963569080
"Silva-Neto A.A., Ferreira P.B., Torres R.A., Texeira R.H.F., Duarte J.M.B., Barbosa A.C., Vargas R.C., Garcia J.E.","57142176100;36021061800;55865568392;57142461400;7102883051;57141760700;57141843600;55684873100;","Diagnostic cytochrome b gene profiles for the identification of paca (Cuniculuspaca) bushmeat: Implications for the monitoring of illegal hunting and wildlife trade [Perfis diagnósticos do gene Citocromo b para a identificação molecular de paca (Cuniculus paca): Implições para a deteção e monitoramento de caça e comércio ilegal]",2016,"Brazilian Journal of Biology","76","1",,"55","58",,3,"10.1590/1519-6984.10814","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959217323&doi=10.1590%2f1519-6984.10814&partnerID=40&md5=a7c64e0bd686fa9c2925630c8e7d1c8d","Centro Academico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE  CEP 55608-680, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva e Ambiental, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE  CEP 50670-901, Brazil; Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Rua Teodoro Kaisel, 883, Vila Hortência, Sorocaba, SP  CEP 18020-268, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervideos, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP  CEP 14884-900, Brazil; Instituto Federal Minas Gerais – IFMG, Fazenda Varginha, Km 5, s/n, Rodovia Bambui/Medeiros, CP 05, Zona Rural Bambuí, MG  CEP 38900-000, Brazil","Silva-Neto, A.A., Centro Academico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE  CEP 55608-680, Brazil; Ferreira, P.B., Centro Academico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE  CEP 55608-680, Brazil; Torres, R.A., Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva e Ambiental, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE  CEP 50670-901, Brazil; Texeira, R.H.F., Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Rua Teodoro Kaisel, 883, Vila Hortência, Sorocaba, SP  CEP 18020-268, Brazil; Duarte, J.M.B., Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervideos, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP  CEP 14884-900, Brazil; Barbosa, A.C., Instituto Federal Minas Gerais – IFMG, Fazenda Varginha, Km 5, s/n, Rodovia Bambui/Medeiros, CP 05, Zona Rural Bambuí, MG  CEP 38900-000, Brazil; Vargas, R.C., Instituto Federal Minas Gerais – IFMG, Fazenda Varginha, Km 5, s/n, Rodovia Bambui/Medeiros, CP 05, Zona Rural Bambuí, MG  CEP 38900-000, Brazil; Garcia, J.E., Centro Academico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE  CEP 55608-680, Brazil","Paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) is the second largest rodent found in Brazil. The quality of the meat and a long tradition of hunting have contributed to the decline of the natural populations of this species. Hunting of paca is strictly prohibited in Brazil, but in spite of this restriction, no forensic tools are available for the identification of the meat. We describe an efficient method, based on single nucleotide polymorphisms of the cytochrome b gene, that can be used to differentiate biological material derived from paca from those of domestic species commonly used as sources of meat. The identification of the presence of C. paca in the samples was 100% reliable. © 2016, Instituto Internacional de Ecologia. All rights reserved.","Cytochrome b; Forensic science; Molecular markers; Wild rodent","cytochrome b; amino acid sequence; analysis; animal; Brazil; classification; Cuniculidae; environmental protection; genetics; meat; procedures; sequence alignment; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Brazil; Conservation of Natural Resources; Cuniculidae; Cytochromes b; Meat; Sequence Alignment",,,"Instituto Internacional de Ecologia",15196984,,,"26909623","English","Braz. J. Biol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84959217323
"Brierley L., Vonhof M.J., Olival K.J., Daszak P., Jones K.E.","57110312300;6603036046;11141168500;7003646071;7404728090;","Quantifying global drivers of zoonotic bat viruses: A process-based perspective",2016,"American Naturalist","187","2",,"E53","E64",,29,"10.1086/684391","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957800028&doi=10.1086%2f684391&partnerID=40&md5=a2619d17f8de6c451604ebe1501394ec","Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI  49008, United States; EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY  10001, United States","Brierley, L., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom; Vonhof, M.J., Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI  49008, United States; Olival, K.J., EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY  10001, United States; Daszak, P., EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY  10001, United States; Jones, K.E., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom","Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), particularly zoonoses, represent a significant threat to global health. Emergence is often driven by anthropogenic activity (e.g., travel, land use change). Although disease emergence frameworks suggest multiple steps from initial zoonotic transmission to human-to-human spread, there have been few attempts to empirically model specific steps. We create a process-based framework to separate out components of individual emergence steps. We focus on early emergence and expand the first step, zoonotic transmission, into processes of generation of pathogen richness, transmission opportunity, and establishment, each with its own hypothesized drivers. Using this structure, we build a spatial empirical model of these drivers, taking bat viruses shared with humans as a case study. We show that drivers of both viral richness (host diversity and climatic variability) and transmission opportunity (human population density, bushmeat hunting, and livestock production) are associated with virus sharing between humans and bats. We also show spatial heterogeneity between the global patterns of these two processes, suggesting that high-priority locations for pathogen discovery and surveillance in wildlife may not necessarily coincide with those for public health intervention. Finally, we offer direction for future studies of zoonotic EIDs by highlighting the importance of the processes underlying their emergence. © 2016 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.","Bats; Emerging infectious diseases; Hotspots; Land use; Viral richness; Zoonoses","bat; disease transmission; disease vector; empirical analysis; heterogeneity; human activity; infectious disease; land use change; public health; spatial analysis; viral disease; virus; animal; animal husbandry; bat; biodiversity; biological model; climate; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; human; population density; transmission; virology; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Biodiversity; Chiroptera; Climate; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Humans; Models, Biological; Population Density; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses","Brierley, L.; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, United Kingdom; email: l.brierley@sms.ed.ac.uk",,"University of Chicago Press",00030147,,AMNTA,"26807755","English","Am. Nat.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84957800028
"Barboza R.R.D., Lopes S.F., Souto W.M.S., Fernandes-Ferreira H., Alves R.R.N.","22833664100;21741392900;22939205600;53877025600;35608472400;","The role of game mammals as bushmeat In the Caatinga, northeast Brazil",2016,"Ecology and Society","21","2", 2,"","",,41,"10.5751/ES-08358-210202","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84976589700&doi=10.5751%2fES-08358-210202&partnerID=40&md5=6a73c2712e9b8ea15d204467534ce8b1","Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, Laboratório de Etnobiologia e Conservação (LECON), Piauí, Brazil; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil","Barboza, R.R.D., Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Brazil; Lopes, S.F., Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Brazil; Souto, W.M.S., Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, Laboratório de Etnobiologia e Conservação (LECON), Piauí, Brazil; Fernandes-Ferreira, H., Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Alves, R.R.N., Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Brazil","Although the use of wild mammals as a source of food has been better studied in tropical forest environments, their importance as a source of protein for human communities in semiarid environments is little known. In the latter, the availability of wild animal meat is limited in comparison to other environments. In the semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil, hunting wild mammals for their meat is traditional, playing a crucial role in the livelihoods and food security of various rural and urban communities, especially during the annual drought seasons. In this study, we investigated the role of wild mammals as bushmeat in 10 communities within the Caatinga biome in northeast Brazil. We used key-informant interviews, household surveys, and questionnaires to determine the species hunted and consumed. We found that about 30 species were used for bushmeat, with communities clustering into two main groups. We showed that in almost all municipalities visited, all mammals hunted were reported after interview days. A total of 46.9% of hunters consumed bushmeat at least once a week. However, preference for bushmeat over livestock was perceived to be more a matter of taste (61.50% of respondents) than a real need for protein supplementation from the wild. The ease of entering environmental areas where wild mammals can be found has disadvantages for wildlife in terms of pressure and overexploitation, especially where it concerns endangered species. The key to understanding the socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological contexts in which there are traditional uses is to develop conservationist strategies suitable for the socioeconomic reality of human populations. © 2016 by the author(s).","Conservation; Ethnozoology; Hunting practices; Local ecological knowledge; Mammals; Semiarid region","bushmeat; caatinga; hunting; mammal; semiarid region; species conservation; traditional knowledge; zoology; Brazil; Animalia; Mammalia","Barboza, R.R.D.Rua Geraldo Soares De Almeida Bairro Catolé, Brazil; email: raynner@live.com",,"Resilience Alliance",17083087,,,,"English","Ecol. Soc.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84976589700
"Ichikawa M., Hattori S., Yasuoka H.","57050079700;57050093500;55252132600;","Bushmeat crisis, forestry reforms and contemporary hunting among Central African forest hunters",2016,"Hunter-Gatherers in a Changing World",,,,"59","75",,4,"10.1007/978-3-319-42271-8_4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009681308&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-42271-8_4&partnerID=40&md5=033da95152187f5c2ce079760be0232c","Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Tenri University, Tenri, Japan; Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","Ichikawa, M., Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Hattori, S., Tenri University, Tenri, Japan; Yasuoka, H., Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","Several million tons of wild animals are hunted and their meat is consumed as an important source of food in central African forest countries. Hundreds or even thousands of tons of bushmeat are also smuggled into Europe, a situation that has recently posed health problems. There is a strong preference for bushmeat among the central African people, who distinguish ""hunger for meat"" from hunger for starchy food. Furthermore, bushmeat is not only a source of protein, but also valued as the source of ""wild power"" that can not be obtained from fish or domesticated animals. Improved access to remote forests through logging roads and the development of a consumer economy have resulted in a rising demand for bushmeat, both among African town dwellers and abroad. The excessive hunting pressure resulting from the increasing demands is, however, imposing serious impacts both on animal resources and the forest ecosystem and on local people’s livelihoods. This chapter describes the current situation of bushmeat hunting and consumption, and the background leading to the increasing demand for bushmeat. Taking Cameroon as an example, we also discuss the ecological problems brought about by overhunting, and address the issue of adverse impacts imposed by the recent national forestry reforms and of hunting regulations. The final section of the chapter describes an ongoing project aiming to reconcile forest conservation and poverty alleviation through the sustainable use of forest resources. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.",,,"Ichikawa, M.; Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto UniversityJapan; email: ichikawamitsuo@gmail.com",,"Springer International Publishing",,9783319422718; 9783319422695,,,"English","Hunter-Gatherers in a Changing World",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85009681308
"Ayegbusi T., Jegede S.A., Aminu K., Oluwayelu D.O.","57193333157;23980665600;6506406726;6506717170;","Perception and prevention practices against ebola virus disease by bush meat handlers in Ibadan, Nigeria",2016,"African Journal of Biomedical Research","19","2",,"117","124",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013041501&partnerID=40&md5=93585a61a177152aee4c2c0f0e9c7fe4","Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","Ayegbusi, T., Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Jegede, S.A., Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aminu, K., Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oluwayelu, D.O., Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","The expanding bushmeat market in Africa contributes to the transmission of zoonotic diseases which may lead to global pandemics. This is exemplified in Nigeria where the first outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), which originated from an imported case, was reported in July, 2014. Hence, this study was aimed at understanding the perception and practices of bushmeat handlers in Ibadan. Exploratory design was used to obtain qualitative data from purposively selected populations. Twenty-five bushmeat handlers were interviewed. Data revealed high level of awareness about EVD among most of the handlers. The EVD outbreak, which was perceived as a conspiracy, raised some level of anxiety among the populace because the disease is incurable. While some respondents have changed their lifestyles, others were not ready to change. The modes of prevention of the disease identified by the respondents ranged from hand washing to use of gloves. We conclude that continuous public health education and enlightenment about EVD is very important. © 2016, Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group. All rights reserved.","Bush meat handlers; Bushmeat; Disease outbreak; Ebola virus disease; Nigeria; Perception; Prevention","adult; Article; attitude to illness; bush meat handler; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; epidemic; female; hand washing; health education; human; interview; lifestyle; male; middle aged; named groups by occupation; Nigeria; protective glove; public health","Oluwayelu, D.O.; Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of IbadanNigeria; email: ogloryus@yahoo.com",,"Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group",11195096,,,,"English","Afr. J. Biomed. Res.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85013041501
"Renoux F., De Thoisy B.","8950752400;55974141000;","Hunting management: The need to adjust predictive models to field observations",2016,"Ethnobiology and Conservation","5",,,"1","13",,12,"10.15451/ec2016-6-5.1-1-13","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979868483&doi=10.15451%2fec2016-6-5.1-1-13&partnerID=40&md5=093e723800cb4c28f1516c1c61254fab","24 Allée des Lobélies, La Montagne, 97417, Reunion; Kwata NGO, Cayenne, French Guiana","Renoux, F., 24 Allée des Lobélies, La Montagne, 97417, Reunion; De Thoisy, B., Kwata NGO, Cayenne, French Guiana","Wild meat is a major protein supply for numerous traditional communities worldwide, but impacts ecological processes and consequently challenges the relevance and suitability of adequate monitoring of the sustainability of harvests. In this study we discuss the classic models of theoretical ""maximum sustainable offtake"" and propose new considerations on sustainable harvest thresholds. The study focuses on French Guiana, northern Amazonia, on four sites harvested by three communities (Amerindian, Creole, and Hmong), mainly for subsistence purposes. We explored how factors related to the number of hunters, the harvested areas, and the surface area hunted, and measured how fauna abundance generates uncertainties on models and increases the errors on sustainable thresholds. Biased or incomplete ethnologic surveys, as well as local and temporal variations in game species density could lead to considerable underestimation of harvests. We proposed a set of corrections that, once applied to the input variables of the offtake model, could limit the risk of erroneous assessment of sustainability thresholds.","Bushmeat; Ethnoecology; Ethnozoology",,"De Thoisy, B.; Kwata NGOFrench Guiana; email: benoit@kwata.net",,"Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco",22384782,,,,"English","Ethnobiol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84979868483
"Gale P., Simons R.R.L., Horigan V., Snary E.L., Fooks A.R., Drew T.W.","56218853900;36614634200;16645888100;6508020765;7003456806;7006554568;","The challenge of using experimental infectivity data in risk assessment for Ebola virus: Why ecology may be important",2016,"Journal of Applied Microbiology","120","1",,"17","28",,4,"10.1111/jam.12973","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84954510304&doi=10.1111%2fjam.12973&partnerID=40&md5=491fc4d9749d86800a1864993bb3dfbb","Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom; Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom","Gale, P., Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom; Simons, R.R.L., Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom; Horigan, V., Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom; Snary, E.L., Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom; Fooks, A.R., Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Drew, T.W., Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom","Analysis of published data shows that experimental passaging of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) in guinea pigs changes the risk of infection per plaque-forming unit (PFU), increasing infectivity to some species while decreasing infectivity to others. Thus, a PFU of monkey-adapted EBOV is 107-fold more lethal to mice than a PFU adapted to guinea pigs. The first conclusion is that the infectivity of EBOV to humans may depend on the identity of the donor species itself and, on the basis of limited epidemiological data, the question is raised as to whether bat-adapted EBOV is less infectious to humans than nonhuman primate (NHP)-adapted EBOV. Wildlife species such as bats, duikers and NHPs are naturally infected by EBOV through different species giving rise to EBOV with different wildlife species-passage histories (heritages). Based on the ecology of these wildlife species, three broad 'types' of EBOV-infected bushmeat are postulated reflecting differences in the number of passages within a given species, and hence the degree of adaptation of the EBOV present. The second conclusion is that the prior species-transmission chain may affect the infectivity to humans per PFU for EBOV from individuals of the same species. This is supported by the finding that the related Marburg marburgvirus requires ten passages in mice to fully adapt. It is even possible that the evolutionary trajectory of EBOV could vary in individuals of the same species giving rise to variants which are more or less virulent to humans and that the probability of a given trajectory is related to the heritage. Overall the ecology of the donor species (e.g. dog or bushmeat species) at the level of the individual animal itself may determine the risk of infection per PFU to humans reflecting the heritage of the virus and may contribute to the sporadic nature of EBOV outbreaks. © 2016 The Society for Applied Microbiology.","Dose-response; Ebola virus; Ecology; Passage; Wildlife","adaptation; bushmeat; dose-response relationship; infectivity; pig; primate; risk assessment; rodent; virus; Africa; dog; dose response; ecology; Europe; experimental infection; human; ID50; inheritance; LD50; lethality; nonhuman; Review; risk assessment; virus transmission; Zaire ebolavirus; animal; disease model; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; ecology; genetics; guinea pig; mouse; pathogenicity; physiology; risk assessment; virology; virulence; wild animal; Animalia; Canis familiaris; Cavia; Ebola virus; Marburgvirus; Mus; Primates; Zaire ebolavirus; Animals; Animals, Wild; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Ebolavirus; Ecology; Guinea Pigs; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Mice; Risk Assessment; Virulence","Gale, P.; Animal and Plant Health AgencyUnited Kingdom; email: paul.gale@apha.gsi.gov.uk",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",13645072,,JAMIF,"26480954","English","J. Appl. Microbiol.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84954510304
"Babalola M.O., Odaibo G.N.","57189042599;6602302146;","The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOTs) analyses of the ebola virus",2016,"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","10","2",,"69","88",,1,"10.21010/ajid.v10i2.2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964885744&doi=10.21010%2fajid.v10i2.2&partnerID=40&md5=5e446c918fd50779bb6c5e1348deddb0","Epidemiology, Molecular Virology, and Special Pathogens Research, Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria; Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","Babalola, M.O., Epidemiology, Molecular Virology, and Special Pathogens Research, Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria, Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Odaibo, G.N., Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","Background: Owing to the extreme virulence and case fatality rate of ebola virus disease (EVD), there had been so much furore, panic and public health emergency about the possible pandemic from the recent West African outbreak of the disease, with attendant handful research, both in the past and most recently. The magnitude of the epidemic of ebola virus disease has prompted global interest and urgency in the discovery of measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. Researchers in the academia and the industry were pressured to only focus on the development of effective and safe ebola virus vaccines, without consideration of the other aspects to this virus, which may influence the success or otherwise of a potential vaccine. The objective of this review was to adopt the SWOT concept to elucidate the biological Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to Ebola virus as a pathogen, with a view to understanding and devising holistic strategies at combating and overcoming the scourge of EVD. Method: This systematic review and narrative synthesis utilized Medline, PubMed, Google and other databases to select about 150 publications on ebola and ebola virus disease using text word searches to generate the specific terms. Relevant publications were reviewed and compared, findings were synthesized using a narrative method and summarized qualitatively. Results: Some of the identified strengths of ebola virus include: Ebola virus is an RNA virus with inherent capability to mutate, reassort and recombine to generate mutant or reassortant virulent strains; Ebola virus has a broad cellular tropism; Natural Reservoir of ebola virus is unconfirmed but fruit bats, arthropods, and plants are hypothesized; Ebola virus primarily targets and selectively destroys the immune system; Ebola viruses possess accessory proteins that inhibits the host’ immune responses; Secreted glycoprotein (sGP), a truncated soluble protein that triggers immune activation and increased vascular permeability is uniquely associated with Ebola virus only; Ability to effectively cross the species barrier and establish productive infection in humans, non human primates, and other mammals; Ebola virus attacks every part of the human body; The Weaknesses include: Ebola virus transmission and persistence is severely limited by its virulence; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) for host’s cell’ entry; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded proteins (TIM-1) for cell’ entry; Relative abundance of Ebolavirus Nucleoprotein than the other virion components; The Opportunities harnessed by ebola virus include: Lack of infection control practices in African health-care facilities and paucity of health infrastructures, especially in the endemic zones; Permissiveness of circulating Monocytes, Macrophages and dendritic cells in virus mobilization and dissemination; Collection, consumption and trade of wild games (bushmeats); Pertubation and drastic changes in forest ecosystems present opportunities for Ebola virus; Use of dogs in hunting predisposes man and animals to inter-species contact; Poverty, malnutrition, crowding, social disorder, mobility and political instability; Ease of travel and aviation as potentials for global spread; Possible mechanical transmission by arthropod vectors; No vaccines or therapeutics are yet approved for human treatment; The Threats to ebola virus include: Avoidance of direct contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids of infected patient; Appropriate and correct burial practices; Adoption of barrier Nursing; Improved surveillance to prevent potential spread of epidemic; Making Available Rapid laboratory equipment and procedures for prompt detection (ELISA, Western Blot, PCR); Sterilization or disinfection of equipment and safe disposal of instrument; Prompt hospitalization, isolation and quarantine of infected individual; Active contact tracing and monitoring, among others. Conclusion: The identified capacities and gaps presented in this study are inexhaustive framework to combat the ebola virus. To undermine and overcome the virus, focus should be aimed at strategically decreasing the identified strengths and opportunities, while increasing on the weaknesses of, and threats to the virus. © 2016, Obafemi Awolowo University. All rights reserved.","Bats; Bush meats; DIC; EVD; Haemorrhage; Niemann-pick; SWOT of ebola virus","virus protein; blood vessel permeability; body fluid; clinical trial (topic); dendritic cell; disease transmission; Ebolavirus; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; immune system; infection control; macrophage; monocyte; mortality; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; Review; virion; virus entry; virus virulence; Western blotting","Babalola, M.O.; Epidemiology, Molecular Virology, and Special Pathogens Research, Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Nigeria; email: mikeolubabs@gmail.com",,"Obafemi Awolowo University",20060165,,,,"English","Afr. J. Infect. Dis.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84964885744
"Mann E., Streng S., Bergeron J., Kircher A.","57038180200;57038745800;57038131000;36139441400;","A Review of the Role of Food and the Food System in the Transmission and Spread of Ebolavirus",2015,"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases","9","12", e0004160,"","",,22,"10.1371/journal.pntd.0004160","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953302957&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pntd.0004160&partnerID=40&md5=fa70da2c3c513cb6aacb2b56d84ef6c2","Food Protection and Defense Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States","Mann, E., Food Protection and Defense Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States; Streng, S., Food Protection and Defense Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States; Bergeron, J., Food Protection and Defense Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States; Kircher, A., Food Protection and Defense Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States","The current outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) centered in West Africa is the largest in history, with nearly ten times more individuals contracting the disease than all previous outbreaks combined. The details of human-to-human and zoonotic ebolavirus transmission have justifiably received the largest share of research attention, and much information exists on these topics. However, although food processing—in the form of slaughtering and preparing wildlife for consumption (referred to as bushmeat)—has been implicated in EVD outbreaks, the full role of food in EVD spread is poorly understood and has been little studied. A literature search was undertaken to assess the current state of knowledge regarding how food can or may transmit ebolaviruses and how the food system contributes to EVD outbreak and spread. The literature reveals surprising preliminary evidence that food and the food system may be more implicated in ebolavirus transmission than expected and that further research is urgently needed. © 2015 Mann et al.",,"animal food; bushmeat; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; fomite; food contamination; food industry; food insecurity; food processing; food safety; fruit; human; landscape; livestock; medical literature; nonhuman; pig; public health; publication; Review; virus transmission; West African; Africa; disease transmission; Ebolavirus; food; food poisoning; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; isolation and purification; transmission; virology; Africa, Western; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Ebolavirus; Food; Foodborne Diseases; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans","Mann, E.; Food Protection and Defense Institute, University of MinnesotaUnited States; email: mann0255@umn.edu",,"Public Library of Science",19352727,,,"26633305","English","PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84953302957
"Mossoun A., Pauly M., Akoua-Koffi C., Couacy-Hymann E., Leendertz S.A.J., Anoh A.E., Gnoukpoho A.H., Leendertz F.H., Schubert G.","56045283700;56046220100;55908558300;13003787900;36164919500;56046276900;56798370800;6602340558;36060178900;","Contact to Non-human Primates and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Disease Emergence in the Taï Region, Côte d’Ivoire",2015,"EcoHealth","12","4",,"580","591",,18,"10.1007/s10393-015-1056-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953365006&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-015-1056-x&partnerID=40&md5=8cff19c132d976055afa982ee0b4c694","Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire; Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, 01 BP V34, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Project Group “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms”, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany; Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, Esch-Sur-Alzette, 4354, Luxembourg; Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire","Mossoun, A., Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire, Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, 01 BP V34, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Pauly, M., Project Group “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms”, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, Esch-Sur-Alzette, 4354, Luxembourg; Akoua-Koffi, C., Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire; Couacy-Hymann, E., Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire; Leendertz, S.A.J., Project Group “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms”, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany; Anoh, A.E., Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire; Gnoukpoho, A.H., Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Cote d'Ivoire; Leendertz, F.H., Project Group “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms”, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany; Schubert, G., Project Group “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms”, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany","Elevated exposure levels to non-human primates (NHP) and NHP bushmeat represent major risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Demography can affect personal nutritional behavior, and thus rates of contact to NHP bushmeat. Here, we analyzed demographic and NHP contact data from 504 participants of differing demographic backgrounds living in proximity to the Taï National Park in Western Côte d’Ivoire (CI) to identify factors impacting the risk of NHP exposure. Overall, participants’ contact rates to NHP were high, and increased along a gradient of bushmeat processing (e.g., 7.7% hunted, but 61.9% consumed monkeys). Contact to monkeys was significantly more frequent than to chimpanzees, most likely a reflection of meat availability and hunting effort. 17.2% of participants reported previous interaction with NHP pets. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed significant effects of sex, country of birth or ethnicity on rates of NHP bushmeat contact, with male participants from CI being at particular risk of exposure to NHP. The presence of zoonotic pathogens in humans and NHP in Taï further highlights the risk for zoonotic disease emergence in this region. Our results are relevant for formulating prevention strategies to reduce zoonotic pathogen burden in tropical Africa. © 2015, International Association for Ecology and Health.","bushmeat; non-human primates; sub-Saharan Africa; zoonotic pathogen transmission","adolescent; adult; aged; animal; child; communicable disease; Cote d'Ivoire; female; human; male; meat; microbiology; middle aged; primate; risk factor; transmission; very elderly; wild animal; young adult; Zoonoses; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Animals, Wild; Child; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Cote d'Ivoire; Female; Humans; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Primates; Risk Factors; Young Adult; Zoonoses","Pauly, M.; Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, Luxembourg; email: maude.pauly@lih.lu",,"Springer New York LLC",16129202,,,"26302959","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84953365006
"Akani G.C., Dendi D., Luiselli L.","6603752055;56444401500;35569133600;","Ebola virus effects on the bushmeat trade in West Africa",2015,"African Journal of Ecology","53","4",,"613","615",,7,"10.1111/aje.12231","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955206045&doi=10.1111%2faje.12231&partnerID=40&md5=65055d243f42331bd4580bae32428cd7","Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt (Rivers State), Nigeria; Associazione Centro ELIS, via Sandro Sandri 79, Rome, 00182, Italy; Centre of Environmental Studies Demetra, via Olona 7, Rome, 00198, Italy","Akani, G.C., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt (Rivers State), Nigeria; Dendi, D., Associazione Centro ELIS, via Sandro Sandri 79, Rome, 00182, Italy; Luiselli, L., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt (Rivers State), Nigeria, Centre of Environmental Studies Demetra, via Olona 7, Rome, 00198, Italy",[No abstract available],,"bushmeat; conservation management; Ebola virus disease; epidemic; population outbreak; regional trade; resource availability; risk assessment; socioeconomic impact; trade-environment relations; virus; Nigeria; Ebola virus","Luiselli, L.; Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and TechnologyNigeria; email: lucamlu@tin.it",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",01416707,,AJOED,,"English","Afr. J. Ecol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84955206045
"Machovina B., Feeley K.J., Ripple W.J.","8521865300;6701846706;7003774540;","Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption",2015,"Science of the Total Environment","536",,,"419","431",,116,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938151009&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2015.07.022&partnerID=40&md5=77f7d02bc685ed8db56c55fe17cd3503","Florida International University, Miami, FL  33199, United States; Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL  33156, United States; Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States","Machovina, B., Florida International University, Miami, FL  33199, United States, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL  33156, United States; Feeley, K.J., Florida International University, Miami, FL  33199, United States, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL  33156, United States; Ripple, W.J., Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR  97331, United States","The consumption of animal-sourced food products by humans is one of the most powerful negative forces affecting the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems and biological diversity. Livestock production is the single largest driver of habitat loss, and both livestock and feedstock production are increasing in developing tropical countries where the majority of biological diversity resides. Bushmeat consumption in Africa and southeastern Asia, as well as the high growth-rate of per capita livestock consumption in China are of special concern. The projected land base required by 2050 to support livestock production in several megadiverse countries exceeds 30-50% of their current agricultural areas. Livestock production is also a leading cause of climate change, soil loss, water and nutrient pollution, and decreases of apex predators and wild herbivores, compounding pressures on ecosystems and biodiversity. It is possible to greatly reduce the impacts of animal product consumption by humans on natural ecosystems and biodiversity while meeting nutritional needs of people, including the projected 2-3 billion people to be added to human population. We suggest that impacts can be remediated through several solutions: (1) reducing demand for animal-based food products and increasing proportions of plant-based foods in diets, the latter ideally to a global average of 90% of food consumed; (2) replacing ecologically-inefficient ruminants (e.g. cattle, goats, sheep) and bushmeat with monogastrics (e.g. poultry, pigs), integrated aquaculture, and other more-efficient protein sources; and (3) reintegrating livestock production away from single-product, intensive, fossil-fuel based systems into diverse, coupled systems designed more closely around the structure and functions of ecosystems that conserve energy and nutrients. Such efforts would also impart positive impacts on human health through reduction of diseases of nutritional extravagance. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Biodiversity loss; Climate change; Livestock; Meat consumption; Permaculture","Biodiversity; Climate change; Conservation; Ecosystems; Food products; Fossil fuels; Mammals; Nutrients; Nutrition; Water pollution; Biodiversity conservation; Biodiversity loss; Feedstock production; Livestock; Livestock production; Meat consumption; Permaculture; Terrestrial ecosystems; Agriculture; biodiversity; bushmeat; climate change; conservation management; consumption behavior; developing world; ecosystem response; wildlife management; Africa; animal product; Article; Asia; biodiversity; China; climate change; conservation biology; environmental impact; environmental management; environmental protection; food intake; greenhouse gas; health hazard; human; land use; livestock; meat; meat industry; nonhuman; nutrition; pollution; priority journal; ruminant; tropics; animal; animal husbandry; biodiversity; developing country; diet; ecosystem; meat; procedures; statistics and numerical data; Africa; China; Southeast Asia; Animalia; Bos; Capra hircus; Ovis aries; Suidae; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Developing Countries; Diet; Ecosystem; Humans; Meat","Machovina, B.; Florida International UniversityUnited States; email: brianmachovina@gmail.com",,"Elsevier B.V.",00489697,,STEVA,"26231772","English","Sci. Total Environ.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84938151009
"Anoh A.E., Akoua-Koffi C., Couacy-Hymann E., Pauly M., Schubert G., Mossoun A., Weiss S., Leendertz S.A.J., Jarvis M.A., Leendertz F.H., Ehlers B.","56046276900;55908558300;13003787900;56046220100;36060178900;56045283700;57201346031;36164919500;7202161123;6602340558;7005070616;","Genetic identification of cytomegaloviruses in a rural population of Côte d'Ivoire",2015,"Virology Journal","12","1", 394,"","",,5,"10.1186/s12985-015-0394-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943225747&doi=10.1186%2fs12985-015-0394-1&partnerID=40&md5=6a6a9c7448375a4aecbf7ca104aa3122","Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Bouake, 01 BP V18, Cote d'Ivoire; LANADA, Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, 206, Cote d'Ivoire; Project group P3 Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany; Division 12 Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immune-compromised patients, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany; Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4354, Luxembourg; UFR Biosciences, Université FHB, Abidjan-Cocody, Cote d'Ivoire; European Public Health Microbiology (EUPHEM) training programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)Stockholm, Sweden; Public Health England (PHE)London  NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom","Anoh, A.E., Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Bouake, 01 BP V18, Cote d'Ivoire; Akoua-Koffi, C., Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Bouake, 01 BP V18, Cote d'Ivoire; Couacy-Hymann, E., LANADA, Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, 206, Cote d'Ivoire; Pauly, M., Project group P3 Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany, Division 12 Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immune-compromised patients, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4354, Luxembourg; Schubert, G., Project group P3 Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany; Mossoun, A., LANADA, Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, 206, Cote d'Ivoire, UFR Biosciences, Université FHB, Abidjan-Cocody, Cote d'Ivoire; Weiss, S., Project group P3 Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany, European Public Health Microbiology (EUPHEM) training programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)Stockholm, Sweden, Public Health England (PHE)London  NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Leendertz, S.A.J., Project group P3 Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany; Jarvis, M.A., School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Leendertz, F.H., Project group P3 Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany; Ehlers, B., Division 12 Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immune-compromised patients, Robert Koch InstituteBerlin  13353, Germany","Background: Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are herpesviruses that infect many mammalian species, including humans. Infection generally passes undetected, but the virus can cause serious disease in individuals with impaired immune function. Human CMV (HCMV) is circulating with high seroprevalence (60-100 %) on all continents. However, little information is available on HCMV genoprevalence and genetic diversity in subsaharan Africa, especially in rural areas of West Africa that are at high risk of human-to-human HCMV transmission. In addition, there is a potential for zoonotic spillover of pathogens through bushmeat hunting and handling in these areas as shown for various retroviruses. Although HCMV and nonhuman CMVs are regarded as species-specific, potential human infection with CMVs of non-human primate (NHP) origin, shown to circulate in the local NHP population, has not been studied. Findings: Analysis of 657 human oral swabs and fecal samples collected from 518 individuals living in 8 villages of Côte d'Ivoire with generic PCR for identification of human and NHP CMVs revealed shedding of HCMV in 2.5 % of the individuals. Determination of glycoprotein B sequences showed identity with strains Towne, AD169 and Toledo, respectively. NHP CMV sequences were not detected. Conclusions: HCMV is actively circulating in a proportion of the rural Côte d'Ivoire human population with circulating strains being closely related to those previously identified in non-African countries. The lack of NHP CMVs in human populations in an environment conducive to cross-species infection supports zoonotic transmission of CMVs to humans being at most a rare event. © 2015 Anoh et al.","Bushmeat; Colobus; Cytomegalovirus; Côte d'Ivoire; Glycoprotein B; Herpesvirus; Human; Monkey; Zoonosis","glycoprotein B; glycoprotein B, Simplexvirus; virus envelope protein; Article; controlled study; Cote d'Ivoire; Cytomegalovirus; feces analysis; genetic identification; human; Human cytomegalovirus; nonhuman; normal human; oral biopsy; polymerase chain reaction; primate; rural population; sequence analysis; virus shedding; virus strain; classification; Cytomegalovirus Infections; DNA sequence; feces; genetic variation; genetics; genotype; isolation and purification; molecular epidemiology; mouth; prevalence; rural population; virology; Cote d'Ivoire; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Feces; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Mouth; Prevalence; Rural Population; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Viral Envelope Proteins","Ehlers, B.; Division 12 Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immune-compromised patients, Robert Koch InstituteGermany; email: ehlersb@rki.de",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",1743422X,,,"26437859","English","Virol. J.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84943225747
"Cawthorn D.-M., Hoffman L.C.","24484832200;7201395420;","The bushmeat and food security nexus: A global account of the contributions, conundrums and ethical collisions",2015,"Food Research International","76","P4",,"906","925",,51,"10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.025","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930220162&doi=10.1016%2fj.foodres.2015.03.025&partnerID=40&md5=ff47ecf77cf10b98b390186a9a089476","Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa","Cawthorn, D.-M., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa; Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa","Wild meat or 'bushmeat' has long served as a principal source of protein and a key contributor to the food security of millions of people across the developing world, most notably in Africa, Latin America and Asia. More recently, however, growing human populations, technological elaborations and the emergence of a booming commercial bushmeat trade have culminated in unprecedented harvest rates and the consequent decline of numerous wildlife populations. Most research efforts aimed at tackling this problem to date have been rooted in the biological disciplines, focused on quantifying the trade and measuring its level of destruction on wildlife and ecosystems. Comparatively little effort, on the other hand, has been expended on illuminating the role of bushmeat in human livelihoods and in providing alternative sources of food and income, as well as the infrastructure to make these feasible. This paper aims to shift the focus to the human dimension, emphasising the true contributions of bushmeat to food security, nutrition and well-being, while balancing this perspective by considering the far-reaching impacts of overexploitation. What emerges from this synthesis is that bushmeat management will ultimately depend on understanding and working with people, with any approaches focused too narrowly on biodiversity preservation running the risk of failure in the long term. If wildlife is to survive and be utilised in the future, there is undoubtedly a need to relax adherence to unswerving biocentric or anthropocentric convictions, to appreciate the necessity for certain trade-offs and to develop integrated and flexible approaches that reconcile the requirements of both the animals and the people. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Bushmeat; Food security; Human livelihoods; Nutrition; Sustainability; Wild meat","Animals; Biodiversity; Commerce; Developing countries; Economic and social effects; Mobile security; Nutrition; Population statistics; Sustainable development; Alternative source; Bushmeat; Developing world; Food security; Human livelihoods; Overexploitation; Research efforts; Wildlife populations; Food supply","Cawthorn, D.-M.; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, South Africa",,"Elsevier Ltd",09639969,,FORIE,,"English","Food Res. Int.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84930220162
"C.akani G., Petrozzi F., Ebere N., Dendi D., Phil-Eze P., Nioking A., Luiselli L.","57151451200;37039566900;25921723300;56444401500;6505510421;57151418600;35569133600;","Correlates of indigenous hunting techniques with wildlife trade in bushmeat markets of the Niger delta (Nigeria)",2015,"Vie et Milieu","65","3",,"169","174",,7,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958524773&partnerID=40&md5=5c857838a7d4c7e0ec462628228140aa","Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Ecologia Applicata Italia s.r.l., Via Edoardo Jenner 70, Rome, 1-00151, Italy; IDECC - Institute of Development Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, 1-00144, Italy; Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Centre for Environmental Studies Demetra, Via Olona 7, Rome, 1-00198, Italy","C.akani, G., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Petrozzi, F., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Ecologia Applicata Italia s.r.l., Via Edoardo Jenner 70, Rome, 1-00151, Italy; Ebere, N., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Dendi, D., IDECC - Institute of Development Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, 1-00144, Italy; Phil-Eze, P., Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nioking, A., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Luiselli, L., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, IDECC - Institute of Development Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome, 1-00144, Italy, Centre for Environmental Studies Demetra, Via Olona 7, Rome, 1-00198, Italy","The correlates of hunting techniques with wildlife trade were investigated by determining the cause of death of 3490 carcasses sold in markets of 10 communities of the Niger Delta (southern Nigeria), during the dry and wet seasons, in 2010-2012. Freshly landed wildlife carcasses were examined in the markets to determine the method of capture of each animal, and also interviews with selected hunters were made. Hunting strategies were grossly subdivided into 7 groups: shooting was the most important hunting technique in terms of amount of animals killed and traded in bush meat markets, followed by wire snare and fence trapping. However, hunters adopted a special hunting technique for each traded species, and some species were never hunted by shooting or wire snares. Hunting success was higher in wet season in all the 10 study stations. Hunting expeditions were also more frequent by wet season at all sites, due to a much higher probability of finding animals to catch, and the consequent need of walking for less long periods.",,"bushmeat; capture method; cause of death; food market; hunting; indigenous population; seasonal variation; trapping; wet season; wild population; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Animalia","Luiselli, L.; Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Nigeria; email: lucamlu@tin.it",,"Universite de Paris VI (Pierre et Marie Curie)",02408759,,VMOCA,,"English","Vie Milieu",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84958524773
"Okoye I.C., Ozioko K.U., Obiezue N.R., Ikele B.C.","35170713500;56786603200;36667164100;56786558300;","Intestinal parasitic fauna and zoonotic potentials of commonly consumed wildlife",2015,"Helminthologia (Poland)","52","3",,"195","204",,2,"10.1515/helmin-2015-0033","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939474206&doi=10.1515%2fhelmin-2015-0033&partnerID=40&md5=8d637987edc164ded039a3de1b4c85af","Parasitology and Biomedical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria","Okoye, I.C., Parasitology and Biomedical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ozioko, K.U., Parasitology and Biomedical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Obiezue, N.R., Parasitology and Biomedical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ikele, B.C., Parasitology and Biomedical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria","A study was carried out in Nsukka cultural zone, Nigeria, with the aim of determining the prevalence, intensity and abundance of intestinal endoparasitic fauna of commonly consumed wildlife or bushmeat. From the 143 wild animals sampled, 141 (98.6 %) were found at least infected with one intestinal parasite. Ascaris lumbricoides was the overall most prevalent (48.8 %). Dicrocoelium hospes differed significantly in age-related prevalence of infection. Significant sex-related difference in infection (P<0.05) was recorded for Strongyloides papillosus, A. lumbricoides, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Moniliformis moniliformis while Taenia saginata and Entamoeba histolytica showed significant seasonal differences in intensity of infection. The results suggest that bush-meats were hosts of various parasites of medical and veterinary importance. There is need for health inspection of bush-meat for trade and consumption. © Institute of Parasitology, SAS, Košice 2015.","bush-meat; intestinal parasites; prevalence; wildlife; zoonosis","Animalia; Ascaris lumbricoides; Dicrocoelium hospes; Entamoeba histolytica; Moniliformis moniliformis; Oesophagostomum columbianum; Strongyloides papillosus; Taenia saginata",,,"De Gruyter Open Ltd",04406605,,,,"English","Helminthologia",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84939474206
"Cronin D.T., Woloszynek S., Morra W.A., Honarvar S., Linder J.M., Gonder M.K., O'Connor M.P., Hearn G.W.","56432429700;54400504600;26655976500;6507560060;36647879200;7003308879;55621362800;7005235369;","Long-term urban market dynamics reveal increased bushmeat carcass volume despite economic growth and proactive environmental legislation on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea",2015,"PLoS ONE","10","7", e0134464,"","",,19,"10.1371/journal.pone.0134464","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941965232&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0134464&partnerID=40&md5=b0a765fcbdb6319b7ad6c4b51b743c56","Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Global Business, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, United States; Department of Biology, Indiana University, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, United States; Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States","Cronin, D.T., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea; Woloszynek, S., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Morra, W.A., School of Global Business, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, United States; Honarvar, S., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, United States; Linder, J.M., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; Gonder, M.K., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea; O'Connor, M.P., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea; Hearn, G.W., Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea","Bushmeat hunting is extensive in west and central Africa as both a means for subsistence and for commercial gain. Commercial hunting represents one of the primary threats to wildlife in the region, and confounding factors have made it challenging to examine how external factors influence the commercial bushmeat trade. Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea is a small island with large tracts of intact forest that support sizeable populations of commercially valuable vertebrates, especially endemic primates. The island also has a low human population and has experienced dramatic economic growth and rapid development since the mid-1990's. From October 1997 - September 2010, we monitored the largest bushmeat market on Bioko in Malabo, recording over 197,000 carcasses for sale. We used these data to analyze the dynamics of the market in relation to political events, environmental legislation, and rapid economic growth. Our findings suggest that bushmeat hunting and availability increased in parallel with the growth of Equatorial Guinea's GDP and disposable income of its citizens. During this 13-year study, the predominant mode of capture shifted from trapping to shotguns. Consequently, carcass volume and rates of taxa typically captured with shotguns increased significantly, most notably including intensified hunting of Bioko's unique and endangered monkey fauna. Attempts to limit bushmeat sales, including a 2007 ban on primate hunting and trade, were only transiently effective. The hunting ban was not enforced, and was quickly followed by a marked increase in bushmeat hunting compared to hunting rates prior to the ban. Our results emphasize the negative impact that rapid development and unenforced legislation have had on Bioko's wildlife, and demonstrate the need for strong governmental support if conservation strategies are to be successful at preventing extinctions of tropical wildlife. © 2015 Cronin et al.",,"animal hunting; Article; bushmeat; conservation biology; economic development; endangered species; environmental planning; Equatorial Guinea; game animal; law enforcement; meat; meat industry; nonhuman; urban population; animal; environmental protection; legislation and jurisprudence; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Economic Development; Equatorial Guinea; Meat",,,"Public Library of Science",19326203,,POLNC,"26230504","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84941965232
"Epstein J.H., Field H.E.","8962685100;7102982727;","Anthropogenic Epidemics: The Ecology of Bat-Borne Viruses and Our Role in their Emergence",2015,"Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases",,,,"249","279",,7,"10.1002/9781118818824.ch10","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017358478&doi=10.1002%2f9781118818824.ch10&partnerID=40&md5=1173f8ac829630ea8e20b0b9fda0e0d8","EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States","Epstein, J.H., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Field, H.E., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States","The majority of emerging zoonoses, including those for which bats are a natural reservoir, such as Ebolaviruses, SARS coronaviruses, Nipah virus and Hendra virus, are driven by human activities. These activities include deforestation, agricultural intensification, bushmeat hunting, and wildlife trade, and, fundamentally, escalate contact between human and wildlife populations. In order to mitigate emergence, outbreaks and potential pandemics, it is imperative that we understand the ecology of these viruses and their hosts. Little is known about the epidemiology of zoonotic viruses, though recent research has shed some light on the mechanisms by which viral spillover from bats occurs. Conducting epidemiological studies of high-risk zoonotic viruses in bats is challenging, and comprehensive multidisciplinary studies employing an ecosystem health (""One Health"") approach are necessary to develop simple and effective strategies to reduce contact between humans, livestock, and bats, and reduce the risk of spillover. Such studies span host ecology, viral genetics, epidemiology, and human behavior. The continued expansion of human populations will further threaten ecosystem stability, and simple and effective behavioral changes are needed to mitigate the risk of potentially catastrophic future disease emergence. In this chapter we review investigations of the emergence of recent bat-borne zoonotic viruses and discuss underlying anthropogenic drivers. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.","Agriculture; Bat; Coronavirus; Ebolavirus; Henipavirus; Land use change; One Health; Pteropus; Spillover; Zoonoses",,"Epstein, J.H.; EcoHealth AllianceUnited States",,"wiley",,9781118818824; 9781118818732,,,"English","Bats and Viruses: A New Front. of Emerg. Infect. Dis.",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85017358478
"Tachedjian G., Hayward J.A., Cui J.","6603565513;55629805500;36162804500;","Bats and Reverse Transcribing RNA and DNA Viruses",2015,"Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases",,,,"177","201",,,"10.1002/9781118818824.ch7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017331160&doi=10.1002%2f9781118818824.ch7&partnerID=40&md5=59f6c5e7fb2aaae6f206d0cda48d3764","Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore","Tachedjian, G., Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia, Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Hayward, J.A., Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cui, J., Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore","Viruses that replicate by reverse transcription of RNA into DNA fall into two distinct viral families. These are retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that carry two copies of a single-stranded, linear RNA genome; and hepadnaviruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) that comprise a partially double-stranded, circular DNA genome. To date, studies of bat genomes and transcriptomes have yielded a diverse variety of sequences representing multiple retroviral genera; yet the goal of isolating replication competent exogenous retroviruses from bats has remained elusive. Nevertheless, the abundant sequences present in the genomes of both major groups of bats represent a tantalizing fossil record of past retroviral infections, and imply a strong likelihood that bat retroviruses will eventually be isolated. Furthermore, bats are natural reservoirs of several HBV-like viruses, implicating them as a possible ancestral source and natural reservoir of HBV. Phylogenetic studies comparing retroviral sequences in bats to extant retroviruses in other species have revealed a diverse set of gammaretroviruses and betaretroviruses. This finding suggests that bats may have harbored early members of the mammalian gammaretrovirus genus, which includes the contemporary animal pathogen koala retrovirus (KoRV), which is associated with leukemia and lymphoma in koalas and consequent population decline. Endogenous betaretroviruses in bats cluster into eight distinct subgroups and include some with intact viral genomes that could potentially encode infectious viral particles. These studies suggest that cross-species transmission of gammaretroviruses and betaretroviruses from bats to other mammals has already occurred and may occur again. The practice of hunting bats as a source of bushmeat would create the ideal conditions for potential spillover of retroviruses and hepadnaviruses from bats to humans. Given that both retroviruses and hepadnaviruses are known to cause serious human diseases, it remains an important task to search for and investigate the presence of reverse transcribing viruses in bats. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.","Betaretroviruses; Endogenous and exogenous retroviruses; Gammaretroviruses; Hepadnaviruses; Reverse transcription",,"Tachedjian, G.; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet InstituteAustralia",,"wiley",,9781118818824; 9781118818732,,,"English","Bats and Viruses: A New Front. of Emerg. Infect. Dis.",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85017331160
"Golden C.D., Comaroff J.","35305127300;6603912615;","The human health and conservation relevance of food taboos in northeastern Madagascar",2015,"Ecology and Society","20","2",,"","",11,21,"10.5751/ES-07590-200242","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84934784582&doi=10.5751%2fES-07590-200242&partnerID=40&md5=91afa6ca1e62edc0fbdcb12885fca583","Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health and Health Policy, United States; Harvard University, Departments of African and African American Studies and Anthropology, United States","Golden, C.D., Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, United States, Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health and Health Policy, United States; Comaroff, J., Harvard University, Departments of African and African American Studies and Anthropology, United States","Anthropologists and ecologists investigating the dialectical relationship between human environments and the cultural practices that shape and are shaped by them have been talking past each other for too long: the one looking purely at metaphor and the other purely at function. Our mixed-method data analysis set out to explore whether it was possible to determine empirically the human health and conservation value of the local Malagasy taboo system. This involved qualitative examination of the content of taboo origin stories collected through ethnographic approaches, when the story was remembered. The ethnographic substance of these stories included historicizing events, accounts of symptoms associated with breaching taboos, and incentives for abiding by taboos. We then used quantitative comparisons in an effort to understand the motivation for adhering to taboos. We provide evidence that the conservation value of taboos may be limited but that the social value of taboos may be rooted in concerted attempts to preserve a physical, spiritual, moral, and cultural immunity. Furthermore, we found that there was a sophisticated traditional etiological knowledge, based in nuanced understandings of ecology and epidemiology, which likely protects local people from zoonotic disease, allergies, and toxins. We suggest that the prohibitions mandated by the traditional taboo system against consuming particular wildlife species is a moral framework, which is driven to a significant degree by personal security and health-related incentives. © 2015 by the author(s).","Allergies; Betsimisaraka; Bushmeat; Hunting; Traditional epidemiological knowledge; Traditional etiological knowledge; Tsimihety; Wildlife; Zoonotic disease","allergy; bushmeat; cultural tradition; food; food consumption; health impact; hunting; social security; traditional knowledge; Madagascar",,,"Resilience Alliance",17083087,,,,"English","Ecol. Soc.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84934784582
"Friant S., Paige S.B., Goldberg T.L.","24922986000;55657610200;7103004285;","Drivers of Bushmeat Hunting and Perceptions of Zoonoses in Nigerian Hunting Communities",2015,"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases","9","5", e0003792,"","",16,29,"10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930683840&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pntd.0003792&partnerID=40&md5=12835012a1abed2e14f904a064f1de8c","Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States","Friant, S., Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Paige, S.B., Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States, Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Goldberg, T.L., Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States, Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States","Bushmeat hunting threatens biodiversity and increases the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission. Nevertheless, limited information exists on patterns of contact with wildlife in communities that practice bushmeat hunting, especially with respect to social drivers of hunting behavior. We used interview responses from hunters and non-hunters in rural hunting communities in Nigeria to: 1) quantify contact rates with wildlife, 2) identify specific hunting behaviors that increase frequency of contact, 3) identify socioeconomic factors that predispose individuals to hunt, and 4) measure perceptions of risk. Participants engaged in a variety of behaviors that increased contact with wild animals, including: butchering to sell (37%), being injured (14%), using body parts for traditional medicine (19%), collecting carcasses found in forests and/or farms (18%), and keeping as pets (16%). Hunters came into contact with wildlife significantly more than non-hunters, even through non-hunting exposure pathways. Participants reported hunting rodents (95%), ungulates (93%), carnivores (93%), primates (87%), and bats (42%), among other prey. Reported hunting frequencies within taxonomic groups of prey were different for different hunting behaviors. Young age, lower education level, larger household size, having a father who hunts, and cultural group were all associated with becoming a hunter. Fifty-five percent of respondents were aware that they could contract diseases from wild animals, but only 26% of these individuals reported taking protective measures. Overall, hunters in this setting frequently contact a diversity of prey in risky ways, and the decision to become a hunter stems from family tradition, modified by economic necessity. Conservation and public health interventions in such settings may be most efficient when they capitalize on local knowledge and target root socio-economic and cultural drivers that lead to hunting behavior. Importantly, interventions that target consumption alone will not be sufficient; other drivers and modes of interaction with wildlife must also be considered. © 2015 Friant et al.",,"adult; African trypanosomiasis; aged; animal hunting; Article; bushmeat; Cercopithecus; community; coughing; gonorrhea; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; malaria; Mandrillus; meat; Nigerian; normal human; porcupine; questionnaire; rabies; rickets; scabies; socioeconomics; syphilis; typhoid fever; typhus; zoonosis; adolescent; animal; biodiversity; epidemiology; female; male; mammal; meat; microbiology; middle aged; Nigeria; perception; risk; rural population; transmission; very elderly; wild animal; young adult; zoonosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Animals, Wild; Biodiversity; Female; Humans; Male; Mammals; Meat; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Perception; Risk; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult; Zoonoses","Goldberg, T.L.; Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of WisconsinUnited States",,"Public Library of Science",19352727,,,"26001078","English","PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84930683840
"Akani G.C., Amadi N., Eniang E.A., Luiselli L., Petrozzi F.","6603752055;35387581900;6508194826;35569133600;37039566900;","Are mammal communities occurring at a regional scale reliably represented in “hub” bushmeat markets? A case study with bayelsa state (Niger Delta, Nigeria)",2015,"Folia Zoologica","64","1",,"79","86",,10,"10.25225/fozo.v64.i1.a9.2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84934780236&doi=10.25225%2ffozo.v64.i1.a9.2015&partnerID=40&md5=a8c9eae94860477189cc9f0785f740a2","Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Centre of Environmental Studies DEMETRA, via Olona 7, Rome, 00198, Italy; Ecologia Applicata Italia, via Edoardo Jenner 70, Rome, 00151, Italy","Akani, G.C., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Amadi, N., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Eniang, E.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Luiselli, L., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Centre of Environmental Studies DEMETRA, via Olona 7, Rome, 00198, Italy; Petrozzi, F., Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Ecologia Applicata Italia, via Edoardo Jenner 70, Rome, 00151, Italy","Monitoring of bushmeat markets has traditionally been seen as a source of faunistic and ecological data on mammal communities in West Africa. Nonetheless, it is largely unexplored whether datasets coming from monitoring of large “hub” markets in towns can reliably picture the mammal faunas and community compositions at the local level. Here, Swali market in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, that is one of the largest bushmeat markets in the Niger Delta, was monitored for six months in 2013-2014. Data from Swali market were compared with those collected during regular field surveys at five protected forests situated within 15 km radius from the market. A total of 21 mammal species was recorded at Swali versus 29 in the five protected forests. The trade was more intense by wet season. There was a statistically significant linear relationship between mean weight of the sold mammal and its price. A considerable portion of species that occur at the protected forests did not occur in the market samples, including the very rare species and the smallsized species. However, the abundance in the market of the common species was positively related to their apparent field abundance in the forest reserves. Therefore, it is concluded that large-sized bushmeat markets did not depict reliably the whole faunal composition and the community structure of mammals in West Africa, although these types of surveys are sufficient to characterize the abundance distribution of the common species at the regional scale.","Hunting; Mammalia; Marketing of wildlife; West Africa","abundance; community composition; mammal; marketing; meat; population distribution; protected area; seasonal variation; species diversity; statistical analysis; Bayelsa; Nigeria; Mammalia","Luiselli, L.; Niger Delta Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Nigeria; email: lucamlu@tin.it",,"Czech Academy of Sciences",01397893,,FOZOD,,"English","Folia Zool.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84934780236
"Weyer J., Grobbelaar A., Blumberg L.","23991418800;7006457897;21033243100;","Ebola Virus Disease: History, Epidemiology and Outbreaks",2015,"Current Infectious Disease Reports","17","5",,"1","8",,31,"10.1007/s11908-015-0480-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928412454&doi=10.1007%2fs11908-015-0480-y&partnerID=40&md5=e8b4acb980241974148e00bfb1eb11b2","Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Gauteng  2192, South Africa; Division of Public Health Surveillance and Responses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Gauteng  2192, South Africa","Weyer, J., Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Gauteng  2192, South Africa; Grobbelaar, A., Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Gauteng  2192, South Africa; Blumberg, L., Division of Public Health Surveillance and Responses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Gauteng  2192, South Africa","Over the past 40 years, sporadic Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central African region. In March 2014, an outbreak of EVD was recognized in Guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in Africa to date. The outbreak started in Guinea and rapidly spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, claiming thousands of lives. Many questions still remain regarding the ecology of Ebola viruses, but it is believed that contact with infected bushmeat is an important risk factor for initial spill over of the virus into the human population. At present, there is still no registered prophylaxis or curative biologicals against EVD. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Ebola virus; Filovirus; Guinea; Liberia; Outbreak; Sierra Leone; Viral haemorrhagic fever; West Africa","Central Africa; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; epidemic; fatality; Filovirus; Guinea; health care personnel; human; incidence; Liberia; meat; medical history; nonhuman; occupational exposure; Review; risk factor; Sierra Leone; virus transmission","Blumberg, L.; Division of Public Health Surveillance and Responses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Road, South Africa",,"Current Medicine Group LLC 1",15233847,,CIDRC,,"English","Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84928412454
"Kamins A.O., Rowcliffe J.M., Ntiamoa-Baidu Y., Cunningham A.A., Wood J.L.N., Restif O.","51863678000;6701682562;6701685875;57203051586;7404353992;13606349100;","Characteristics and Risk Perceptions of Ghanaians Potentially Exposed to Bat-Borne Zoonoses through Bushmeat",2015,"EcoHealth","12","1",,"104","120",,38,"10.1007/s10393-014-0977-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939884549&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-014-0977-0&partnerID=40&md5=485ce8470b79ba7aba175b489ca618ff","Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Center for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG67, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana","Kamins, A.O., Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, J.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Center for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG67, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Cunningham, A.A., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Wood, J.L.N., Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES, United Kingdom; Restif, O., Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES, United Kingdom","Emerging zoonotic pathogens from wildlife pose increasing public health threats globally. Bats, in particular, host an array of zoonotic pathogens, yet there is little research on how bats and humans interact, how people perceive bats and their accompanying disease risk, or who is most at risk. Eidolon helvum, the largest and most abundant African fruit bat species, is widely hunted and eaten in Ghana and also carries potentially zoonotic pathogens. This combination raises concerns, as hunting and butchering bushmeat are common sources of zoonotic transmission. Through a combination of interviews with 577 Ghanaians across southern Ghana, we identified the characteristics of people involved in the bat-bushmeat trade and we explored their perceptions of risk. Bat hunting, selling and consumption are widely distributed across regional and ethnic lines, with hotspots in certain localities, while butchering is predominantly done by women and active hunters. Interviewees held little belief of disease risk from bats, saw no ecological value in fruit bats and associated the consumption of bats with specific tribes. These data can be used to inform disease and conservation management plans, drawing on social contexts and ensuring that local voices are heard within the larger global effort to study and mitigate outbreaks. © 2014, The Author(s).","fruit bats; Ghana; outbreak management; public health development; zoonoses","adult; adverse effects; animal; attitude to health; bat; epidemiology; female; food handling; Ghana; human; interview; male; meat; microbiology; psychology; risk assessment; transmission; virology; wild animal; Zoonoses; Adult; Animals; Animals, Wild; Chiroptera; Female; Food Handling; Ghana; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Meat; Risk Assessment; Zoonoses","Restif, O.; Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, United Kingdom",,"Springer New York LLC",16129202,,,"25266774","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84939884549
"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)","","An update on the risk of transmission of Ebola virus (EBOV) via the food chain – Part 2",2015,"EFSA Journal","13","3", 4042,"","",,3,"10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4042","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015554168&doi=10.2903%2fj.efsa.2015.4042&partnerID=40&md5=f56ead255a91baa6cd911439858a5ecf",,"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)","‘Top-down’ (e.g. surveillance-based) and ‘bottom-up’ approaches (e.g. using the standard microbial risk assessment paradigm) were combined to assess the risk of foodborne transmission of Ebola virus to persons in Europe arising from the consumption of raw food other than bushmeat imported from African countries where human outbreaks due to Zaïre Ebola virus (ZEBOV) have occurred. Using the ‘top-down’ approach, it was concluded that food other than bushmeat has never been identified as associated with human ZEBOV cases in any of the reported outbreaks. There is no evidence for foodborne transmission of ZEBOV to persons in the European Union (EU). The ‘bottom-up’ approach revealed that the necessary sequence of events in the risk pathway involves many hurdles: 1) the raw food to be exported has to be contaminated with ZEBOV at the point of origin; 2) the imported food needs to contain viable virus when it arrives in the EU; 3) the person has to be exposed to the virus; and 4) the person needs to get infected following exposure. Each of these steps is necessary in order for a case of disease to occur and none have been documented to happen in practice. Due to lack of data and knowledge, which results in very high uncertainty, it is not possible to quantify the risk of foodborne transmission of ZEBOV derived from the consumption of these imported foods, or in fact whether or not this mode of transmission could occur at all. The overall conclusions of both approaches are consistent and suggest that the risk of foodborne transmission of ZEBOV via food other than bushmeat imported into the EU remains a theoretical possibility only and has never been demonstrated in practice. However, the uncertainty in the combined assessment is considered high given the lack of data. © 2015 European Food Safety Authority","food; foodborne transmission; fruits; survival; vegetables; Zaïre Ebola virus; ZEBOV",,"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Italy",,"Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",18314732,,,,"English","EFSA J.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85015554168
"Fa J.E., Olivero J., Real R., Farfán M.A., Márquez A.L., Vargas J.M., Ziegler S., Wegmann M., Brown D., Margetts B., Nasi R.","7003936013;57211811400;7003438954;8081947200;7102678925;26637553800;57007808800;57074870500;55738786200;7006527441;18434563900;","Disentangling the relative effects of bushmeat availability on human nutrition in central Africa",2015,"Scientific Reports","5",, 8168,"","",,44,"10.1038/srep08168","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941954605&doi=10.1038%2fsrep08168&partnerID=40&md5=0143fccb924b3159f60272c56999e3f9","ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Grupo de Biogeografyá, Diversidad y Conservación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain; WWF Germany, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DLR Berlin, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, 82234, Germany; School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, 51/53 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PE, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","Fa, J.E., ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Olivero, J., Grupo de Biogeografyá, Diversidad y Conservación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain; Real, R., Grupo de Biogeografyá, Diversidad y Conservación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain; Farfán, M.A., Grupo de Biogeografyá, Diversidad y Conservación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain; Márquez, A.L., Grupo de Biogeografyá, Diversidad y Conservación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain; Vargas, J.M., Grupo de Biogeografyá, Diversidad y Conservación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain; Ziegler, S., WWF Germany, Berlin, 10117, Germany; Wegmann, M., DLR Berlin, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, 82234, Germany; Brown, D., School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, 51/53 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PE, United Kingdom; Margetts, B., Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Nasi, R., Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","We studied links between human malnutrition and wild meat availability within the Rainforest Biotic Zone in central Africa. We distinguished two distinct hunted mammalian diversity distributions, one in the rainforest areas (Deep Rainforest Diversity, DRD) containing taxa of lower hunting sustainability, the other in the northern rainforest-savanna mosaic, with species of greater hunting potential (Marginal Rainforest Diversity, MRD). Wild meat availability, assessed by standing crop mammalian biomass, was greater in MRD than in DRD areas. Predicted bushmeat extraction was also higher in MRD areas. Despite this, stunting of children, a measure of human malnutrition, was greater in MRD areas. Structural equation modeling identified that, in MRD areas, mammal diversity fell away from urban areas, but proximity to these positively influenced higher stunting incidence. In DRD areas, remoteness and distance from dense human settlements and infrastructures explained lower stunting levels. Moreover, stunting was higher away from protected areas. Our results suggest that in MRD areas, forest wildlife rational use for better human nutrition is possible. By contrast, the relatively low human populations in DRD areas currently offer abundant opportunities for the continued protection of more vulnerable mammals and allow dietary needs of local populations to be met.",,"animal; biological model; Central Africa; eating; environmental protection; human; meat; nutrition; population dynamics; wild animal; Africa, Central; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Eating; Humans; Meat; Models, Biological; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Population Dynamics","Fa, J.E.; ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom; email: jfa949@gmail.com",,"Nature Publishing Group",20452322,,,"25639588","English","Sci. Rep.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84941954605
"Van Vliet N., Nebesse C., Nasi R.","19337994200;55212220000;18434563900;","Bushmeat consumption among rural and urban children from Province Orientale, Democratic Republic of Congo",2015,"ORYX","49","1",,"165","174",,19,"10.1017/S0030605313000549","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920154180&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605313000549&partnerID=40&md5=2018d932dfdfbea6fa65d2922a1d048a","Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Animales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Congo; Forest, Trees and Agroforestry, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia; CIfor (Center for International Forestry Research), Bogotá, Colombia","Van Vliet, N., Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, CIfor (Center for International Forestry Research), Bogotá, Colombia; Nebesse, C., Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Animales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Congo; Nasi, R., Forest, Trees and Agroforestry, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia","Understanding the importance of bushmeat consumption for household nutrition, both in rural and urban settings, is critical to developing politically acceptable ways to reduce unsustainable exploitation. This study provides insights into bushmeat consumption patterns relative to the consumption of other meat (from the wild, such as fish and caterpillars, or from domestic sources, such as beef, chicken, pork, goat and mutton) among children from Province Orientale, Democratic Republic of Congo. Our results show that urban and rural households consume more meat from the wild than from domestic sources. Of the various types of wild meat, bushmeat and fish are the most frequently consumed by children from Kisangani and fish is the most frequently consumed in villages. Poorer urban households eat meat less frequently but consume bushmeat more frequently than wealthier households. In urban areas poorer households consume common bushmeat species more frequently and wealthier households eat meat from larger, threatened species more frequently. Urban children eat more bushmeat from larger species (duiker Cephalophus spp. and red river hog Potamochoerus porcus) than rural children (rodents, small monkeys), probably because rural households tend to consume the less marketable species or the smaller animals. We show that despite the tendency towards more urbanized population profiles and increased livelihood opportunities away from forest and farms, wildlife harvest remains a critical component of nutritional security and diversity in both rural and urban areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo. © 2014 Fauna & Flora International.","Bushmeat; Democratic Republic of Congo; food security; rural consumption; urban consumption","Animalia; Capra hircus; Cephalophus; Potamochoerus porcus; Rodentia","Van Vliet, N.; CIfor (Center for International Forestry Research)Colombia",,"Cambridge University Press",00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84920154180
"Taylor G., Scharlemann J.P.W., Rowcliffe M., Kümpel N., Harfoot M.B.J., Fa J.E., Melisch R., Milner-Gulland E.J., Bhagwat S., Abernethy K.A., Ajonina A.S., Albrechtsen L., Allebone-Webb S., Brown E., Brugiere D., Clark C., Colell M., Cowlishaw G., Crookes D., De Merode E., Dupain J., East T., Edderai D., Elkan P., Gill D., Greengrass E., Hodgkinson C., Ilambu O., Jeanmart P., Juste J., Linder J.M., Macdonald D.W., Noss A.J., Okorie P.U., Okouyi V.J.J., Pailler S., Poulsen J.R., Riddell M., Schleicher J., Schulte-Herbrüggen B., Starkey M., van Vliet N., Whitham C., Willcox A.S., Wilkie D.S., Wright J.H., Coad L.M.","56888215400;6603123688;23475226000;8537811800;16506566900;7003936013;25822580700;7003731704;56207846800;7004267574;56433492600;12780269400;37123392500;56431852000;55945169100;34969023300;8681707600;7004446420;8596152400;6505782218;7801473618;8537812200;15759819100;15135505200;55318903500;35781662600;56432501600;16241589300;55801842300;6604085227;36647879200;7401463172;6701409464;25024376200;56433566100;23006056600;7101865229;55205104000;7005088726;6504683698;7003782115;19337994200;56467891900;15027845900;57203197896;35767090000;26633525100;","Synthesising bushmeat research effort in West and Central Africa: A new regional database",2015,"Biological Conservation","181",,,"199","205",,31,"10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84913582376&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2014.11.001&partnerID=40&md5=d1720f8f638dffba3b4e7adaf54a6cab","School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RW, United Kingdom; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands, JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; TRAFFIC International, 219A Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; African Forest Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, BP 842, Gabon; Department of Environmental Science, University of Buea, Cameroon; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Society, Okapi Faunal Reserve, Congo; SECA-BRLi Consulting Company, 1105 av P. Mendes-France, BP 4001, Nimes cedex, 30001, France; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27709, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Mundet, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Center for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 26, Antwerp, 2018, Belgium; African Wildlife Foundation, Boulevard du 30 juin No. 2515, Immeuble AFORIA, Gombe, Kinshasa, B.P. 2396, Congo; Projet Developpement d'Alternatives au Braconnage en Afrique Centrale, Yaounde, BP 2572, Cameroon; Fauna and Flora International, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JD, United Kingdom; WWF Central Africa Regional Programme Office (CARPO), (Concession SAFRICAS), Commune de Ngaliema, 4, Av. Sergent Moke, Kinshasa, Congo; Precious Woods Gabon, Quartier Batterie IV, Libreville, BP 2262, Gabon; Estación Biólogica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 1056, Sevilla, 41013, Spain; Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, MSC 7501, Harrisonburg, VA  22807, United States; Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, P.O. Box 117315, Gainesville, FL  32611-7315, United States; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, P.M.B. 2000, Nigeria; Institut de Recherches sur l'Écologie TropicaleBP 13354, Gabon; Economics Department, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA  01610, United States; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 274 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, Knoxville, TN  37996, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY  10460, United States","Taylor, G., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Scharlemann, J.P.W., School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom, United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RW, United Kingdom; Kümpel, N., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RW, United Kingdom; Harfoot, M.B.J., United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands, JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Melisch, R., TRAFFIC International, 219A Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Bhagwat, S., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Abernethy, K.A., African Forest Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, BP 842, Gabon; Ajonina, A.S., Department of Environmental Science, University of Buea, Cameroon; Albrechtsen, L., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Allebone-Webb, S., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Brown, E., Wildlife Conservation Society, Okapi Faunal Reserve, Congo; Brugiere, D., SECA-BRLi Consulting Company, 1105 av P. Mendes-France, BP 4001, Nimes cedex, 30001, France; Clark, C., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27709, United States; Colell, M., Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Mundet, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; Cowlishaw, G., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RW, United Kingdom; Crookes, D., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; De Merode, E., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RW, United Kingdom; Dupain, J., Wildlife Conservation Society, Okapi Faunal Reserve, Congo, Center for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 26, Antwerp, 2018, Belgium, African Wildlife Foundation, Boulevard du 30 juin No. 2515, Immeuble AFORIA, Gombe, Kinshasa, B.P. 2396, Congo; East, T., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Edderai, D., Projet Developpement d'Alternatives au Braconnage en Afrique Centrale, Yaounde, BP 2572, Cameroon; Elkan, P., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY  10460, United States; Gill, D., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, Fauna and Flora International, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JD, United Kingdom; Greengrass, E., Fauna and Flora International, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JD, United Kingdom; Hodgkinson, C., Fauna and Flora International, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JD, United Kingdom; Ilambu, O., WWF Central Africa Regional Programme Office (CARPO), (Concession SAFRICAS), Commune de Ngaliema, 4, Av. Sergent Moke, Kinshasa, Congo; Jeanmart, P., Precious Woods Gabon, Quartier Batterie IV, Libreville, BP 2262, Gabon; Juste, J., Estación Biólogica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 1056, Sevilla, 41013, Spain; Linder, J.M., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, MSC 7501, Harrisonburg, VA  22807, United States; Macdonald, D.W., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Noss, A.J., Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, P.O. Box 117315, Gainesville, FL  32611-7315, United States; Okorie, P.U., Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, P.M.B. 2000, Nigeria; Okouyi, V.J.J., Institut de Recherches sur l'Écologie TropicaleBP 13354, Gabon; Pailler, S., Economics Department, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA  01610, United States; Poulsen, J.R., Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC  27709, United States; Riddell, M., Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Schleicher, J., Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Schulte-Herbrüggen, B., United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Starkey, M., Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; van Vliet, N., Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat), 16115, Indonesia; Whitham, C., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Willcox, A.S., Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 274 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, Knoxville, TN  37996, United States; Wilkie, D.S., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY  10460, United States; Wright, J.H., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RW, United Kingdom, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Coad, L.M., Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom","Unsustainable hunting threatens both biodiversity and local livelihoods. Despite high levels of research effort focused on understanding the dynamics of bushmeat trade and consumption, current research is largely site specific. Without synthesis and quantitative analysis of available case studies, the national and regional characteristics of bushmeat trade and consumption remain largely speculative, impeding efforts to inform national and regional policy on bushmeat trade. Here we describe the structure and content of the West and Central African bushmeat database which holds quantitative data on bushmeat sales, consumption and offtake for 177 species from 275 sites across 11 countries in two regions, spanning three decades of research. Despite this wealth of available data, we found important biases in research effort. The majority of studies in West and Central Africa have collected market data, which although providing a useful record of bushmeat sales, are limited in their ability to track changes in hunting offtake. In addition, few data exist for West Africa, and few studies have tracked changes over time, using repeat sampling. With new initiatives in the regions to track bushmeat hunting, this database represents an opportunity to synthesise current and future data on bushmeat hunting, consumption and trade in West and Central Africa, identify gaps in current understanding, and systematically target future monitoring efforts. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Conservation; Exploitation; Hunting; Wild meat","bushmeat; database; exploitation; habitat conservation; hunting; wild population; Central Africa; West Africa","Scharlemann, J.P.W.; School of Life Sciences, University of SussexUnited Kingdom",,"Elsevier Ltd",00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84913582376
"Gaubert P., Njiokou F., Olayemi A., Pagani P., Dufour S., Danquah E., Nutsuakor M.E.K., Ngua G., Missoup A..-D., Tedesco P.A., Dernat R., Antunes A.","6603443283;55979562400;24067525100;7003520875;55364778000;15925193800;56584657700;56584745800;23486222600;16204149800;56521676000;7102537544;","Bushmeat genetics: Setting up a reference framework for the DNA typing of African forest bushmeat",2015,"Molecular Ecology Resources","15","3",,"633","651",,26,"10.1111/1755-0998.12334","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926413940&doi=10.1111%2f1755-0998.12334&partnerID=40&md5=e700be26ed3ee1d1198ff9c9c260a186","Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - UM2-CNRS-IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 64, Montpellier Cedex 05, 34095, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie et d'Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, BP 812, Cameroon; Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Ho 220005, Nigeria; Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, 3584 CL, Netherlands; SYLVATROP, 26 route de Vannes, Nantes, France; Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana; Amigos de la Naturaleza y del Desarrollo de Guinea Ecuatorial (ANDEGE), Barrió Ukomba, S/N, Bata, Equatorial Guinea; Biologie de l'Evolution - Mammalogie, Département de Biologie des Organismes Animaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, Douala, BP 24157, Cameroon; Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR Biologie des ORganismes et des Ecosystemes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA IRD 207-CNRS 7208-UPMC-MNHN), 43 rue Cuvier, Paris Cedex, FR-75231, France; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - CNRS UMR 5554, Plateforme Bioinformatique LabEx, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05, 34095, France; CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, Porto, 4050-123, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal","Gaubert, P., Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - UM2-CNRS-IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 64, Montpellier Cedex 05, 34095, France; Njiokou, F., Laboratoire de Parasitologie et d'Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, BP 812, Cameroon; Olayemi, A., Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Ho 220005, Nigeria; Pagani, P., Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, 3584 CL, Netherlands; Dufour, S., SYLVATROP, 26 route de Vannes, Nantes, France; Danquah, E., Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana; Nutsuakor, M.E.K., Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana; Ngua, G., Amigos de la Naturaleza y del Desarrollo de Guinea Ecuatorial (ANDEGE), Barrió Ukomba, S/N, Bata, Equatorial Guinea; Missoup, A..-D., Biologie de l'Evolution - Mammalogie, Département de Biologie des Organismes Animaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, Douala, BP 24157, Cameroon; Tedesco, P.A., Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR Biologie des ORganismes et des Ecosystemes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA IRD 207-CNRS 7208-UPMC-MNHN), 43 rue Cuvier, Paris Cedex, FR-75231, France; Dernat, R., Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - CNRS UMR 5554, Plateforme Bioinformatique LabEx, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05, 34095, France; Antunes, A., CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, Porto, 4050-123, Portugal, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal","The bushmeat trade in tropical Africa represents illegal, unsustainable off-takes of millions of tons of wild game - mostly mammals - per year. We sequenced four mitochondrial gene fragments (cyt b, COI, 12S, 16S) in >300 bushmeat items representing nine mammalian orders and 59 morphological species from five western and central African countries (Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea). Our objectives were to assess the efficiency of cross-species PCR amplification and to evaluate the usefulness of our multilocus approach for reliable bushmeat species identification. We provide a straightforward amplification protocol using a single 'universal' primer pair per gene that generally yielded >90% PCR success rates across orders and was robust to different types of meat preprocessing and DNA extraction protocols. For taxonomic identification, we set up a decision pipeline combining similarity- and tree-based approaches with an assessment of taxonomic expertise and coverage of the GENBANK database. Our multilocus approach permitted us to: (i) adjust for existing taxonomic gaps in GENBANK databases, (ii) assign to the species level 67% of the morphological species hypotheses and (iii) successfully identify samples with uncertain taxonomic attribution (preprocessed carcasses and cryptic lineages). High levels of genetic polymorphism across genes and taxa, together with the excellent resolution observed among species-level clusters (neighbour-joining trees and Klee diagrams) advocate the usefulness of our markers for bushmeat DNA typing. We formalize our DNA typing decision pipeline through an expert-curated query database - DNAbushmeat - that shall permit the automated identification of African forest bushmeat items. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Africa; Bushmeat; Decision pipeline; DNA typing; Mammals; MtDNA","Mammalia; cytochrome b; cytochrome c oxidase; mitochondrial DNA; ribosome DNA; ribosome RNA; RNA 16S; RNA, ribosomal, 12S; Africa; animal; biology; Central Africa; chemistry; classification; cluster analysis; DNA fingerprinting; evaluation study; forest; genetics; mammal; molecular genetics; multilocus sequence typing; phylogeny; procedures; wild animal; Africa, Central; Africa, Western; Animals; Animals, Wild; Cluster Analysis; Computational Biology; Cytochromes b; DNA Fingerprinting; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Ribosomal; Electron Transport Complex IV; Forests; Mammals; Molecular Sequence Data; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S","Gaubert, P.; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - UM2-CNRS-IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 64, France",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",1755098X,,,"25264212","English","Mol. Ecol. Resour.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84926413940
"van Vliet N., Quiceno-Mesa M.P., Cruz-Antia D., Tellez L., Martins C., Haiden E., de Oliveira M.R., Adams C., Morsello C., Valencia L., Bonilla T., Yagüe B., Nasi R.","19337994200;56888716300;56905390100;56905329300;56905177400;56905381100;56905161400;11739264400;6504140330;56670971800;56905346200;56703232900;18434563900;","From fish and bushmeat to chicken nuggets: The nutrition transition in a continuum from rural to urban settings in the Colombian Amazon region",2015,"Ethnobiology and Conservation","4","2015", 6,"","",,43,"10.15451/ec2015-7-4.6-1-12","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84944390884&doi=10.15451%2fec2015-7-4.6-1-12&partnerID=40&md5=0d5c053b170f91e9fc559a29a5b7d92f","Center for International Forestry Research, Alan CIFOR Situ Gede, Sindang Barang (Barat), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Fundación SI- Science International, Calle 28 N 13 A -24 oficina 308, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto Natureza e Cultura - campus Alto Solimões, Rua 1 de Maio Colônia Benjamin Constant, Brazil; School of Arts and Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Independent Consultant, Brazil","van Vliet, N., Center for International Forestry Research, Alan CIFOR Situ Gede, Sindang Barang (Barat), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia; Quiceno-Mesa, M.P., Fundación SI- Science International, Calle 28 N 13 A -24 oficina 308, Bogotá, Colombia; Cruz-Antia, D., Fundación SI- Science International, Calle 28 N 13 A -24 oficina 308, Bogotá, Colombia; Tellez, L., Independent Consultant, Brazil; Martins, C., Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto Natureza e Cultura - campus Alto Solimões, Rua 1 de Maio Colônia Benjamin Constant, Brazil; Haiden, E., Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto Natureza e Cultura - campus Alto Solimões, Rua 1 de Maio Colônia Benjamin Constant, Brazil; de Oliveira, M.R., Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto Natureza e Cultura - campus Alto Solimões, Rua 1 de Maio Colônia Benjamin Constant, Brazil; Adams, C., School of Arts and Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Morsello, C., School of Arts and Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Valencia, L., Independent Consultant, Brazil; Bonilla, T., Independent Consultant, Brazil; Yagüe, B., Independent Consultant, Brazil; Nasi, R., Center for International Forestry Research, Alan CIFOR Situ Gede, Sindang Barang (Barat), Bogor, 16115, Indonesia","The current contribution of wild animal proteins has been poorly quantified, particularly in the rapidly growing urban centers of tropical forests. Lack of such evidence impairs food security strategies to include the diversity of food supply inherent to traditional food systems. In this study we focus on wild sources of animal protein: wild fish and bushmeat, which have traditionally been important in people's diets in the Amazon. We compare the consumption of wild and non-wild (domestic, processed) sources of animal proteins in a rural to urban gradient in the Colombian Amazon. In rural areas, most people are indigenous from the Ticuna ethnical group, while in urban areas, the population is a result of a mixture of different indigenous groups, mestizos and colonos. Our results show that, despite its geographical position, the region is increasingly dependent on domestic and industrialized sources of animal protein. The frequency of wild fish and bushmeat consumption decreases from rural to urban areas to the advantage of domestic and processed meat/fish. Patterns of animal protein consumption for indigenous children indicate that indigenous families adopt non-indigenous consumption patterns when they move to town. Bushmeat consumption in urban areas is more frequent in wealthier families and could be considered as a luxury product. In urban areas, chicken is the protein of the poor and beef replaces chicken for the families that can afford it. In rural settings, chicken replaces wild sources of animal protein as people increase their income and move away from forest/ agriculture dependent livelihoods. Despite, the low importance of bushmeat and wild fish in urban areas measured in terms of consumption frequencies, we show that these foods continue to play an important role in terms of dietary diversity, which is fundamental to eradicate energy and micronutrient deficiencies. The increased consumption of industrial chicken in rural communities poses important food security issues because it provides less nutritional balance than wild foods and access to this protein is dependent on the availability of cash in rural communities. While the harvest of wild proteins poses a sustainability problem, industrial foods also carry a heavy ecological footprint. In conclusion our results call for a better attention to the changes observed in diets in the Amazon, given their potential food security and ecological consequences.",,,"van Vliet, N.; Center for International Forestry Research, Alan CIFOR Situ Gede, Sindang Barang (Barat)Indonesia",,"Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco",22384782,,,,"English","Ethnobiol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84944390884
"Sarti F.M., Adams C., Morsello C., van Vliet N., Schor T., Yagüe B., Tellez L., Quiceno-Mesa M.P., Cruz D.","26667158700;11739264400;6504140330;19337994200;38663322700;56703232900;56905329300;56888716300;56658360100;","Beyond protein intake: Bushmeat as source of micronutrients in the amazon",2015,"Ecology and Society","20","4", 22,"","",,32,"10.5751/ES-07934-200422","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953249147&doi=10.5751%2fES-07934-200422&partnerID=40&md5=206ae83bc3a9b0533cddebdcaf04266a","Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Complex Systems, University of São Paulo, Brazil; School of Arts Sciences and Humanities (EACH) and Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE), University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Brazil; Geography Department Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Brazil; Fundación Science International, Brazil","Sarti, F.M., Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Complex Systems, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Adams, C., School of Arts Sciences and Humanities (EACH) and Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE), University of São Paulo, Brazil; Morsello, C., Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Complex Systems, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, Brazil; van Vliet, N., Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Brazil; Schor, T., Geography Department Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Brazil; Yagüe, B.; Tellez, L.; Quiceno-Mesa, M.P., Fundación Science International, Brazil; Cruz, D., Fundación Science International, Brazil","Wild meat is critical for the food security and income of millions of people, especially for poor rural households. Its role as a primary source of macronutrients worldwide has been recognized, but there have been few attempts to evaluate the contribution of bushmeat consumption to micronutrient intake. This is so particularly in the context of nutritional transitions induced by modernization and globalization. Here, we calculated the role of bushmeat as a source of micronutrients in the diets of urban and peri- urban inhabitants within the Tres Fronteras (Peru, Brazil, Colombia) region in the Amazon. We gathered food intake data from 35 households using 3-day 24-h food recalls combined with food weighing. Additionally, we interviewed 105 households on food consumption frequency. Our results indicate that 14.3% of the households consumed bushmeat, which represented approximately 32% of their caloric intake, 72% of consumed protein, and 77% of iron. Typically, households consuming bushmeat presented higher a nutritional status, i.e., lower intake of carbohydrates (−10%) and higher intake of proteins (+46%), iron (+151%), and zinc (+23%), than households not consuming bushmeat. Most of the sampled households did not achieve standard nutritional requirements for calories (94%), fiber, vitamin C, or iron (97%) per adult per day. None of the households achieved the recommended daily intake for calcium. Households consuming bushmeat consumed statistically significantly higher levels of iron, zinc, and vitamin C than households that did not eat bushmeat. The latter consumed an excess of 31% calories from processed foods per adult per day, and lower amounts of iron (−60%) and zinc (−19%). We argue that households not consuming bushmeat are at greater risk of anemia in the short run and other chronic health problems in the long run. © 2015 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance.","Amazon; Bushmeat; Conservation; Food intake; Micronutrients; Nutrition","bushmeat; food consumption; food intake; nutritional requirement; nutritional status; protein; trace element; Amazonia; Brazil; Colombia; Peru",,,"Resilience Alliance",17083087,,,,"English","Ecol. Soc.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84953249147
"Kurpiers L.A., Schulte-Herbrüggen B., Ejotre I., Reeder D.M.","55966833700;6504683698;55647872700;7005969199;","Bushmeat and emerging infectious diseases: Lessons from Africa",2015,"Problematic Wildlife: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach",,,,"507","551",,16,"10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_24","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017083807&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-22246-2_24&partnerID=40&md5=b61be4547eaf9a4001711f9db26f884f","Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA  17837, United States; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden","Kurpiers, L.A., Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA  17837, United States; Schulte-Herbrüggen, B., Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden; Ejotre, I., Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA  17837, United States; Reeder, D.M., Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA  17837, United States","Zoonotic diseases are the main contributor to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and present a major threat to global public health. Bushmeat is an important source of protein and income for many African people, but bushmeat-related activities have been linked to numerous EID outbreaks, such as Ebola, HIV, and SARS. Importantly, increasing demand and commercialization of bushmeat is exposing more people to pathogens and facilitating the geographic spread of diseases. To date, these linkages have not been systematically assessed. Here we review the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, helminths, protozoan, and prions) by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans. We conclude by drawing lessons that we believe are applicable to other developing and developed regions and highlight areas requiring further research to mitigate disease risk. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.","Africa; Bushmeat; Cross-species transmission; Emerging infectious disease; Hunting",,"Reeder, D.M.; Department of Biology, Bucknell UniversityUnited States; email: DeeAnn.Reeder@bucknell.edu",,"Springer International Publishing",,9783319222462; 9783319222455,,,"English","Problematic Wildl.: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85017083807
"Carvalho M., Rego F., Palmeirim J.M., Fa J.E.","13605572600;6701644918;6602579488;7003936013;","Wild meat consumption on São Tomé Island, West Africa: Implications for conservation and local livelihoods",2015,"Ecology and Society","20","3", 27,"","",,6,"10.5751/ES-07831-200327","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943187944&doi=10.5751%2fES-07831-200327&partnerID=40&md5=7be20542fa7b8c3206215f85ac294421","Centro de Ecologia Aplicada 'Prof. Baeta Neves', Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal; Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; CIFOR, Indonesia","Carvalho, M., Centro de Ecologia Aplicada 'Prof. Baeta Neves', Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique; Rego, F., Centro de Ecologia Aplicada 'Prof. Baeta Neves', Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal; Palmeirim, J.M., Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Fa, J.E., Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom, CIFOR, Indonesia","The importance of wild meats for rural people is well documented in tropical forests worldwide. However, the case of oceanic islands remains relatively poorly studied. We assess the contribution made by wild meats to the diets of rural inhabitants in the Island of São Tomé, characterize the relative importance of native and introduced fauna, and discuss the implications of wild meat consumption on rural livelihoods and on the conservation of the resident fauna. Using semistructured interviews, we assessed animal protein consumption in 10 communities (716 household-weeks), around the vicinity of the island’s main protected area, Obô Natural Park. Fish and the introduced West African giant snail (Archachatina marginata) are the most important sources of protein for rural inhabitants, with wild terrestrial vertebrates being consumed by only a small fraction of sampled households. Significantly higher amounts of wild snail and wild mammal meat are consumed in more remote areas with poorer families depending more on snails, and richer households on fruit bats or introduced mammals. Although eaten in relatively small numbers per household, consumption of wild birds is widespread, thus when extrapolated to the island’s entire rural population, this practice is likely to be unsustainable, particularly for endemic pigeons that are also commercially hunted. Our results suggest that rural populations in São Tomé largely depend on protein from introduced wild species, with native and endemic fauna constituting less important sources. However, endemic birds and native fruit bats are extensively harvested for household consumption and constitute a commonly used resource that urgently needs to be regulated. © 2015 by the author(s).","Biodiversity; Bushmeat; Islands; Protein intake; Rural demand; Wealth","biodiversity; bushmeat; consumption behavior; demand analysis; diet; protected area; protein; rural area; Sao Tome; Sao Tome and Principe; West Africa",,,"Resilience Alliance",17083087,,,,"English","Ecol. Soc.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84943187944
"Ingram D.J., Coad L., Collen B., Kümpel N.F., Breuer T., Fa J.E., Gill D.J.C., Maisels F., Schleicher J., Stokes E.J., Taylor G., Scharlemann J.P.W.","56457522000;26633525100;24491824300;8537811800;35766233400;7003936013;55318903500;6601992715;7005088726;7007093323;56888215400;6603123688;","Indicators for wild animal offtake: Methods and case study for African mammals and birds",2015,"Ecology and Society","20","3", 40,"","",,21,"10.5751/ES-07823-200340","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943178988&doi=10.5751%2fES-07823-200340&partnerID=40&md5=a483124ad54e01b3cfa7e06686207529","School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; University College London, United Kingdom; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, United Kingdom; Zoological Society of London, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Society, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Center for International Forestry Research, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; Fauna and Flora International, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; African Forest Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom","Ingram, D.J., School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, United Kingdom; Coad, L., Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, University College London, United Kingdom; Collen, B., Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, United Kingdom; Kümpel, N.F., Zoological Society of London, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Breuer, T., Wildlife Conservation Society, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Fa, J.E., Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom, Center for International Forestry Research, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; Gill, D.J.C., Fauna and Flora International, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; Maisels, F., Wildlife Conservation Society, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom, African Forest Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; Schleicher, J., Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Stokes, E.J., Wildlife Conservation Society, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom; Taylor, G., Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom; Scharlemann, J.P.W., School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, United Kingdom, University College London, United Kingdom","Unsustainable exploitation of wild animals is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and to millions of people depending on wild meat for food and income. The international conservation and development community has committed to implementing plans for sustainable use of natural resources and has requested development of monitoring systems of bushmeat offtake and trade. Although offtake monitoring systems and indicators for marine species are more developed, information on harvesting terrestrial species is limited. Building on approaches developed to monitor exploitation of fisheries and population trends, we have proposed two novel indicators for harvested terrestrial species: the mean body mass indicator (MBMI) assessing whether hunters are relying increasingly on smaller species over time, as a measure of defaunation, by tracking body mass composition of harvested species within samples across various sites and dates; and the offtake pressure indicator (OPI) as a measure of harvesting pressure on groups of wild animals within a region by combining multiple time series of the number of harvested individuals across species. We applied these two indicators to recently compiled data for West and Central African mammals and birds. Our exploratory analyses show that the MBMI of harvested mammals decreased but that of birds rose between 1966/1975 and 2010. For both mammals and birds the OPI increased substantially during the observed time period. Given our results, time-series data and information collated from multiple sources are useful to investigate trends in body mass of hunted species and offtake volumes. In the absence of comprehensive monitoring systems, we suggest that the two indicators developed in our study are adequate proxies of wildlife offtake, which together with additional data can inform conservation policies and actions at regional and global scales. © 2015 by the author(s).","Africa; Bushmeat; Exploitation; Harvest; Indicator","anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; bird; bushmeat; environmental monitoring; environmental policy; exploitation; hunting; mammal; nature conservation; sustainability; Africa; Animalia; Aves; Mammalia",,,"Resilience Alliance",17083087,,,,"English","Ecol. Soc.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84943178988
"Monroe B.P., Doty J.B., Moses C., Ibata S., Reynolds M., Carroll D.","54401580000;55734725800;54401590500;55000009100;7202327039;7202921830;","Collection and utilization of animal carcasses associated with zoonotic disease in Tshuapa district, the democratic Republic of the Congo, 2012",2015,"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","51","3",,"734","738",,10,"10.7589/2014-05-140","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937538813&doi=10.7589%2f2014-05-140&partnerID=40&md5=880b3d1f9c2293083ba92320a8d6edfd","Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A-30, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, United States; International Conservation and Education Fund, 236 11th Street SE, Washington, DC  20003-2124, United States","Monroe, B.P., Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A-30, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, United States; Doty, J.B., Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A-30, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, United States; Moses, C., International Conservation and Education Fund, 236 11th Street SE, Washington, DC  20003-2124, United States; Ibata, S., International Conservation and Education Fund, 236 11th Street SE, Washington, DC  20003-2124, United States; Reynolds, M., Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A-30, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, United States; Carroll, D., Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A-30, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, United States","The collection and consumption of animal carcasses is a common activity in forested areas of the Congo River basin and creates sustainability, conservation, and health concerns. Residents of the Tshuapa District reported collecting the remains of 5,878 animals from >30 species when surveyed about their wildlife consumption habits. Carcasses were discovered in varying degrees of decomposition and were often consumed at home or sold in local markets. The most commonly collected animals were Cricetomys gambianus (Northern giant pouched rat), Cercopithecus ascanius (red-tailed monkey), and Heliosciurus rufobrachium (red-legged sun squirrel). Many of the species recorded may be hosts of zoonotic pathogens, creating concern for spillover events. © Wildlife Disease Association 2015.","Bushmeat; Carcass; Ebola; Monkeypox; Primate; Rodent; Spillover","animal; Cercopithecus; Democratic Republic Congo; environmental protection; rat; Sciuridae; virology; wild animal; Zoonoses; Animals; Animals, Wild; Cercopithecus; Conservation of Natural Resources; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Rats; Sciuridae; Zoonoses","Monroe, B.P.; Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A-30, 1600 Clifton Road, United States",,"Wildlife Disease Association, Inc.",00903558,,,"25932665","English","J. Wildl. Dis.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84937538813
"Schneeberger K., Voigt C.C.","53981943100;35586042400;","Zoonotic viruses and conservation of bats",2015,"Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World",,,,"263","292",,25,"10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_10","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960450331&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-25220-9_10&partnerID=40&md5=7b665910b813607f1c093cbfa3042350","Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany","Schneeberger, K., Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany; Voigt, C.C., Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany","Many of the recently emerging highly virulent zoonotic diseases have a likely bat origin, for example Hendra, Nipah, Ebola and diseases caused by coronaviruses. Presumably because of their long history of coevolution, most of these viruses remain subclinical in bats, but have the potential to cause severe illnesses in domestic and wildlife animals and also humans. Spillovers from bats to humans either happen directly (via contact with infected bats) or indirectly (via intermediate hosts such as domestic or wildlife animals, by consuming food items contaminated by saliva, faeces or urine of bats, or via other environmental sources). Increasing numbers of breakouts of zoonotic viral diseases among humans and livestock have mainly been accounted to human encroachment into natural habitat, as well as agricultural intensification, deforestation and bushmeat consumption. Persecution of bats, including the destruction of their roosts and culling of whole colonies, has led not only to declines of protected bat species, but also to an increase in virus prevalence in some of these populations. Educational efforts are needed in order to prevent future spillovers of bat-borne viruses to humans and livestock, and to further protect bats from unnecessary and counterproductive culling. © The Author(s) 2016.",,,"Schneeberger, K.; Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchGermany; email: schneeberger@izw-berlin.de",,"Springer International Publishing",,9783319252209; 9783319252186,,,"English","Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World",Book Chapter,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84960450331
"Khan A.S., Sesay S.S.S.","55473391400;25628705000;","Seafood insecurity, bush meat consumption, and public health emergency in West Africa: Did we miss the early warning signs of an Ebola epidemic?",2015,"Maritime Studies","14","1",,"","",12,2,"10.1186/s40152-015-0020-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924942241&doi=10.1186%2fs40152-015-0020-2&partnerID=40&md5=69c3deca71f58a268edd7276f2353759","School of Business School of Environment, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom","Khan, A.S., School of Business School of Environment, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Sesay, S.S.S., Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom","In this article, we frame issues around food security and the Ebola epidemic in West Africa and discuss the potential contribution of interrelated factors like seafood access, bush meat consumption, and public health concerns with the recent outbreak. Since seafood is a major dietary constituent in the affected countries, we posit that seafood unavailability due to unsustainable fishing practices and global change may increase the demand for bush meat and the risk of exposure to zoonosis such as Ebola through hunting and wildlife interactions. We discuss the potential contribution of these contextual drivers to public health within the wider milieu of changing climate, habitat disruptions, human migration and its implication for adaptive capacity, resilience and environmental governance. We conclude with policy options and research directives in addressing regional food security challenges, maritime policy, and emerging global health concerns. © 2015, Khan and Sesay; licensee Springer.","Ebola; Environmental governance; Fisheries; Public health; Seafood security; West Africa; Wildlife interactions","accessibility; bushmeat; consumption behavior; disease incidence; disease prevalence; epidemic; food security; health impact; health monitoring; public health; seafood; West Africa","Khan, A.S.; School of Business School of Environment, Saint Mary’s UniversityCanada",,"Springer Verlag",18727859,,,,"English","Marit. Stud.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84924942241
"Hosaka K., Nakamura M.","7103371522;35285999700;","Conservation and the future",2015,"Mahale Chimpanzees: 50 Years of Research",,,,"679","690",,,"10.1017/CBO9781107280533","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014803810&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9781107280533&partnerID=40&md5=c7f507ae5fcd40c413acdb9e4a462e76","Kamakura Women’s University, 6-1-3, Ofuna, Kamakura, 247-8512, Japan; Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24, Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan","Hosaka, K., Kamakura Women’s University, 6-1-3, Ofuna, Kamakura, 247-8512, Japan; Nakamura, M., Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24, Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan","Conservation risks for wild chimpanzees 50.1.1 General continent-wide threats to chimpanzees Chimpanzees are facing extinction throughout their range (""endangered"" in the IUCN red list; Oates et al., 2008). Kobayashi (2002) participated in establishment of a management plan at Mahale and summarized five main problems for the protection of chimpanzees: (1) habitat destruction; (2) consumption in the human diet; (3) capture and export in the pet trade; (4) use in medical experiments; and (5) disease transmitted via contact with humans. The first and the largest problem for chimpanzees is rapid destruction of their habitat all over Africa. Destruction of tropical forests, the major habitat for chimpanzees, is mainly caused by human activity. Recent economic growth in Africa, such as road construction, and clearing for agricultural cultivation, timber, and firewood (Figure 50.1) have dramatically reduced the extent of forest. Global warming is also likely to be an indirect factor in the reduction of tropical forests. The bushmeat trade is another significant problem for great apes, including chimpanzees, in many parts of Africa (e.g. Kano and Asato, 1994; Rose, 1996); this problem is not as severe at Mahale because local Tanzanians do not generally consume chimpanzees. However, caution must be paid because poaching can cause problems, such as injury by wire snares intended to capture small mammals, even in locations in which chimpanzees are not directly hunted (e.g. Quiatt et al., 2002). Capture for the pet trade is a possible cause of the loss of wild chimpanzees in Tanzania. For example, Kobayashi (2002) reported a case of attempted illegal international trade of juvenile chimpanzees at Lake Tanganyika in 1987. A similar case of attempted commercial trafficking occurred in 1994, when six infant chimpanzees were confiscated in Kigoma, a town along the shore of Lake Tanganyika (Massawe, 1995). The use of chimpanzees in medical experiments was a problem even before the establishment of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); vigilance should be maintained towards the illegal capture and international trade of wild chimpanzees for medical use as long as this is known to occur. We should also bear in mind that many African apes exported to the United States, Europe, and Japan before CITES are still living in laboratories, zoos, and sanctuaries. Transmission of disease from humans to chimpanzees has been one of the most severe problems at most chimpanzee study sites, including Mahale, for the past two decades. This is partly a result of increased visitors from outside of Africa (mostly from Europe and the United States) participating in benignly named ""ecotourism"" (see Chapter 25). © Cambridge University Press 2015.",,,,,"Cambridge University Press",,9781107280533; 9781107052314,,,"English","Mahale Chimpanzees: 50 Years of Research",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-85014803810
"Espinosa S., Branch L.C., Cueva R.","12785309600;7005281939;28567636800;","Road development and the geography of hunting by an amazonian indigenous group: Consequences for wildlife conservation",2014,"PLoS ONE","9","12", e114916,"","",,42,"10.1371/journal.pone.0114916","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84918520023&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0114916&partnerID=40&md5=f72d7e9eb1184cc3f774a76f812c5212","Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Escuela de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Cato Lica Del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Wildlife Conservation Society - Ecuador Program, Quito, Ecuador","Espinosa, S., Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States, Escuela de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Cato Lica Del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Branch, L.C., Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Cueva, R., Wildlife Conservation Society - Ecuador Program, Quito, Ecuador","Protected areas are essential for conservation of wildlife populations. However, in the tropics there are two important factors that may interact to threaten this objective: 1) road development associated with large-scale resource extraction near or within protected areas; and 2) historical occupancy by traditional or indigenous groups that depend on wildlife for their survival. To manage wildlife populations in the tropics, it is critical to understand the effects of roads on the spatial extent of hunting and how wildlife is used. A geographical analysis can help us answer questions such as: How do roads affect spatial extent of hunting? How does market vicinity relate to local consumption and trade of bushmeat? How does vicinity to markets influence choice of game? A geographical analysis also can help evaluate the consequences of increased accessibility in landscapes that function as source-sink systems. We applied spatial analyses to evaluate the effects of increased landscape and market accessibility by road development on spatial extent of harvested areas and wildlife use by indigenous hunters. Our study was conducted in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador, which is impacted by road development for oil extraction, and inhabited by the Waorani indigenous group. Hunting activities were self-reported for 12-14 months and each kill was georeferenced. Presence of roads was associated with a two-fold increase of the extraction area. Rates of bushmeat extraction and trade were higher closer to markets than further away. Hunters located closer to markets concentrated their effort on large-bodied species. Our results clearly demonstrate that placing roads within protected areas can seriously reduce their capacity to sustain wildlife populations and potentially threaten livelihoods of indigenous groups who depend on these resources for their survival. Our results critically inform current policy debates regarding resource extraction and road building near or within protected areas.",,"oil; animal hunting; Article; bushmeat; controlled study; Ecuador; geography; human; indigenous people; landscape; market; meat; nonhuman; road development; spatial analysis; survival; traffic and transport; Waorani (people); wildlife conservation; American Indian; animal; endangered species; environmental protection; geography; meat; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Endangered Species; Geography; Humans; Indians, South American; Meat; Transportation",,,"Public Library of Science",19326203,,POLNC,"25489954","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84918520023
"Rewar S., Mirdha D.","56641753600;56641848800;","Transmission of Ebola virus disease: An overview",2014,"Annals of Global Health","80","6",,"444","451",,32,"10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929172751&doi=10.1016%2fj.aogh.2015.02.005&partnerID=40&md5=dd8c816bb7cb22889771e966b78629f9","Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Dr. Sarvepali Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India","Rewar, S., Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India; Mirdha, D., Dr. Sarvepali Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India","Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Airborne transmission of Ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. The disease infects humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats, and forest antelope. Ebola virus can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of Ebola virus disease. As of late October 2014, the World Health Organization reported 13,567 suspected cases and 4922 deaths, although the agency believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak. Experimental vaccines and treatments for Ebola are under development, but they have not yet been fully tested for safety or effectiveness. © 2014 The Authors.","Clinical features; Control measures; Etiology; EVD (Ebola virus disease); Transmission","virus vaccine; Africa; airborne infection; antelope; bat; blood; blood transfusion; bodily secretions; chimpanzee; clinical feature; disease transmission; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebolavirus; epidemic; epidemiological data; filovirus infection; human; muscle weakness; myalgia; nonhuman; pathogenesis; patient care; Review; sore throat; Sudan; Uganda; virus transmission; weakness; world health organization; animal; epidemic; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; incidence; transmission; Africa, Western; Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Incidence","Rewar, S.; Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajasthan University of Health SciencesIndia; email: sureshrewar1990@gmail.com",,"Elsevier USA",22149996,,,"25960093","English","Ann. of Global Health",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84929172751
"Barros F.B., de Aguiar Azevedo P.","36607558100;56369079000;","Common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758): Food and medicine for people in the Amazon",2014,"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","10","1", 65,"","",,11,"10.1186/1746-4269-10-65","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907390728&doi=10.1186%2f1746-4269-10-65&partnerID=40&md5=bbb0aad6d32295224a6da1f2f5c69368","Programas de Pós-Gradução em Agriculturas Amazônicas(PPGAA) e Antropologia, Universidade Federal do Pará. Avenida Augusto Corrêa, Cidade Universitária José da Silveira Netto, Guamá, N 1, CEP ,Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Sociais. Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Cidade Universitária José da Silveira Netto, Avenida Augusto Corrêa N 1, Guamá, CEP Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil","Barros, F.B., Programas de Pós-Gradução em Agriculturas Amazônicas(PPGAA) e Antropologia, Universidade Federal do Pará. Avenida Augusto Corrêa, Cidade Universitária José da Silveira Netto, Guamá, N 1, CEP ,Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil; de Aguiar Azevedo, P., Faculdade de Ciências Sociais. Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Cidade Universitária José da Silveira Netto, Avenida Augusto Corrêa N 1, Guamá, CEP Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil","Background: In the Amazon rainforest, biodiversity is a significant resource for traditional communities, as it can be used as a relevant source of protein and it has a promising zootherapeutic potential. Studies on knowledge and ways how local peoples use the fauna are still incipient. This paper presents both the knowledge on and food and medicinal uses of common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) by riverine communities in an Amazon floodplain region.Methods: The study was conducted with riverine communities in the municipality of Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil. The main methods used were structured and semi-structured interviews, the “ snowball“ technique, and participant observation.Results: The study showed that D. marsupialis has an undeniable cultural significance for the local community, both in terms of food and medicine. Its meat is prized by inhabitants as it is classified as tasty, soft and, in some cases, it is designated as the best bushmeat in the region. The interviewees have demonstrated a thorough knowledge on various aspects of the animal's biology, such as its diet, behavior, and places of occurrence. The hunting activity is practiced by men, but the preparation of meat and medicinal oil are tasks mainly performed by women. In medical terms, common opossum is used in the treatment of various diseases, such as rheumatism, asthma, sore throat, and inflammation. Given the importance of this species, its meat or live individuals are often sold in the city fair at prices that can reach R$ 40.00 (U$D 18,00) per individual.Conclusions: D. marsupialis is an important source of protein for riverine communities in the region studied. Its fat is used as a traditional medicine and it is indicated for many types of diseases. Although the species concerned is treated with hostility in various Brazilian regions, in the case of Abaetetuba this animal is strongly prized due to the good quality of its meat. However, despite the value assigned to the species, its consumption should be the subject of further studies, as this marsupial species has been described as a reservoir for parasites that cause severe diseases. © 2014 Barros and de Aguiar Azevedo; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Amazon rainforest; Didelphis marsupialis; Ethnozoology; Hunting; Traditional Medicine","Didelphidae; Didelphis marsupialis; adult; aged; animal; biodiversity; Brazil; classification; Didelphis; ecology; female; food; human; knowledge; male; middle aged; traditional medicine; Adult; Aged; Animals; Biodiversity; Brazil; Didelphis; Ecology; Female; Food; Humans; Knowledge; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Middle Aged","Barros, F.B.; Programas de Pós-Gradução em Agriculturas Amazônicas(PPGAA) e Antropologia, Universidade Federal do Pará. Avenida Augusto Corrêa, Cidade Universitária José da Silveira Netto, Guamá, N 1, Brazil",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",17464269,,,"25209094","English","J. Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84907390728
"Bair-Brake H., Bell T., Higgins A., Bailey N., Duda M., Shapiro S., Eves H.E., Marano N., Galland G.","53873671000;57129930500;55701933300;55701941700;55701342400;24777092400;8556306100;6701432952;7006273996;","Is that a rodent in your luggage? A mixed method approach to describe bushmeat importation into the United States",2014,"Zoonoses and Public Health","61","2",,"97","104",,22,"10.1111/zph.12050","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893825469&doi=10.1111%2fzph.12050&partnerID=40&md5=35540f9af21e9af5d7e54fb68bb6dc68","Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA, United States; Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, Washington, DC, United States; Responsive Management, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech, College of Natural Resources and Environment, National Capital Region, Arlington, VA, United States","Bair-Brake, H., Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Bell, T., Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA, United States; Higgins, A., Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Bailey, N., Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, Washington, DC, United States; Duda, M., Responsive Management, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; Shapiro, S., Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Eves, H.E., Virginia Tech, College of Natural Resources and Environment, National Capital Region, Arlington, VA, United States; Marano, N., Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Galland, G., Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States","Bushmeat, defined as meat derived from wild animals, is a potential source of zoonotic pathogens. Bushmeat from restricted animals is illegal to import into the United States under US federal regulations. We reviewed US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) port of entry surveillance records from September 2005 through December 2010 and conducted focus group studies to describe trends in and reasons for bushmeat importation into the United States. In total, 543 confiscated bushmeat items were recorded. Half of the confiscated bushmeat items identified were rodents. Africa was the most frequent continent of origin. Seasonality was evident, with bushmeat confiscations peaking in late spring to early summer. Four times more bushmeat was confiscated during an enhanced surveillance period in June 2010 compared with the same period in previous years, suggesting that routine surveillance underestimated the amount of bushmeat detected at US Ports of Entry. Focus groups held in three major US cities revealed that bushmeat importation is a multifaceted issue. Longstanding cultural practices of hunting and eating bushmeat make it difficult for consumers to acknowledge potential health and ecologic risks. Also, US merchants selling African goods, including bushmeat, in their stores have caused confusion among importers as to whether importation is truly illegal. Enhancing routine surveillance for bushmeat and consistent enforcement of penalties at all ports of entry, along with health education aimed at bushmeat importers, might be useful to deter illegal importation. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.","African wildlife; Bushmeat; Confiscation; Focus group; Importation; Zoonoses","African wildlife; Bushmeat; confiscation; focus group; importation; Zoonoses; Africa, Western; Animals; Animals, Wild; Commerce; Female; Focus Groups; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Humans; Male; Meat; Public Health; Rodentia; Seasons; United States; Zoonoses","Bair-Brake, H.; Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; email: hhb9@cdc.gov",,,18631959,,,"23678947","English","Zoonoses Public Health",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84893825469
"Jobbins S.E., Sanderson C.E., Alexander K.A.","36245346000;16744537700;7203058067;","Leptospira interrogans at the human-wildlife interface in Northern Botswana: A newly identified public health threat",2014,"Zoonoses and Public Health","61","2",,"113","123",,17,"10.1111/zph.12052","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893819636&doi=10.1111%2fzph.12052&partnerID=40&md5=4476b5bdd889a980862bb379f14748bb","Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana; Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States","Jobbins, S.E., Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Sanderson, C.E., Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Alexander, K.A., Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States","Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. In northern Botswana, humans live in close proximity to a diversity of wildlife and peridomestic rodents and may be exposed to a variety of zoonotic pathogens. Little is known regarding the occurrence and epidemiology of L. interrogans in Africa despite the recognized global importance of this zoonotic disease and the threat it poses to public health. In Botswana, banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) live in close proximity to humans across protected and unprotected landscapes and may be a useful sentinel species for assessing the occurrence of zoonotic organisms, such as L. interrogans. We utilized PCR to screen banded mongoose kidneys for leptospiral DNA and identified 41.5% prevalence of renal carriage of L. interrogans (exact binomial 95% CI 27.7-56.7%, n = 41). Renal carriage was also detected in one Selous' mongoose (Paracynictis selousi). This is the first published confirmation of carriage of L. interrogans in either species. This is also the first report of L. interrogans occurrence in northern Botswana and the only report of this organism in a wildlife host in the country. Pathogenic Leptospira are usually transmitted indirectly to humans through soil or water contaminated with infected urine. Other avenues, such as direct contact between humans and wildlife, as well as consumption of mongooses and other wildlife as bushmeat, may pose additional exposure risk and must be considered in public health management of this newly identified zoonotic disease threat. There is a critical need to characterize host species involvement and pathogen transmission dynamics, including human-wildlife interactions that may increase human exposure potential and infection risk. We recommend that public health strategy be modified to include sensitization of medical practitioners to the presence of L. interrogans in the region, the potential for human infection, and implementation of clinical screening. This study illustrates the need for increased focus on neglected zoonotic diseases as they present an important threat to public health. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.","Africa; Banded mongoose; Botswana; Bushmeat; Leptospirosis; Public health; Zoonotic disease","Africa; banded mongoose; Botswana; bushmeat; Leptospirosis; public health; zoonotic disease; Animals; Base Sequence; Botswana; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Female; Geography; Herpestidae; Host Specificity; Humans; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Male; Meat; Molecular Sequence Data; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Public Health; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Zoonoses","Alexander, K.A.; Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; email: kathyalx@vt.edu",,,18631959,,,"23672285","English","Zoonoses Public Health",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84893819636
"Luskin M.S., Christina E.D., Kelley L.C., Potts M.D.","35812162200;56053956000;37047349100;7102163967;","Modern Hunting Practices and Wild Meat Trade in the Oil Palm Plantation-Dominated Landscapes of Sumatra, Indonesia",2014,"Human Ecology","42","1",,"35","45",,45,"10.1007/s10745-013-9606-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895068325&doi=10.1007%2fs10745-013-9606-8&partnerID=40&md5=4253101eeb74c8529daad22ddf32c9db","Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States","Luskin, M.S., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States; Christina, E.D., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States; Kelley, L.C., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States; Potts, M.D., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States","The ongoing expansion of plantation agriculture has changed the ecological, demographic, and social conditions of Southeast Asia's forested areas, yet little is known about hunting practices in these novel landscapes. Using information from 73 in-depth interviews with hunters, agricultural workers and wild meat dealers in the Jambi province of Sumatra, Indonesia, we describe contemporary hunting practices, including how hunting methods, wildlife harvest and consumption rates vary between different indigenous and immigrant ethnic groups. Hunting is now primarily a commercial endeavor for harvesting wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat; over 7500 wild boars were sold in Jambi City alone in 2011. The Muslim majority avoids wild boar for religious reasons, but there is substantial local and export demand driven by Chinese and Christian Batak. We conclude that hunting within oil palm plantations may reduce crop damage from wild boar and also yield large amounts of wild meat with relatively little by-catch of threatened animals. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Bushmeat; Human-wildlife conflict; Jambi; Livelihoods; Palm oil; Rubber; Southeast Asia; Sustainable hunting; Tropical rain forest; Wild boar (Sus scrofa); Wildlife harvest",,"Luskin, M. S.; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States; email: luskin@berkeley.edu",,,03007839,,,,"English","Hum. Ecol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84895068325
"Nuwer R., Bell D.","57218557614;7403647415;","Identifying and quantifying the threats to biodiversity in the U Minh peat swamp forests of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam",2014,"ORYX","48","1",,"88","94",,8,"10.1017/S0030605312000865","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890538348&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605312000865&partnerID=40&md5=f618c8cdb55519e822407f38d7b20b95","School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom","Nuwer, R., School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Bell, D., School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom","The landscape of U Minh in southern Vietnam contains the country's last remaining fragments of peat swamp forest and is home to several globally threatened species. Despite the presence of two national parks, evidence indicates that illegal natural resource use by local communities has had a significant effect on species populations. We investigated the nature and extent of natural resource use in U Minh. Interviews revealed that location is a significant determining factor in whether or not individuals choose to harvest resources, suggesting that the national parks are having some positive results in curtailing illegal harvesting. Most hunting and fishing is carried out for trade purposes and most interviewees indicated a preference for consuming livestock, suggesting that resource users do not rely on wildlife for subsistence but rather for supplementing their income. People who prefer consuming wild meat were found to be more likely to harvest natural resources than people who prefer consuming livestock, demonstrating a potential link between these behavioural issues. The preference for wild meat decreases with increasing price, in contrast with urban consumers who value more expensive wild meat varieties, which suggests that different factors are driving wild meat consumption among the rural Vietnamese. The majority of interviewees perceived a decrease in species populations, attributing the decline primarily to harvesting pressures and thus indicating that strict regulation of illegal harvesting activities is necessary to protect U Minh's remaining biodiversity. Copyright © 2013 Fauna & Flora International.","Fishing; Hunting; Pangolin; Peat swamp; Resource use; U Minh; Vietnam; Wild meat","biodiversity; bushmeat; endangered species; fishing; habitat fragmentation; harvesting; indigenous population; insectivore; livestock; national park; natural resource; poaching; population decline; resource use; swamp forest; Mekong Delta; Viet Nam","Nuwer, R.; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; email: RachelNuwer@gmail.com",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84890538348
"Parry L., Barlow J., Pereira H.","23028858100;7402197897;55958165300;","Wildlife Harvest and Consumption in Amazonia's Urbanized Wilderness",2014,"Conservation Letters","7","6",,"565","574",,35,"10.1111/conl.12151","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84919870816&doi=10.1111%2fconl.12151&partnerID=40&md5=ea87981256a9224a31d6239610c14882","Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Avenida Perimetral 1901, Bairro Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-530, Brazil; Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas São Paulo, CEP 13083-896, Brazil","Parry, L., Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Avenida Perimetral 1901, Bairro Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-530, Brazil; Barlow, J., Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Avenida Perimetral 1901, Bairro Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-530, Brazil; Pereira, H., Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas São Paulo, CEP 13083-896, Brazil","Urbanization of forested wilderness could threaten biodiversity if expanding cities drive demand for wildlife as food. We examined the scale and drivers of urban wildlife consumption in the forested prefrontier of Brazilian Amazonia, defined as municipalities (n = 73) with over 90% of their original forest cover still intact. A representative survey of two prefrontier cities indicated that virtually all urban households consume wildlife, including fish (99%), bushmeat (mammals and birds; 79%), chelonians (48%) and caimans (28%)-alarming evidence of an underreported wild-meat crisis in the heart of Amazonia. We also report rapid growth of cities and inadequate resources to deter illegal consumption in this urbanized wilderness covering 1.86 million km2. We evaluate relevant policy levers and conclude that poverty-alleviation programs may accelerate a long-term transition from consumption of wildlife as an economical source of protein for the poor to luxury food for the wealthy. We argue that innovative environmental governance could limit wildlife consumption to only harvest-tolerant species. Researchers and policy-makers should engage with policies and ideas that promote poverty alleviation and supply poor city-dwellers with affordable alternatives to eating wildlife. © 2014 The Authors.","Brazil; Bushmeat; Cities; Fishing; Hunting; Sustainability; Urbanization","Aves; Caiman; Mammalia","Parry, L.; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster UniversityUnited Kingdom",,"Wiley-Blackwell",1755263X,,,,"English","Conserv. Lett.",Note,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84919870816
"Paige S.B., Frost S.D.W., Gibson M.A., Jones J.H., Shankar A., Switzer W.M., Ting N., Goldberg T.L.","55657610200;7102366418;7202145988;55725769400;36197215200;7006277806;23098872600;7103004285;","Beyond Bushmeat: Animal Contact, Injury, and Zoonotic Disease Risk in Western Uganda",2014,"EcoHealth","11","4",,"534","543",,32,"10.1007/s10393-014-0942-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939878292&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-014-0942-y&partnerID=40&md5=06e8240d039c9983522c45cf6b38f90b","Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Anthropology, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States; Global Health Institute, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI  53706, United States","Paige, S.B., Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Frost, S.D.W., Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Gibson, M.A., Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Jones, J.H., Department of Anthropology, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Shankar, A., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Switzer, W.M., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Ting, N., Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States; Goldberg, T.L., Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, Global Health Institute, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI  53706, United States","Zoonotic pathogens cause an estimated 70% of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in humans. In sub-Saharan Africa, bushmeat hunting and butchering is considered the primary risk factor for human–wildlife contact and zoonotic disease transmission, particularly for the transmission of simian retroviruses. However, hunting is only one of many activities in sub-Saharan Africa that bring people and wildlife into contact. Here, we examine human–animal interaction in western Uganda, identifying patterns of injuries from animals and contact with nonhuman primates. Additionally, we identify individual-level risk factors associated with contact. Nearly 20% (246/1,240) of participants reported either being injured by an animal or having contact with a primate over their lifetimes. The majority (51.7%) of injuries were dog bites that healed with no long-term medical consequences. The majority (76.8%) of 125 total primate contacts involved touching a carcass; however, butchering (20%), hunting (10%), and touching a live primate (10%) were also reported. Red colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) accounted for most primate contact events. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that men who live adjacent to forest fragments are at elevated risk of animal contact and specifically primate contact. Our results provide a useful comparison to West and Central Africa where “bushmeat hunting” is the predominant paradigm for human–wildlife contact and zoonotic disease transmission. © 2014, International Association for Ecology and Health.","Kibale National Park; risk factors; Uganda; zoonotic disease","adolescent; adult; age; animal; bites and stings; child; dog; female; human; male; middle aged; occupation; preschool child; primate; risk factor; sex difference; transmission; Uganda; virology; wild animal; zoonosis; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Wild; Bites and Stings; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Primates; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Uganda; Zoonoses","Goldberg, T.L.; Global Health Institute, 1656 Linden Drive, United States",,"Springer New York LLC",16129202,,,"24845574","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84939878292
"Svensson M.S., Friant S.C.","35225488000;24922986000;","Threats from trading and hunting of pottos and angwantibos in Africa resemble those faced by slow lorises in Asia",2014,"Endangered Species Research","23","2",,"107","114",,11,"10.3354/esr00572","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84914159795&doi=10.3354%2fesr00572&partnerID=40&md5=98167eb7d31c293602fecbe1b22c576b","Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-MadisonWI  53706, United States","Svensson, M.S., Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Friant, S.C., Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-MadisonWI  53706, United States","Hunting and trading of wildlife, including primates, has been occurring for thousands of years. However, the rapid escalation of the bushmeat trade and the trade in live animals and body parts in recent years have come to present a serious threat to biodiversity. Asian slow lorises Nycticebus spp. are at a high risk of extinction due to their trade in wildlife markets. The African lorisiformes (pottos Perodicticus spp. and angwantibos Arctocebus spp.) are closely re-lated to Asian slow lorises, and show similar behaviour and ecology. Here, we present an ex-ploratory study comparing the threats faced by African and Asian lorises. Furthermore, we examine the overall trend of the African lorisid trade. We conducted a comprehensive literature review covering all African lorisid range countries, analysed export and import data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) database, distributed questionnaires to researchers in the field and carried out an in-depth questionnaire in Nigeria. Pottos were the most commonly hunted primate in the Nigerian focal villages studied herein, and 72% of respondents reported eating their meat at least once a month. The questionnaire responses from researchers reported on all types of trade, varying across different areas. The literature reported hunting of Perodicticinae, but it did not mirror our findings from the 2 questionnaires. Increased research into Asian slow lorises has revealed trade to be a real impediment to their conservation, and our data strongly suggest that the threat is of equal importance to the conservation of their African counterparts. © Inter-Research 2014.","Africa; Arctocebus; Conservation; Perodicticus; Questionnaire; Wildlife trade",,"Svensson, M.S.; Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes UniversityUnited Kingdom",,"Inter-Research",18635407,,,,"English","Endanger. Species Res.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84914159795
"Gogarten J.F., Akoua-Koffi C., Calvignac-Spencer S., Leendertz S.A.J., Weiss S., Couacy-Hymann E., Koné I., Peeters M., Wittig R.M., Boesch C., Hahn B.H., Leendertz F.H.","49663142800;55908558300;55139371100;36164919500;57201346031;13003787900;6507671063;7203079647;8617029400;26642873000;56882318200;6602340558;","The ecology of primate retroviruses - An assessment of 12 years of retroviral studies in the Taï national park area, Côte d'Ivoire",2014,"Virology","460-461","1",,"147","153",,14,"10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901480107&doi=10.1016%2fj.virol.2014.05.012&partnerID=40&md5=fc1a905ade4be2cb8c97d0e4b76954f9","Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany; Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Reseach Center for the Development, Teaching Hospital, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Cote d'Ivoire; Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire, Cote d'Ivoire; Taï Monkey Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, CÔte d'Ivoire and Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, B.P. 1303 Abidjan, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire; UMI 233, TransVIHMI, Institute for Research and Development (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Department of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States","Gogarten, J.F., Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany, Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Akoua-Koffi, C., Reseach Center for the Development, Teaching Hospital, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Cote d'Ivoire; Calvignac-Spencer, S., Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany; Leendertz, S.A.J., Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany; Weiss, S., Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany; Couacy-Hymann, E., Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire, Cote d'Ivoire; Koné, I., Taï Monkey Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, CÔte d'Ivoire and Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, B.P. 1303 Abidjan, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire; Peeters, M., UMI 233, TransVIHMI, Institute for Research and Development (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Wittig, R.M., Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Boesch, C., Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Hahn, B.H., Department of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Leendertz, F.H., Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany","The existence and genetic make-up of most primate retroviruses was revealed by studies of bushmeat and fecal samples from unhabituated primate communities. For these, detailed data on intra- and within-species contact rates are generally missing, which makes identification of factors influencing transmission a challenging task. Here we present an assessment of 12 years of research on primate retroviruses in the Taï National Park area, CÔte d'Ivoire. We discuss insights gained into the prevalence, within- and cross-species transmission of primate retroviruses (including towards local human populations) and the importance of virus-host interactions in determining cross-species transmission risk. Finally we discuss how retroviruses ecology and evolution may change in a shifting environment and identify avenues for future research. © 2014.","Emerging infectious diseases; Infectious disease ecology; Simian foamy virus; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1; Zoonosis","article; Cote d'Ivoire; genetic similarity; microbial diversity; molecular phylogeny; national park; nonhuman; prevalence; primate; priority journal; Retrovirus; Simian foamy virus; Simian immunodeficiency virus; simian T cell leukemia virus type 1; vertical transmission; virus cell interaction; virus detection; virus load; virus morphology; virus resistance; virus strain; virus transmission; zoonosis; Emerging infectious diseases; Infectious disease ecology; Simian foamy virus; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1; Zoonosis; Animals; Animals, Wild; Cote d'Ivoire; Humans; Phylogeny; Primate Diseases; Primates; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections; Zoonoses","Leendertz, F.H.; Robert Koch-Institute, Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; email: leendertzf@rki.de",,"Academic Press Inc.",00426822,,VIRLA,"25010280","English","Virology",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84901480107
"Pernet O., Schneider B.S., Beaty S.M., Lebreton M., Yun T.E., Park A., Zachariah T.T., Bowden T.A., Hitchens P., Ramirez C.M., Daszak P., Mazet J., Freiberg A.N., Wolfe N.D., Lee B.","35077358800;7402401766;53363107400;55905668100;36996829000;37023357400;15758449900;24340921000;26025975000;57189292940;7003646071;7005723108;24758111700;7005047509;8128481100;","Evidence for henipavirus spillover into human populations in Africa",2014,"Nature Communications","5",, 5342,"","",,71,"10.1038/ncomms6342","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920794111&doi=10.1038%2fncomms6342&partnerID=40&md5=5fd50cfdccacde5fa226e26e9cacfbdf","Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA  90095, United States; Global Viral/Metabiota Laboratory Sciences, San Francisco, CA  90104, United States; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY  10029, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX  77555, United States; Brevard Zoo Veterinary Services, Brevard Zoo, Melbourne, FL  32940, United States; Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA  95616, United States; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA  90095, United States; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY  10001, United States","Pernet, O., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA  90095, United States; Schneider, B.S., Global Viral/Metabiota Laboratory Sciences, San Francisco, CA  90104, United States; Beaty, S.M., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA  90095, United States, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY  10029, United States; Lebreton, M., Global Viral/Metabiota Laboratory Sciences, San Francisco, CA  90104, United States; Yun, T.E., Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX  77555, United States; Park, A., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA  90095, United States, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY  10029, United States; Zachariah, T.T., Brevard Zoo Veterinary Services, Brevard Zoo, Melbourne, FL  32940, United States; Bowden, T.A., Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Hitchens, P., Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA  95616, United States; Ramirez, C.M., Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA  90095, United States; Daszak, P., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY  10001, United States; Mazet, J., Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA  95616, United States; Freiberg, A.N., Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX  77555, United States; Wolfe, N.D., Global Viral/Metabiota Laboratory Sciences, San Francisco, CA  90104, United States; Lee, B., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA  90095, United States, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY  10029, United States","Zoonotic transmission of lethal henipaviruses (HNVs) from their natural fruit bat reservoirs to humans has only been reported in Australia and South/Southeast Asia. However, a recent study discovered numerous HNV clades in African bat samples. To determine the potential for HNV spillover events among humans in Africa, here we examine well-curated sets of bat (Eidolon helvum, n=44) and human (n=497) serum samples from Cameroon for Nipah virus (NiV) cross-neutralizing antibodies (NiV-X-Nabs). Using a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudoparticle seroneutralization assay, we detect NiV-X-Nabs in 48% and 3-4% of the bat and human samples, respectively. Seropositive human samples are found almost exclusively in individuals who reported butchering bats for bushmeat. Seropositive human sera also neutralize Hendra virus and Gh-M74a (an African HNV) pseudoparticles, as well as live NiV. Butchering bat meat and living in areas undergoing deforestation are the most significant risk factors associated with seropositivity. Evidence for HNV spillover events warrants increased surveillance efforts. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.",,"antibody; virus envelope protein; neutralizing antibody; virus antibody; antibody; bat; bioassay; cladistics; disease transmission; human geography; meat; pathogen; serum; virus; Africa; antibody blood level; Article; bat; blood sampling; Cameroon; controlled study; deforestation; follow up; Hendra virus; Henipavirus; human; Nipah virus; Nipah virus infection; nonhuman; Paramyxoviridae; Sendai virus; seroprevalence; Vesiculovirus; virus particle; animal; blood; Henipavirus infection; immunology; physiology; serodiagnosis; transmission; virology; zoonosis; Africa; Eidolon helvum; Hendra virus; Henipavirus; Nipah virus; Vesicular stomatitis virus; Africa; Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Chiroptera; Henipavirus Infections; Humans; Neutralization Tests; Nipah Virus; Zoonoses","Lee, B.; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUnited States",,"Nature Publishing Group",20411723,,,"25405640","English","Nat. Commun.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84920794111
"Carpenter A.I., Andreone F., Moore R.D., Griffiths R.A.","7101603703;7003597581;8106694300;55227062300;","A review of the international trade in amphibians: The types, levels and dynamics of trade in CITES-listed species",2014,"ORYX","754",,,"","",,,"10.1017/S0030605312001627","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938056303&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605312001627&partnerID=40&md5=fdf8a53cb0cc84c745c68ffed226e883","Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Amphibian Specialist Group, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy; Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","Carpenter, A.I., Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Andreone, F., Amphibian Specialist Group, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy; Moore, R.D., Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States; Griffiths, R.A., Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","Globally, amphibians face many potential threats, including international trade. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the types, levels and dynamics of the amphibian trade at the global scale. This study reviewed the trade in CITES-listed species between 1976 and 2007. Four main trade groups (eggs, skins, meat and individuals) were identified. Trade in amphibian leather focused on Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (5,572 individuals), whereas trade in eggs focused on Ambystoma mexicanum (6,027 eggs). However, for the entire study period (1976-2007), trade in skins and eggs was small compared with trade in meat and live animals. The meat trade was estimated to be worth > USD 111 million, whereas the trade in live animals was estimated to be worth > USD 11.5 million in only three of the genera involved. Trade dynamics have changed as a result of changes in legislation, such as a ban on H. tigerinus exports from Bangladesh for meat. Within the live trade 22 species categorized as either Critically Endangered or Endangered were traded during the study period, and these require greater attention. International trade and potential conservation benefits are affected by countries supplying captive-bred individuals to their domestic markets as this trade goes unrecorded. However, this study only investigated trade in species listed by CITES, and other species may comprise a significant additional component of international trade. The trade in amphibians is dynamic, and changes in both the types of trade and the species concerned were identified over the study period. Conservation concerns have multiplied from issues concerning population depletions to include indirect impacts associated with disease, predation and competition, which requires a reappraisal of data capture and reporting. Copyright © Fauna & Flora International 2014.","amphibian conservation; Amphibians; bushmeat; CITES; pet trade; wildlife trade","amphibian; bushmeat; captive breeding; CITES; conservation management; cost analysis; egg; endangered species; international trade; nature conservation; population decline; skin; trade-environment relations; Bangladesh; Ambystoma mexicanum; Amphibia; Animalia; Hoplobatrachus tigerinus","Carpenter, A.I.; Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East AngliaUnited Kingdom",,"Cambridge University Press",00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84938056303
"Carpenter A.I., Andreone F., Moore R.D., Griffiths R.A.","7101603703;7003597581;8106694300;55227062300;","A review of the international trade in amphibians: The types, levels and dynamics of trade in CITES-listed species",2014,"ORYX","48","4",,"565","574",,17,"10.1017/S0030605312001627","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926420803&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605312001627&partnerID=40&md5=7b312f18d08949e246d0c9f6c18a5624","Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Amphibian Specialist Group/Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy; Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","Carpenter, A.I., Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Andreone, F., Amphibian Specialist Group/Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy; Moore, R.D., Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States; Griffiths, R.A., Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","Globally, amphibians face many potential threats, including international trade. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the types, levels and dynamics of the amphibian trade at the global scale. This study reviewed the trade in CITES-listed species between 1976 and 2007. Four main trade groups (eggs, skins, meat and individuals) were identified. Trade in amphibian leather focused on Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (5,572 individuals), whereas trade in eggs focused on Ambystoma mexicanum (6,027 eggs). However, for the entire study period (1976-2007), trade in skins and eggs was small compared with trade in meat and live animals. The meat trade was estimated to be worth > USD 111 million, whereas the trade in live animals was estimated to be worth > USD 11.5 million in only three of the genera involved. Trade dynamics have changed as a result of changes in legislation, such as a ban on H. tigerinus exports from Bangladesh for meat. Within the live trade 22 species categorized as either Critically Endangered or Endangered were traded during the study period, and these require greater attention. International trade and potential conservation benefits are affected by countries supplying captive-bred individuals to their domestic markets as this trade goes unrecorded. However, this study only investigated trade in species listed by CITES, and other species may comprise a significant additional component of international trade. The trade in amphibians is dynamic, and changes in both the types of trade and the species concerned were identified over the study period. Conservation concerns have multiplied from issues concerning population depletions to include indirect impacts associated with disease, predation and competition, which requires a reappraisal of data capture and reporting. Copyright © Fauna & Flora International 2014.","amphibian conservation; Amphibians; bushmeat; CITES; pet trade; wildlife trade","amphibian; bushmeat; CITES; conservation management; cost analysis; data acquisition; endangered species; international trade; literature review; poaching; Bangladesh; Ambystoma mexicanum; Amphibia; Animalia; Hoplobatrachus tigerinus","Carpenter, A.I.; Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East AngliaUnited Kingdom",,"Cambridge University Press",00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84926420803
"Muehlenbein M.P., Wallis J.","6603240648;7103223525;","Considering risks of Pathogen transmission associated with primate-based tourism",2014,"Primate Tourism: A Tool for Conservation",,,,"278","291",,12,"10.1017/9781139087407.021","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929288981&doi=10.1017%2f9781139087407.021&partnerID=40&md5=f440f9dc5c6c44eb6e908b36790c28c1","Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory, Anthropology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Environment (IPE), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States","Muehlenbein, M.P., Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory, Anthropology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Wallis, J., Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Environment (IPE), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States","Sustainable, nature-based tourism should attempt to educate visitors about wildlife and the environment, while minimizing modification or degradation of the natural resources in the sites they visit. When possible, these activities should broadly benefit the social and natural environments by involving the participation of local communities (Ceballos-Lascuráin, 1996). And, if managed well, nature-based tourism should facilitate species conservation by raising the needed funds for wildlife and habitat conservation, while increasing public awareness of conservation issues. Unfortunately, rapid and unmonitored development of tourism projects in protected areas can produce deleterious effects on the very species we wish to conserve. Such risks may include habitat degradation caused by pollution and environmentally damaging development of infrastructure; animal crowding into restricted areas; and the introduction of invasive species. These issues take on special importance when the species in question are (nonhuman) primates. Most wild populations of primates are relatively small and their reproductive cycles are protracted (with low reproductive rates relative to most mammals of similar size), so they are particularly vulnerable to population decreases, including those that result from human activities. Humans have contributed to significant population declines of wild primates through hunting and bushmeat consumption, habitat loss and fragmentation, and illegal capture of live primates for entertainment or other purposes. Tourism activities involving primates in their native habitat (including free-living rehabilitants as well as their wild counterparts) could benefit primate conservation but we must remain diligent about monitoring potential negative consequences, especially since primate tourism has been increasing in popularity over the past few decades. For example, the habituation to human presence essential to primate tourism may increase the likelihood that these animals will raid crops, invade garbage pits, and break into vehicles or lodgings for food. They may also become more vulnerable to poaching as a result of their loss of fear, their natural diet and ranging may become permanently altered, and their normal social behaviors may become altered (e.g. the appearance of a group of tourists may interrupt mating behaviors). Many of the chapters in this volume document these tourism impacts on the primates visited. Habituation could even lead to alterations in animal stress responses, possibly leading to immunosuppression with decreased reproductive success and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases (Muehlenbein, 2009; Muehlenbein et al., 2012). © Cambridge University Press 2014.",,,,,"Cambridge University Press",,9781139087407; 9781107018129,,,"English","Primate Tourism: A Tool for Conservation",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84929288981
"Lindsey P.A., Barnes J., Nyirenda V., Pumfrett B., Tambling C.J., Taylor W.A., Rolfes M.T.","8585167100;7402288032;55857334800;56018697800;8561037400;57213201025;57198352007;","The zambian wildlife ranching industry: Scale, associated benefits, and limitations affecting its development",2013,"PLoS ONE","8","12", e81761,"","",,13,"10.1371/journal.pone.0081761","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893205912&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0081761&partnerID=40&md5=2436a0f617dae92f5e640abcd8bd20ce","Lion Program, Panthera, New York, NY, United States; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Design and Development Services, Windhoek, Namibia; Zambia Wildlife Authority, Chilanga, Lusaka Province, Zambia; Kafue Trust, Lusaka, Lusaka Province, Zambia; Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Independent Consultant, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa","Lindsey, P.A., Lion Program, Panthera, New York, NY, United States, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Barnes, J., Design and Development Services, Windhoek, Namibia; Nyirenda, V., Zambia Wildlife Authority, Chilanga, Lusaka Province, Zambia; Pumfrett, B., Kafue Trust, Lusaka, Lusaka Province, Zambia; Tambling, C.J., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Taylor, W.A., Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Rolfes, M.T., Independent Consultant, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa","The number and area of wildlife ranches in Zambia increased from 30 and 1,420 km2 in 1997 to 177 and ∼6,000 km2 by 2012. Wild ungulate populations on wildlife ranches increased from 21,000 individuals in 1997 to ∼91,000 in 2012, while those in state protected areas declined steeply. Wildlife ranching and crocodile farming have a turnover of ∼USD15.7 million per annum, compared to USD16 million from the public game management areas which encompass an area 29 times larger. The wildlife ranching industry employs 1,200 people (excluding jobs created in support industries), with a further ∼1,000 individuals employed through crocodile farming. Wildlife ranches generate significant quantities of meat (295,000 kg/annum), of which 30,000 kg of meat accrues to local communities and 36,000 kg to staff. Projected economic returns from wildlife ranching ventures are high, with an estimated 20-year economic rate of return of 28%, indicating a strong case for government support for the sector. There is enormous scope for wildlife ranching in Zambia due to the availability of land, high diversity of wildlife and low potential for commercial livestock production. However, the Zambian wildlife ranching industry is small and following completion of field work for this study, there was evidence of a significant proportion of ranchers dropping out. The industry is performing poorly, due to inter alia: rampant commercial bushmeat poaching; failure of government to allocate outright ownership of wildlife to landowners; bureaucratic hurdles; perceived historical lack of support from the Zambia Wildlife Authority and government; a lack of a clear policy on wildlife ranching; and a ban on hunting on unfenced lands including game ranches. For the wildlife ranching industry to develop, these limitations need to be addressed decisively. These findings are likely to apply to other savanna countries with large areas of marginal land potentially suited to wildlife ranching.",,"agricultural land; animal hunting; animal husbandry; article; crocodile; economic development; environmental economics; environmental planning; farm; female; financial management; government regulation; harvesting; livestock; male; meat industry; nonhuman; savanna; sustainable development; wildlife; Zambia; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Zambia","Lindsey, P.A.; Lion Program, Panthera, New York, NY, United States; email: plindsey@panthera.org",,,19326203,,POLNC,"24367493","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84893205912
"Minhós T., Wallace E., Ferreira da Silva M.J., Sá R.M., Carmo M., Barata A., Bruford M.W.","55609438400;53164947100;55831382700;14029110700;55831748900;57009169100;56840234000;","DNA identification of primate bushmeat from urban markets in Guinea-Bissau and its implications for conservation",2013,"Biological Conservation","167",,,"43","49",,19,"10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84882737655&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2013.07.018&partnerID=40&md5=1a3fe069f1d8eb947f2ef1e41f4e18b7","Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Room C/5.15, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom; CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), DBA, Lisbon University, Campo Grande, Edifício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; CIBIO/InBio, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Porto University, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Centre for Research in Anthropology, ISCTE, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Anthropology, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Av. de Berna, 26-C, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal; Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, Psychology University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic","Minhós, T., Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Room C/5.15, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom, CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), DBA, Lisbon University, Campo Grande, Edifício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Wallace, E., Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Room C/5.15, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom; Ferreira da Silva, M.J., Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Room C/5.15, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom, CIBIO/InBio, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Porto University, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Sá, R.M., Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Room C/5.15, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom, Centre for Research in Anthropology, ISCTE, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal, Department of Anthropology, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Av. de Berna, 26-C, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal, Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Carmo, M., Department of Anthropology, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Av. de Berna, 26-C, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal; Barata, A., Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, Psychology University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Bruford, M.W., Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Room C/5.15, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom","Hunting for bushmeat consumption is a major threat to wild populations. Assessing trade at markets provides a commonly used measure of its intensity and impact. However, most carcasses arrive at markets already processed, which can pose serious challenges to its identification. We aimed to estimate the bias induced by incorrect species identification on species-specific trade estimates. During a survey of primate species traded in two urban markets in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, we collected samples from 50 carcasses, for which traders provided a priori species identifications. DNA barcoding was used to estimate the bias posed by traders' testimonies in this identification and to correct frequency estimates for each traded species. Six of the ten extant primate species in Guinea-Bissau were found to be traded, with a minimum estimate of 1550 individuals/dry season, based on the DNA barcoding. Molecular identification showed that species with similar body size were frequently misidentified when relying on the information provided by market traders only. Errors were particularly large in the case of the green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), identified only four times by market-holders but revealed to be the most traded primate in Bissau after DNA barcoding. We highlight the importance using molecular tools to correctly identify bushmeat species. Our study demonstrate that ignoring the possibility of a misidentification bias can result in inadequate conservation policies by neglecting some of the most affected species. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Cercopithecus campbelli; Chlorocebus sabaeus; Colobus monkeys; Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI); Hunting; Mitochondrial DNA; Papio papio","body size; conservation planning; DNA fingerprinting; error analysis; estimation method; food consumption; market conditions; meat; molecular analysis; primate; trade flow; urban area","Minhós, T.; IGC-Instituto Gulbenkian da Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; email: trodrigues@igc.gulbenkian.pt",,,00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84882737655
"Morf N.V., Wood K.L., Köppel R., Felderer N., Daniels M., Tenger B., Kratzer A.","36680530900;55892813200;23492618100;55191349200;55641376600;55892683500;7006535337;","A multiplex PCR method to identify bushmeat species in wildlife forensics",2013,"Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series","4","1",,"e202","e203",,5,"10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.104","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84889878485&doi=10.1016%2fj.fsigss.2013.10.104&partnerID=40&md5=effb62fead06fa33c9bec662788df861","University of Zurich, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland; Tengwood Organization, Wallisellen, Switzerland; Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Morf, N.V., University of Zurich, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland; Wood, K.L., Tengwood Organization, Wallisellen, Switzerland; Köppel, R., Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Felderer, N., Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Daniels, M., Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Tenger, B., Tengwood Organization, Wallisellen, Switzerland; Kratzer, A., University of Zurich, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland","Airports are important hubs for bushmeat trade, that is, the illegal commercialization of wildlife meat, often from endangered species. While the identification of bushmeat species is sometimes possible morphologically, in most cases genetic characterization would be necessary for precise taxonomic identification. We validated a mtDNA-based species identification method for its application to bushmeat species imported into Switzerland. This method consists of a multiplex-PCR-setup with 8 primers varying in their specificity to amplify a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene in different animal classes (mammals, fishes and birds). We tested the method on meat (cooked, dried, smoked or raw) and blood samples from 24 different species, obtained from museums and butchers. Following successful PCR and sequencing, we identified the species of origin using BLAST alignments to the cytb entries in the NCBI nucleotide database. Our method also passed all validation criteria, including repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. We then applied this method to identify the taxonomic origin of 250 samples of putative bushmeat confiscated at the airports of Zurich and Geneva between September 2011 and January 2013. For 224 samples, there was sufficient DNA to allow successful sequencing. The samples belonged to one of four vertebrate groups (mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes): approximately two thirds of the analyzed samples originated from wild animals, one third of which are listed in the CITES appendices. Our validated DNA method offers a practical and easy approach for the identification of bushmeat at airports and in general in wildlife forensics. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Bushmeat; CITES; Cytochrome b; Species identification; Validation","cytochrome b; mitochondrial DNA; airport; article; bird; blood sampling; bushmeat; fish; mammal; meat; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; nonhuman; priority journal; reproducibility; reptile; species identification; Switzerland; validation study; wild animal; wildlife","Morf, N.V.; University of Zurich, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland; email: nadja.morf@irm.uzh.ch",,,18751768,,,,"English","Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84889878485
"Kilonzo C., Stopka T.J., Chomel B.","51663568900;14032343700;7005297668;","Illegal Animal and (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk of Spread of Viral Infections",2013,"Viral Infections and Global Change",,,,"179","194",,10,"10.1002/9781118297469.ch10","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926498865&doi=10.1002%2f9781118297469.ch10&partnerID=40&md5=f5711bb390e05af98cfcbc45c08edebc","Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisCA, United States; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States","Kilonzo, C., Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisCA, United States; Stopka, T.J., Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Chomel, B., Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisCA, United States","Bushmeat plays an important role in local economies, human sustenance, nutrition, international trade, culture, and the reduction of biodiversity. A number of ecological and behavioral factors contribute to increased risk of exposure to zoonoses through the bushmeat trade. While habitat conservation and wildlife sustainability may not be foremost on the mind of disease prevention specialists, opportunities to engage members of diverse communities exist that could lead to mutually beneficial collaboration across such disciplines. This chapter considers human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a case study to emphasize the worldwide impact that zoonoses can have on public health and to suggest steps that can be taken to prevent and addresses future zoonotic pandemics. It provides a detailed overview of knowledge surrounding the bushmeat trade, illegal animal trade, and emerging zoonoses and to suggest future directions in research and policy. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.","Bushmeat trade; Habitat conservation; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Illegal animal trade; Viral infections; Wildlife sustainability; Zoonoses",,"Kilonzo, C.; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisUnited States",,"wiley",,9781118297469; 9781118297872,,,"English","Viral Infect. and Glob. Chang.",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84926498865
"Woolfe M., Gurung T., Walker M.J.","6506720136;55661529500;56391440300;","Can analytical chemists do molecular biology? A survey of the up-skilling of the UK official food control system in DNA food authenticity techniques",2013,"Food Control","33","2",,"385","392",,12,"10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876703483&doi=10.1016%2fj.foodcont.2013.03.015&partnerID=40&md5=0ee7cf6c39e9abbf79df8cb17273009d","Thames Ditton, Surrey KT7 0UJ, United Kingdom; Food and Farming Science Team, Defra, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR, United Kingdom; LGC, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, United Kingdom","Woolfe, M., Thames Ditton, Surrey KT7 0UJ, United Kingdom; Gurung, T., Food and Farming Science Team, Defra, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR, United Kingdom; Walker, M.J., LGC, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, United Kingdom","That food accurately matches its description or labelling (food authenticity) is increasingly important to consumers and the agrifood sector. Its converse - mislabelling or misdescription or food fraud (when carried out for financial gain), is detrimental to both. A range of activities is used by enforcement authorities to establish authenticity and detect fraud including sampling and analysis. The UK Government, in a 20 year programme, has developed many novel analytical authenticity approaches including high resolution NMR, carbon isotope ratio analysis and DNA techniques. The flexibility, relatively lower costs and probative value of DNA methods render them particularly effective. However their deployment in the forensic environment of UK Official Food Control Laboratories (OCLs), staffed mainly by analytical chemists, required knowledge transfer (KT) of molecular biology techniques. The KT was carried out by the Food Standards Agency's Food Authenticity Programme (now transferred to Defra), and we present here the results of an assessment of its effectiveness. The findings highlight that the KT was well planned and highly effective. Competence in molecular biology in OCLs rose from 22% prior to the KT, based on qualifications and experience, to 69% after the KT based on embedding a suite of DNA methods in 11 out of 16 eligible laboratories. The transfer of 5 DNA methods (fish species, meat and exotic meat species, bushmeat species, Basmati rice, and orange juice adulteration with mandarin juice) have given OCLs an increased range of effectiveness with fish species identification having been particularly successfully applied and resulting in successful prosecutions of fraudulent activity. Given the current financial constraints in UK OCLs, a beneficial outcome has been a strategic refocussing of effort boosting enthusiasm and excitement for food authenticity issues. A further outcome of the transfer and evidence of the uptake of DNA technology has been the adoption of Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction techniques by a critical mass (31.3%) of OCLs, permitting their advanced application to problematic authenticity issues such as the detection of adulteration of durum wheat pasta with common wheat, detection of meat ingredients in vegetarian foods, and the quantitative determination of GMOs in single ingredient foods such as pasta, rice and soya. Other recommendations arising out of the study are to adapt, to a lab-on-a-chip platform, DNA methods for pig and cattle breed authentication including wild boar, and an improved Basmati rice authentication. Finally, sustainable deployment of DNA methods to address food authenticity and fraud hinges on regulatory salience of the need for it and this, along with future priorities, should be kept under regular review. © 2013.","DNA; Enforcement; Food authenticity; Food fraud","Bos; Glycine max; Suidae; Sus scrofa; Triticum aestivum; Triticum turgidum subsp. durum","Walker, M.J.; LGC, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, United Kingdom; email: michael.walker@lgcgroup.com",,,09567135,,FOOCE,,"English","Food Control",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84876703483
"Rentsch D., Damon A.","36197294200;12039887200;","Prices, poaching, and protein alternatives: An analysis of bushmeat consumption around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania",2013,"Ecological Economics","91",,,"1","9",,39,"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.03.021","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877018481&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolecon.2013.03.021&partnerID=40&md5=bbe9c29b32a6b2947f25b16599cd9e10","Frankfurt Zoological Society, PO Box 14935, Arusha, Tanzania; Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105, United States","Rentsch, D., Frankfurt Zoological Society, PO Box 14935, Arusha, Tanzania; Damon, A., Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105, United States","The consumption of meat from wild animals (or bushmeat) occurs throughout Africa and highlights the conflict between two distinct development goals: food security and biodiversity conservation. Growing human populations throughout the greater Serengeti ecosystem rely heavily on bushmeat as a source of protein, which places pressure on migratory wildlife populations. This paper uses unique data from protein consumption surveys from 131 households over 34. months in a generalizable empirical framework to estimate price, cross-price, and expenditure elasticities of protein sources, and analyze the potential economic effects of policies to mitigate bushmeat hunting and consumption. Results suggest that: (1) directly increasing the price of bushmeat through enforcement or other policies to reduce supply will have the most direct and largest effect of bushmeat consumption; (2) increasing income increases bushmeat consumption as well as consumption of other meat sources; (3) if surrounding fisheries experience a negative shock, or collapse, this will lead to a dramatic increase in bushmeat consumption. Overall, these results strongly indicate that policies to reduce bushmeat hunting while maintaining food security must be considered in a broad and comprehensive framework. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Almost Ideal Demand System; Bushmeat; Demand analysis; Food security; Tanzania","biodiversity; bushmeat; demand analysis; economic impact; environmental economics; environmental policy; food consumption; food security; hunting; income; national park; poaching; price determination; protein; sustainability; Serengeti National Park; Tanzania; Animalia","Damon, A.; Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105, United States; email: adamon@macalester.edu",,,09218009,,ECECE,,"English","Ecol. Econ.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84877018481
"Velho N., Laurance W.F.","16308482000;7006236509;","Hunting practices of an Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tribe in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India",2013,"ORYX","47","3",,"389","392",,9,"10.1017/S0030605313000252","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880737617&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605313000252&partnerID=40&md5=cd40fccefd3bdd16ff0ec50625f79d6d","Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia","Velho, N., Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; Laurance, W.F., Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia","Abstract Hunting is a serious threat to Indian wildlife. We used semi-structured interviews to assess hunting practices, cultural contexts and village-level governance within a Buddhist Indo-Tibetan tribe in the biologically rich region of Arunachal Pradesh. A large majority (96%) of the 50 respondents preferred wild meat over domestic meat, and most hunted for recreation. Species such as the Asian elephant Elephas maximus are still considered taboo to hunters but other species that were once taboo (such as gaur Bos gaurus) are now hunted. A month-long ban was previously instituted to prohibit tribal hunting during the wildlife breeding season each year but this has now decreased to 16-days duration. A multi-level governance framework is needed to resolve a mismatch between national policy in India and grass-roots governance for managing wildlife hunting. © 2013 Fauna & Flora International.","Arunachal Pradesh; biodiversity hotspot; bushmeat; hunting; India; tribal governance","breeding season; bushmeat; cultural influence; environmental policy; environmental risk; governance approach; hunting; regulatory framework; religion; ruminant; wild population; wildlife management; Arunachal Pradesh; India","Velho, N.; Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; email: nandinivelho@gmail.com",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84880737617
"Vega M.G., Carpinetti B., Duarte J., Fa J.E.","55981270500;26024628700;24173444600;7003936013;","Contrasts in Livelihoods and Protein Intake between Commercial and Subsistence Bushmeat Hunters in Two Villages on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea",2013,"Conservation Biology","27","3",,"576","587",,17,"10.1111/cobi.12067","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878156499&doi=10.1111%2fcobi.12067&partnerID=40&md5=081cd774662d34877fe3add853d7bf0f","Research Group for Sustainable Management Silvanet, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Universidad Nacional de Misiones, PPAS, Tucumán, 1605, Argentina; Biogea Consultores, C/Navarro Ledesma, 243. Portal 4-3oC, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Málaga, Spain; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; ICCS, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom","Vega, M.G., Research Group for Sustainable Management Silvanet, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Carpinetti, B., Universidad Nacional de Misiones, PPAS, Tucumán, 1605, Argentina; Duarte, J., Biogea Consultores, C/Navarro Ledesma, 243. Portal 4-3oC, 29010 Málaga, Spain, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Málaga, Spain; Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom, ICCS, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom","Across West and Central Africa, wildlife provides a source of food and income. We investigated the relation between bushmeat hunting and household wealth and protein consumption in 2 rural communities in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. One village was dedicated to commercial hunting, the other trapped game primarily for food. We tested whether commercial-hunter households were nutritionally advantaged over subsistence-hunter households due to their higher income from the bushmeat trade and greater access to wild-animal protein. We conducted bushmeat-offtake surveys in both villages (captures by hunters and carcasses arriving to each village). Mammals (including threatened primates: black colobus [Colobus satanas], Preussi's guenon [Allochrocebus preussi], and russet-eared guenon [Cercopithecus erythrotis]), birds, and reptiles were hunted. The blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), giant pouched rat (Cricetomys emini), and brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) contributed almost all the animal biomass hunted, consumed, or sold in both villages. Monkeys and Ogilbyi's duikers (Cephalophus ogilbyi) were hunted only by commercial hunters. Commercial hunters generated a mean of US$2000/year from bushmeat sales. Households with commercial hunters were on average wealthier, generated more income, spent more money on nonessential goods, and bought more products they did not grow. By contrast, households with subsistence hunters spent less on market items, spent more on essential products, and grew more of their own food. Despite these differences, average consumption of vegetable protein and domestic meat and bushmeat protein did not differ between villages. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the socioeconomic and nutritional context of commercial and subsistence bushmeat hunting to correctly interpret ways of reducing their effects on threatened species and to enable the sustainable offtake of more productive taxa. © 2013 Society for Conservation Biology.","Bioko; Household expenditure; Offtake; Protein intake; Wealth","animal; bushmeat; commercialization; food consumption; household income; hunting; protein; wildlife management; adolescent; adult; animal; article; child; comparative study; eating; endangered species; environmental protection; Equatorial Guinea; female; human; income; infant; male; meat; newborn; preschool child; protein intake; socioeconomics; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Conservation of Natural Resources; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Endangered Species; Equatorial Guinea; Female; Humans; Income; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meat; Socioeconomic Factors; Bioko; Equatorial Guinea","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"23692021","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84878156499
"Renaud A., Jamart A., Goossens B., Ross C.","55787950000;6506728895;7004918186;18435358800;","A longitudinal study on feeding behaviour and activity patterns of released chimpanzees in Conkouati-Douli National Park, Republic of Congo",2013,"Animals","3","2",,"532","550",,1,"10.3390/ani3020532","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879960997&doi=10.3390%2fani3020532&partnerID=40&md5=367bda10f26f828894b096ac846a26f8","HELP Congo (Habitat Ecologique et Liberté des Primates), BP 335, Pointe Noire, Congo; Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom; Danau Girang Field Centre, C/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom","Renaud, A., HELP Congo (Habitat Ecologique et Liberté des Primates), BP 335, Pointe Noire, Congo, Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom; Jamart, A., HELP Congo (Habitat Ecologique et Liberté des Primates), BP 335, Pointe Noire, Congo; Goossens, B., Danau Girang Field Centre, C/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom; Ross, C., Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom","Wild chimpanzee populations are still declining due to logging, disease transmission and hunting. The bushmeat trade frequently leads to an increase in the number of orphaned primates. HELP Congo was the first project to successfully release wild-born orphan chimpanzees into an existing chimpanzee habitat. A collection of post monitoring data over 16 years now offers the unique opportunity to investigate possible behavioural adaptations in these chimpanzees. We investigated the feeding and activity patterns in eight individuals via focal observation techniques from 1997-1999 and 2001-2005. Our results revealed a decline in the number of fruit and insect species in the diet of released chimpanzees over the years, whereas within the same period of time, the number of consumed seed species increased. Furthermore, we found a decline in time spent travelling, but an increase in time spent on social activities, such as grooming, as individuals matured. In conclusion, the observed changes in feeding and activity patterns seem to reflect important long-term behavioural and ecological adaptations in wild-born orphan released chimpanzees, demonstrating that the release of chimpanzees can be successful, even if it takes time for full adaptation. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Activity budget; Chimpanzees; Conservation; Diet; Reintroduction; Release; Republic of Congo",,"Renaud, A.; HELP Congo (Habitat Ecologique et Liberté des Primates), BP 335, Pointe Noire, Congo; email: amandernd@gmail.com",,,20762615,,,,"English","Animals",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84879960997
"Lindsey P.A., Balme G., Becker M., Begg C., Bento C., Bocchino C., Dickman A., Diggle R.W., Eves H., Henschel P., Lewis D., Marnewick K., Mattheus J., Weldon McNutt J., McRobb R., Midlane N., Milanzi J., Morley R., Murphree M., Opyene V., Phadima J., Purchase G., Rentsch D., Roche C., Shaw J., Westhuizen H.V.D., Vliet N.V., Zisadza-Gandiwa P.","8585167100;26967552800;23472166300;7005798534;57204257868;55588815400;6701430906;8902722700;8556306100;6603045158;7404751359;15765760400;55589364300;55197266600;55533166300;54892063000;36933928600;55589064300;6602981115;57195843409;55589005800;6508350356;36197294200;13604902800;55589498400;55889593900;54394438900;42162560400;","The bushmeat trade in African savannas: Impacts, drivers, and possible solutions",2013,"Biological Conservation","160",,,"80","96",,134,"10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873745102&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2012.12.020&partnerID=40&md5=77baeba5fdd124a01e0d06ced32c628a","Lion Program, Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States; Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Zambia Carnivore Programme, PO Box 80, Mfuwe, Zambia; Niassa Carnivore Project, Mozambique; Museu de História Natural, Maputo, Mozambique; North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; University of Oxford, United Kingdom; WWF in Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Virginia Tech, Arlington VA, United States; Endangered Wildlife Trust, Carnivore Conservation Programme, Private Bag X11, Modderfontein, 1645 Johannesburg, South Africa; Global Supplies, South Africa; Botswana Predator Conservation Trust, Private Bag 13, Maun, Botswana; South Luangwa Conservation Society, Mfuwe, Zambia; Zambia Wildlife Authority, Chilanga, Zambia; Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda; Ezemvelo Kwa-Zulu Natal Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom; Frankfurt Zoological Society, Serengeti Community Outreach Office, Tanzania; Wilderness Safaris, Johannesburg, South Africa; TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Chipinda Pools, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe; SFM Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biology, Ecology and Conservation, St. George's University, Caribbean House, West Indies, Grenada; The Ratel Trust, South Africa; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa","Lindsey, P.A., Lion Program, Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Balme, G., Lion Program, Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Becker, M., Zambia Carnivore Programme, PO Box 80, Mfuwe, Zambia, Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Begg, C., Niassa Carnivore Project, Mozambique, The Ratel Trust, South Africa; Bento, C., Museu de História Natural, Maputo, Mozambique; Bocchino, C., North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Dickman, A., University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Diggle, R.W., WWF in Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia; Eves, H., College of Natural Resources and Environment, Virginia Tech, Arlington VA, United States, Department of Biology, Ecology and Conservation, St. George's University, Caribbean House, West Indies, Grenada; Henschel, P., Lion Program, Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States; Lewis, D.; Marnewick, K., Endangered Wildlife Trust, Carnivore Conservation Programme, Private Bag X11, Modderfontein, 1645 Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Mattheus, J., Global Supplies, South Africa; Weldon McNutt, J., Botswana Predator Conservation Trust, Private Bag 13, Maun, Botswana; McRobb, R., South Luangwa Conservation Society, Mfuwe, Zambia; Midlane, N., Lion Program, Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States; Milanzi, J., Zambia Wildlife Authority, Chilanga, Zambia; Morley, R., SFM Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Murphree, M., North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Opyene, V., Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda; Phadima, J., Ezemvelo Kwa-Zulu Natal Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Purchase, G., Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Rentsch, D., Frankfurt Zoological Society, Serengeti Community Outreach Office, Tanzania; Roche, C., Wilderness Safaris, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shaw, J., TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa; Westhuizen, H.V.D., Frankfurt Zoological Society, Serengeti Community Outreach Office, Tanzania; Vliet, N.V., University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Zisadza-Gandiwa, P., Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Chipinda Pools, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe","The bushmeat trade, or the illegal acquisition and exchange of wild meat, has long been recognised as a severe problem in forest biomes, but receives little attention in savannas, perhaps due to a misconception that bushmeat hunting is a low-impact subsistence activity. Though data on impacts are scarce, indications are that bushmeat hunting is a widespread problem in savannas, with severe impacts on wildlife populations and wildlife-based land uses. The impacts of the bushmeat trade in savannas vary from edge-effects around protected areas, to disproportionate declines of some species, to severe wildlife declines in areas with inadequate anti-poaching. In some areas, bushmeat contributes significantly to food security, but these benefits are unsustainable, and hunting is wasteful, utilising a fraction of the wildlife killed or of its financial value obtainable through tourism, trophy hunting and/or legal game meat production. The bushmeat trade appears to be becoming increasingly commercialised due to elevated demand in rural areas, urban centres and even overseas cities. Other drivers for the trade include human encroachment of wildlife areas; poverty and food insecurity; and inadequate legal frameworks to enable communities to benefit legally from wildlife, and to create incentives for people to desist from illegal bushmeat hunting. These drivers are exacerbated by inadequate wildlife laws and enforcement and in some areas, political instability. Urgent efforts are needed to address these drivers and raise awareness among local and international governments of the seriousness of the threat. Failure to address this will result in severe wildlife declines widely in African savannas, with significant ecological, economic and social impacts. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","CBNRM; Community; Conservation; Game meat; Poaching; SADC; Snaring; Trapping","biome; bushmeat; economic impact; edge effect; food security; international trade; poaching; population decline; rural area; savanna; social impact; trade flow; wildlife management; Africa","Lindsey, P.A.; Lion Program, Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States; email: plindsey@panthera.org",,,00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84873745102
"Coad L., Schleicher J., Milner-Gulland E.J., Marthews T.R., Starkey M., Manica A., Balmford A., Mbombe W., Diop Bineni T.R., Abernethy K.A.","26633525100;7005088726;7003731704;24399478800;7003782115;6603416293;57207509047;55573361800;55574019700;7004267574;","Social and Ecological Change over a Decade in a Village Hunting System, Central Gabon",2013,"Conservation Biology","27","2",,"270","280",,38,"10.1111/cobi.12012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875489595&doi=10.1111%2fcobi.12012&partnerID=40&md5=da2d1cde0d9f6c5bd91ae0a6a593fb37","Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 4 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Imperial College Conservation Science Group, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, NY, 10460, United States; Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Institute de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, 13354, Gabon; African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom","Coad, L., Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 4 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Schleicher, J., Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 4 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Imperial College Conservation Science Group, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Marthews, T.R., Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 4 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Starkey, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, NY, 10460, United States; Manica, A., Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Balmford, A., Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Mbombe, W., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, NY, 10460, United States; Diop Bineni, T.R., Institute de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, 13354, Gabon; Abernethy, K.A., Institute de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, 13354, Gabon, African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom","Despite widespread recognition of the major threat to tropical forest biological diversity and local food security posed by unsustainable bushmeat hunting, virtually no long-term studies tracking the socioecological dynamics of hunting systems have been conducted. We interviewed local hunters and collected detailed hunting data to investigate changes in offtake and hunter characteristics over 10 years (2001-2010) in Dibouka and Kouagna villages, central Gabon, in the context of hunter recollections of longer term trends since the 1950s. To control for changes in hunter behavior, such as trap location and characteristics, we report hunting offtake data per trap. Our results suggest the hunting area was already highly depleted by 2001; local hunters reported that 16 large-bodied prey species had become rare or locally extirpated over the last 60 years. Overall, we observed no significant declines in hunting offtake or changes in species composition from 2001 to 2010, and offtakes per trap increased slightly between 2004 and 2010. However, trapping distance from the villages increased, and there was a switch in hunting techniques; a larger proportion of the catch was hunted with guns in 2010. The number of hunters declined by 20% from 2004 to 2010, and male livelihood activities shifted away from hunting. Hunters with the lowest hunting incomes in 2004 were more likely than successful hunters to have moved away from the village by 2010 (often in response to alternative employment opportunities). Therefore, changes in trap success (potentially related to biological factors) were interacting with system-level changes in hunter number and composition (related to external socioeconomic factors) to produce a relatively static overall offtake. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the small-scale context of hunting to correctly interpret changes or apparent stasis in hunting effort and offtake over time. © 2013 Society for Conservation Biology.","Alternative livelihoods; Bushmeat; Central Africa; CPUE; Hunter behavior; Mixed-methods; Postdepletion sustainability; Wild meat","biodiversity; community composition; data set; ecological approach; food security; hunting; meat; nature-society relations; rare species; social change; socioeconomic status; sustainability; trap (equipment); tropical forest; animal; article; biodiversity; ecosystem; environmental protection; Gabon; mammal; physiology; population dynamics; rural population; season; socioeconomics; statistical model; time; Animals; Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Gabon; Linear Models; Mammals; Population Dynamics; Rural Population; Seasons; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Gabon","Coad, L.; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 4 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; email: lauren.coad@ouce.ox.ac.uk",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"23369059","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84875489595
"Wyler L.S., Sheikh P.A.","55996450000;10439904400;","International illegal trade in wildlife: Threats and U.S. policy",2013,"Illicit Trade in Wildlife and the Economics of Agricultural and Wildlife Smuggling",,,,"1","55",,8,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895362318&partnerID=40&md5=1ec9de7f17f6e9356fade2ca64a4887f",,"Wyler, L.S.; Sheikh, P.A.","Global trade in illegal wildlife is a growing illicit economy, estimated to be worth at least $5 billion and potentially in excess of $20 billion annually. Some of the most lucrative illicit wildlife commodities include tiger parts, caviar, elephant ivory, rhino horn, and exotic birds and reptiles. Demand for illegally obtained wildlife is ubiquitous, and some suspect that illicit demand may be growing. International wildlife smuggling may be of interest to Congress as it presents several potential environmental and national security threats to the United States. Threats to the environment include the potential loss of biodiversity, introduction of invasive species into U.S. ecosystems, and transmission of disease through illegal wildlife trade, including through illegal bushmeat trade. National security threats include links between wildlife trafficking and organized crime and drug trafficking. Some terrorist groups may also be seeking to finance their activities through illegal wildlife trade, according to experts. Wildlife source and transit countries may be especially prone to exploitation if known to have weakstate capacity, poor law enforcement, corrupt governments, and porous borders. The U.S. government addresses illegal wildlife trade through several national and international venues. Congress has passed numerous laws that regulate and restrict certain types of wildlife imports and exports, including the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Lacey Act and Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, and several species-specific conservation laws. These laws and others establish authorities and guidelines for wildlife trade inspection at ports of entry, and wildlife crime law enforcement and prosecution. Internationally, the United States is party to several wildlife conservation treaties, including the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which serves as the primary vehicle for regulating wildlife trade. Foreign training and assistance programs to combat illegal wildlife trade are also conducted by some federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of State, which leads an international initiative against wildlife trafficking. The role of Congress in evaluating U.S. policy to combat wildlife trafficking is broad. Potential issues for Congress include (1) determining funding levels for U.S. wildlife trade inspection and investigation; (2) evaluating the effectiveness of U.S. foreign aid to combat wildlife trafficking; (3) developing ways to encourage private-sector involvement in regulating the wildlife ™ (4) using trade sanctions to penalize foreign countries with weak enforcement of wildlife laws; (5) incorporating wildlife trade provisions into free trade agreements; and (6) addressing the domestic and international demand for illegal wildlife through public awareness campaigns and non-governmental organization partnerships. This report focuses on the international trade in terrestrial fauna, largely excluding trade in illegal plants, including timber, and fish. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,,"Wyler, L.S.",,"Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",,9781624178771,,,"English","Illicit Trade in Wildl. and the Econ. of Agric. and Wildl. Smuggling",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84895362318
"Gessain A., Rua R., Betsem E., Turpin J., Mahieux R.","7103240638;35234872700;22233327300;55506991400;7003972778;","HTLV-3/4 and simian foamy retroviruses in humans: Discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology",2013,"Virology","435","1",,"187","199",,64,"10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870683372&doi=10.1016%2fj.virol.2012.09.035&partnerID=40&md5=fc6b85d3d04816076f94d8724fa16349","Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, France; CNRS, URA3015, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Unité de Virologie Humaine, INSERM U758, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; UMS3444/US8, Lyon, F69364, France; Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France","Gessain, A., Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, France, CNRS, URA3015, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; Rua, R., Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, France, CNRS, URA3015, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France, Université Paris Diderot, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; Betsem, E., Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, France, CNRS, URA3015, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; Turpin, J., Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Unité de Virologie Humaine, INSERM U758, Lyon, France, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, UMS3444/US8, Lyon, F69364, France; Mahieux, R., Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Unité de Virologie Humaine, INSERM U758, Lyon, France, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, F69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, UMS3444/US8, Lyon, F69364, France","Non-human primates are considered to be likely sources of viruses that can infect humans and thus pose a significant threat to human population. This is well illustrated by some retroviruses, as the simian immunodeficiency viruses and the simian T lymphotropic viruses, which have the ability to cross-species, adapt to a new host and sometimes spread. This leads to a pandemic situation for HIV-1 or an endemic one for HTLV-1. Here, we present the available data on the discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology of the recently discovered HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 deltaretroviruses, as well as the simian foamy retroviruses present in different human populations at risk, especially in central African hunters. We discuss also the natural history in humans of these retroviruses of zoonotic origin (magnitude and geographical distribution, possible inter-human transmission). In Central Africa, the increase of the bushmeat trade during the last decades has opened new possibilities for retroviral emergence in humans, especially in immuno-compromised persons. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.","Retrovirus zoonose adaptation emergence HTLV foamy cross-species transmission","protein p12; protein p13; protein p30; protein p8; Tax 3 protein; Tax 4 protein; Tax protein; unclassified drug; virus protein; cross infection; endemic disease; genetic organization; genetic stability; geographic distribution; high risk population; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human T lymphotropic virus 3; Human T lymphotropic virus 4; immunocompromised patient; infection risk; life cycle; nonhuman; pandemic; priority journal; retrovirus infection; review; Simian foamy virus; species difference; viral contamination; viral tropism; virology; virus entry; virus transmission; zoonosis; Africa, Central; Animals; Asia; Deltaretrovirus Infections; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Gene Products, tax; Haplorhini; HIV-2; Host Specificity; Human T-lymphotropic virus 3; Humans; Protein Isoforms; Simian foamy virus; Zoonoses; Human foamy virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Primates; Simiae; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3","Gessain, A.; Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus OncogènesFrance; email: agessain@pasteur.fr",,,00426822,,VIRLA,"23217627","English","Virology",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84870683372
"Hoffman L.C., Cawthorn D.","7201395420;24484832200;","Exotic protein sources to meet all needs",2013,"Meat Science","95","4",,"764","771",,48,"10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880787707&doi=10.1016%2fj.meatsci.2013.04.027&partnerID=40&md5=a221b5c0f0a88d261cb3a1e21f20ba04","Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa","Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; Cawthorn, D., Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa","Venison from farmed deer has by now become common on the market. This follows the application of animal husbandry techniques to ensure a controlled supply of quality meat. Numerous studies discussed in this presentation have elucidated some of the factors that influence the meat composition and quality derived from various deer species. On the other hand, meat from wild, free-roaming animals has not yet reached a similar position in the industry and in the mind of the consumer. Yet these species show great potential, especially as pertaining to their meat production when discussed under the global warming scenario. In particular, the rodent species that are currently utilized in the bushmeat trade show potential for meat production. This presentation will endeavor to discuss the positive and negative aspects of these species as potential meat sources. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Deer; Food security; Game; Rodents; Venison","Animals; Commerce; Food supply; Global warming; Mammals; Deer; Food security; Game; Rodents; Venison; Meats; Animalia; Cervidae; Rodentia; protein intake; Africa; agriculture; analysis; animal; animal husbandry; catering service; chemistry; deer; domestic animal; female; male; meat; protein intake; rodent; article; chemistry; food security; game; meat; protein intake; rodents; venison; Africa; Agriculture; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Deer; Dietary Proteins; Female; Food Supply; Male; Meat; Rodentia; Deer; Food security; Game; Rodents; Venison; Africa; Agriculture; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Deer; Dietary Proteins; Female; Food Supply; Male; Meat; Rodentia","Hoffman, L.C.; Department of Animal Sciences, University of StellenboschSouth Africa; email: lch@sun.ac.za",,"Elsevier Ltd",03091740,,MESCD,"23643472","English","Meat Sci.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84880787707
"Davenport D., Heatwole H.","56448350700;7004366980;","Wild terrestrial vertebrates sold as food in open markets in Laos",2013,"Pacific Conservation Biology","19","3-4",,"379","393",,,"10.1071/pc130379","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84918571309&doi=10.1071%2fpc130379&partnerID=40&md5=41aacc01a2e6cc27bcc9aca2b66dc47e","459 GoCart Road, Four Oaks, NC  27524, United States; Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC  27695-7617, United States","Davenport, D., 459 GoCart Road, Four Oaks, NC  27524, United States; Heatwole, H., Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC  27695-7617, United States","Spot checks and periodic day-long surveys of the wild mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians sold for food were carried out in the Lak Xao market and other markets in Laos. Birds were the predominant offering in terms of number of species, but amphibians, although represented by few species, were predominant in numbers of individuals. Mammals were a significant component of the wares, both in species and numbers of individuals. Reptiles had the lowest representation in both categories. There were slight seasonal changes in numbers of species and individuals being sold. Much of the wildlife sold in Lak Xao was brought from Nape, a village about 20 km distant and located in a different vegetation zone. Few of the birds or amphibians on offer were in high IUCN categories of risk, perhaps because the more vulnerable species had already been extirpated locally, but a considerable proportion of the mammalian and reptilian species were threatened. Some small, secretive species were not represented in the markets.","Amphibians; Birds; Bushmeat; Conservation; Laos; Mammals; Markets; Reptiles; Wildlife","extinction risk; food market; meat; seasonal variation; survey; vertebrate; vulnerability; wild population; Laos; Amphibia; Aves; Mammalia; Reptilia; Vertebrata","Heatwole, H.; Department of Biology, North Carolina State UniversityUnited States",,"Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd",10382097,,,,"English","Pac. Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84918571309
"Mukaratirwa S., La Grange L., Pfukenyi D.M.","57201214447;25653815600;8562058600;","Trichinella infections in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa: A review",2013,"Acta Tropica","125","1",,"82","89",,19,"10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868706510&doi=10.1016%2fj.actatropica.2012.09.005&partnerID=40&md5=7a8cdf45fe9c19224d32be664cdffefc","University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa","Mukaratirwa, S., University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; La Grange, L., University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Pfukenyi, D.M., University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa","The aim of this review is to provide information on Trichinella infection in humans, livestock and wildlife in sub-Saharan Africa mainly focusing on geographical distribution of species/genotypes, biology, host range, life cycles and to identify research gaps. Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni and Trichinella zimbabwensis and one genotype (Trichinella T8) are known to occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Distinct geographic ranges with overlapping of some taxa in some areas have been observed. Genetic variants of T. nelsoni has been reported to occur among parasites originating from Eastern and Southern Africa and sequence heterogeneity also occurs among T. zimbabwensis isolates originating from different regions of Zimbabwe and South Africa. Field observations so far indicate that sylvatic Trichinella infections in the region are common in carnivores (mammals and reptiles) and to a lesser extent in omnivores. Cannibalism, scavenging and predation appear to be the most important routes of transmission and maintenance of the sylvatic cycles of the Trichinella taxa. To date, human trichinellosis has been documented in only four sub-Saharan countries (8.7%, 4/46). Bushpigs and warthogs have been the source of human infection with T. britovi and T. nelsoni being the aetiological agents. An increase in bushmeat trade and the creation of Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) may have increased the risk of human trichinellosis in the region. With the creation of TFCAs in the region, sampling of wildlife hosts from protected areas of most sub-Sahara African countries is required to fully map the distribution of Trichinella species/genotypes in this region. More structured field surveys are still needed to determine the sylvatic host distribution of the different Trichinella taxa. Biological data of the Trichinella taxa in both wild and domestic animals of sub-Saharan Africa is very limited and further research is required. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Animal hosts; Biological data; Geographical distribution; Review; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sylvatic cycles; Trichinella taxa","albendazole; anthelmintic agent; glucocorticoid; mebendazole; bushmeat; cannibalism; genetic variation; genotype; geographical distribution; health impact; host preference; life cycle; nematode; parasite; parasite infestation; parasite transmission; scavenging (feeding); Africa; carnivore; disease transmission; gene sequence; genetic heterogeneity; genetic variability; genotype; geographic distribution; host range; human; life cycle; nonhuman; omnivore; review; Trichinella; Trichinella britovi; trichinella nelsoni; Trichinella zimbabwensis; trichinosis; Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Animals, Wild; Genotype; Host Specificity; Humans; Livestock; Phylogeography; Trichinella; Trichinellosis; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia; Mammalia; Phacochoerus; Reptilia; Trichinella; Trichinella britovi; Trichinella nelsoni; Trichinella zimbabwensis","Mukaratirwa, S.; University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; email: mukaratirwa@ukzn.ac.za",,,0001706X,,ACTRA,"23041114","English","Acta Trop.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84868706510
"Simons N.D., Wagner R.S., Lorenz J.G.","55892557600;7404299717;7201873662;","Genetic diversity of North American captive-born gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)",2013,"Ecology and Evolution","3","1",,"80","88",,9,"10.1002/ece3.422","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84886263766&doi=10.1002%2fece3.422&partnerID=40&md5=4dcb2b96373fe79cc4a230007546d881","Primate Behavior Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States; Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States","Simons, N.D., Primate Behavior Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States; Wagner, R.S., Primate Behavior Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States; Lorenz, J.G., Primate Behavior Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States, Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States","Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are designated as critically endangered and wild populations are dramatically declining as a result of habitat destruction, fragmentation, diseases (e.g., Ebola) and the illegal bushmeat trade. As wild populations continue to decline, the genetic management of the North American captive western lowland gorilla population will be an important component of the long-term conservation of the species. We genotyped 26 individuals from the North American captive gorilla collection at 11 autosomal microsatellite loci in order to compare levels of genetic diversity to wild populations, investigate genetic signatures of a population bottleneck and identify the genetic structure of the captive-born population. Captive gorillas had significantly higher levels of allelic diversity (t7 = 4.49, P = 0.002) and heterozygosity (t7 = 4.15, P = 0.004) than comparative wild populations, yet the population has lost significant allelic diversity while in captivity when compared to founders (t7 = 2.44, P = 0.04). Analyses suggested no genetic evidence for a population bottleneck of the captive population. Genetic structure results supported the management of North American captive gorillas as a single population. Our results highlight the utility of genetic management approaches for endangered nonhuman primate species. As wild gorilla populations continue to decline, management of captive populations represents an important component to the long-term conservation of the species. Here we investigated levels of genetic diversity in captive-born North American gorillas compared to wild populations. We found that management protocols have been effective in maintaining high levels of genetic diversity compared to wild populations. © 2012 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Captive populations; Conservation genetics; Gorilla; Microsatellite",,"Simons, N.D.; Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1321 Kincaid Street, Eugene, OR 97403, United States; email: nsimons@uoregon.edu",,,20457758,,,,"English","Ecology and Evolution",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84886263766
"Subramanian M.","55588643200;","Zoonotic disease risk and the bushmeat trade: Assessing awareness among hunters and traders in Sierra Leone",2012,"EcoHealth","9","4",,"471","482",,23,"10.1007/s10393-012-0807-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877830345&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-012-0807-1&partnerID=40&md5=a633648aa230e183c20cbb7382df59f2","Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Harvard Medical School, Vanderbilt Hall, 107 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States","Subramanian, M., Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Harvard Medical School, Vanderbilt Hall, 107 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States","The bushmeat industry has been a topic of increasing importance among both conservationists and public health officials for its influence on zoonotic disease transmission and animal conservation. While the association between infectious diseases and the bushmeat trade is well established in the research community, risk perception among bushmeat hunters and traders has not been well characterized. I conducted surveys of 123 bushmeat hunters and traders in rural Sierra Leone to investigate hunting practices and awareness of zoonotic disease risk associated with the bushmeat trade. Twenty-four percent of bushmeat hunters and traders reported knowledge of disease transmission from animals to humans. Formal education did not significantly affect awareness of zoonotic disease transmission. Individuals who engaged exclusively in preparation and trading of bushmeat were more likely to accidentally cut themselves compared to those who primarily engaged in bushmeat hunting (P < 0.001). In addition, women involved in the bushmeat trade were at greater risk of exposing themselves to potential zoonotic pathogens through accidental self-cutting compared to men (P < 0.01). This study collected preliminary information on risk perception among bushmeat hunters that could guide the creation of a future public health-based education program to minimize zoonotic disease transmission risk among vulnerable communities. © 2013 International Association for Ecology and Health.","bushmeat; public health; zoonosis","adolescent; adult; aged; animal; article; awareness; commercial phenomena; disease transmission; female; health education; human; male; meat; microbiology; middle aged; questionnaire; risk factor; Sierra Leone; very elderly; wild animal; young adult; zoonosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Animals, Wild; Awareness; Commerce; Female; Health Education; Humans; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Sierra Leone; Young Adult; Zoonoses; Animalia","Subramanian, M.; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; email: Melanie_subramanian@hms.harvard.edu",,,16129202,,,"23408099","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84877830345
"Flynn L., Kaitano A.-E., Bery R.","36156250400;55626391900;57199624854;","Emerging pandemic threats and the oil and gas industry",2012,"Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE/APPEA Int. Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2012: Protecting People and the Environment - Evolving Challenges","1",,,"316","325",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875187102&partnerID=40&md5=ed567f61f3b7e6d1af119d8c511c9646","Ecology and Environment Inc., USAID Respond, United States; FHI360, USAID Prevent, United States","Flynn, L., Ecology and Environment Inc., USAID Respond, United States; Kaitano, A.-E., Ecology and Environment Inc., USAID Respond, United States; Bery, R., FHI360, USAID Prevent, United States","Description: Emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases, such as Ebola, Nipah, and SARS, is directly related to increased interaction between human and animal populations resulting from changing patterns of wildlife populations and human intrusion into habitats. Because the frequency of human interaction with animal hosts is a critical factor; those human populations with the most frequent direct and indirect exposure to animal hosts are the most susceptible. Application: Timber harvesting, onshore oil and gas, and mining operations increase human incursions into wildlife areas, facilitating mechanisms for potential zoonotic pathogen transmission. Land clearing and road construction change forest ecosystem dynamics by fragmenting habitats, increasing the edge effect, and decreasing biodiversity. These ecosystem modifications alter wildlife dynamics in forested ecosystems to favor species that are hosts for zoonoses and can thrive in environments with people. The presence of extractive industries also often creates a labor influx and additional demands on local resources, such as increased demand for bushmeat and agricultural products. Food storage facilities, housing, and waste handling facilities also can attract certain wildlife species. These dynamics increase the potential for wildlife-human interaction, thus increasing the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. Results, Observations, and Conclusions: Extractive industries have developed best management practices to address both environmental and health issues. Addressing emerging zoonotic disease crosses the boundaries of both topics. Best management practices/mitigation strategies exist to maintain biodiversity, ensure habitat connectivity, prohibit bushmeat hunting, construct and maintain acceptable camp/facilities, manage solid and liquid waste, and maintain worker and community health. These practices and others can also serve to limit the potential transmission of zoonotic diseases. Significance of Subject Matter: While we often know what to do to mitigate disease transmission, industries do not always ensure that such practices are followed for myriad reasons: knowledge, political will, cost, etc. This presentation will outline the links between extractive industry activities and the potential for zoonotic disease transmission. It will also highlight some known best management practices that companies can take to encourage biodiversity, protect worker and community health and. limit the possibility of global epidemics. Copyright 2012, SPE/APPEA International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production.",,"Best management practices; Disease transmission; Extractive industry; Forest ecosystem dynamics; Habitat connectivity; Oil and Gas Industry; Potential transmissions; Wildlife populations; Agricultural products; Animals; Biodiversity; Dynamics; Ecosystems; Food storage; Gas industry; Health; Human resource management; Logging (forestry); Oils and fats; Safety engineering; Waste management; Diseases","Flynn, L.; Ecology and Environment Inc., USAID RespondUnited States",,,,9781622763931,,,"English","Soc. Pet. Eng. - SPE/APPEA Int. Conf. Health, Saf. Environ. Oil Gas Explor. Prod.: Prot. People Environ. - Evol. Challenges",Conference Paper,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84875187102
"Gray R.R., Salemi M.","57203495903;7004151299;","Integrative molecular phylogeography in the context of infectious diseases on the human-animal interface",2012,"Parasitology","139","14",,"1939","1951",,7,"10.1017/S0031182012001102","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870557288&doi=10.1017%2fS0031182012001102&partnerID=40&md5=54b78524c1baffad02c9a0bea2fd85b4","Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13PS, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","Gray, R.R., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13PS, United Kingdom; Salemi, M., Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","The rate of new emerging infectious diseases entering the human population has increased over the past century, with pathogens originating from animals or from products of animal origin accounting for the vast majority. Primary risk factors for the emergence and spread of emerging zoonoses include expansion and intensification of animal agriculture and long-distance live animal transport, live animal markets, bushmeat consumption and habitat destruction. Developing effective control strategies is contingent upon the ability to test causative hypotheses of disease transmission within a statistical framework. Broadly speaking, molecular phylogeography offers a framework in which specific hypotheses regarding pathogen gene flow and dispersal within an ecological context can be compared. A number of different methods has been developed for this application. Here, our intent is firstly to discuss the application of a wide variety of statistically based methods (including Bayesian reconstruction, network parsimony analysis and regression) to specific viruses (influenza, salmon anaemia virus, foot and mouth disease and Rift Valley Fever) that have been associated with animal farming/movements; and secondly to place them in the larger framework of the threat of potential zoonotic events as well as the economic and biosecurity implications of pathogen outbreaks among our animal food sources. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.","animal transport; epidemic outbreaks; molecular evolution; phylogeography; Viral pathogens; zoonosis","hemagglutinin; sialidase; 2009 H1N1 influenza; animal husbandry; aquaculture; article; Asia; Bayes theorem; Bayesian learning; conceptual framework; disease transmission; ducks and geese; foot and mouth disease; Foot and mouth disease virus; gene flow; genealogy; Hong Kong influenza; human; infection; infectious salmon anaemia virus; influenza; Influenza virus; Influenza virus A; Influenza virus A H1N1; Influenza virus A H3N2; Influenza virus A H5N1; Influenza virus B; Influenza virus C; integrative molecular phylogeography; Monte Carlo method; Netherlands; nonhuman; North America; Orthomyxovirus; pandemic; parsimony analysis; phylogeography; poultry; priority journal; Rift Valley fever; Rift Valley fever bunyavirus; seasonal influenza; Southeast Asia; swine; Animals; Communicable Diseases; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Phylogeography; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses; Animalia","Gray, R.R.; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13PS, United Kingdom; email: rebecca.gray@zoo.ox.ac.uk",,,00311820,,PARAA,"22931895","English","Parasitology",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84870557288
"Butler C.D.","35483225500;","Infectious disease emergence and global change: Thinking systemically in a shrinking world",2012,"Infectious Diseases of Poverty","1","1", 5,"1","17",,39,"10.1186/2049-9957-1-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878465226&doi=10.1186%2f2049-9957-1-5&partnerID=40&md5=de6dc46345fd76d16ec8fc1789b33a51","National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health College of Medicine Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","Butler, C.D., National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health College of Medicine Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","Background: Concern intensifying that emerging infectious diseases and global environmental changes that could generate major future human pandemics. Method: A focused literature review was undertaken, partly informed by a forthcoming report on environment, agriculture and infectious diseases of poverty, facilitated by the Special Programme for Tropical Diseases. Results: More than ten categories of infectious disease emergence exist, but none formally analyse past, current or future burden of disease. Other evidence suggests that the dominant public health concern focuses on two informal groupings. Most important is the perceived threat of newly recognised infections, especially viruses that arise or are newly discovered in developing countries that originate in species exotic to developed countries, such as non-human primates, bats and rodents. These pathogens may be transmitted by insects or bats, or via direct human contact with bushmeat. The second group is new strains of influenza arising from intensively farmed chickens or pigs, or emerging from Asian "" wet markets"" where several bird species have close contact. Both forms appear justified because of two great pandemics: HIV/AIDS (which appears to have originated from bushmeat hunting in Africa before emerging globally) and Spanish influenza, which killed up to 2.5% of the human population around the end of World War I. Insufficiently appreciated is the contribution of the milieu which appeared to facilitate the high disease burden in these pandemics. Additionally, excess anxiety over emerging infectious diseases diverts attention from issues of greater public health importance, especially: (i) existing (including neglected) infectious diseases and (ii) the changing milieu that is eroding the determinants of immunity and public health, caused by adverse global environmental changes, including climate change and other components of stressed life and civilisation-supporting systems. Conclusions: The focus on novel pathogens and minor forms of anti-microbial resistance in emerging disease literature is unjustified by their burden of disease, actual and potential, and diverts attention from far more important health problems and determinants. There is insufficient understanding of systemic factors that promote pandemics. Adverse global change could generate circumstances conducive to future pandemics with a high burden of disease, arising via anti-microbial and insecticidal resistance, under-nutrition, conflict, and public health breakdown. © 2012 2012 Butler; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"article; bibliographic database; disease control; disease transmission; environmental change; global change; human; immunity; infection; information processing; pathogenesis; pathogenicity; priority journal; public health service; socioeconomics; tropical disease","Butler, C.D.; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health College of Medicine Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; email: colin.butler@anu.edu.au",,"BioMed Central Ltd.",20499957,,,,"English","Infect. Dis. Pover.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84878465226
"Hoffman L.C., Cawthorn D.M.","7201395420;24484832200;","What is the role and contribution of meat from wildlife in providing high quality protein for consumption?",2012,"Animal Frontiers","2","4",,"40","53",,59,"10.2527/af.2012-0061","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030691306&doi=10.2527%2faf.2012-0061&partnerID=40&md5=bb2cdb6121b1fea3bc3d6760b7748c68","Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa","Hoffman, L.C., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa; Cawthorn, D.M., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa","• An overview is presented on the global human usage of unconventional animal species (ungulates, rodents, rabbits and hares, kangaroos, reptiles and bats) derived either from wild harvesting or farming • The nutritional value of these species is discussed, focusing on their potential to contribute to food security and to address the protein requirements of a growing population. • The challenges and opportunities arising from the commercial use of these animals are highlighted, as are the problems faced with overexploitation of certain wild species. • Of the species addressed, the rodents appear to present great potential for becoming large commercial commodities for food use. © Hoffman and Cawthorn.","Bushmeat; Nutritional composition; Protein; Proximate composition; Wildlife",,"Hoffman, L.C.; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, South Africa; email: lch@sun.ac.za",,"Oxford University Press",21606056,,,,"English","Animal Front.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-85030691306
"de Sousa J.D., Alvarez C., Vandamme A.-M., Müller V.","12143168900;36460502100;35380737400;56343236500;","Enhanced heterosexual transmission hypothesis for the origin of pandemic HIV-1",2012,"Viruses","4","10",,"1950","1983",,9,"10.3390/v4101950","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868142754&doi=10.3390%2fv4101950&partnerID=40&md5=457a281838e199880252c9bd940ada6b","Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru; Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1349-008, Portugal; Research Group of Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary","de Sousa, J.D., Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium; Alvarez, C., Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru; Vandamme, A.-M., Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1349-008, Portugal; Müller, V., Research Group of Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary","HIV-1 M originated from SIVcpz endemic in chimpanzees from southeast Cameroon or neighboring areas, and it started to spread in the early 20th century. Here we examine the factors that may have contributed to simian-to-human transmission, local transmission between humans, and export to a city. The region had intense ape hunting, social disruption, commercial sex work, STDs, and traffic to/from Kinshasa in the period 1899-1923. Injection treatments increased sharply around 1930; however, their frequency among local patients was far lower than among modern groups experiencing parenteral HIV-1 outbreaks. Recent molecular datings of HIV-1 M fit better the period of maximal resource exploitation and trade links than the period of high injection intensity. We conclude that although local parenteral outbreaks might have occurred, these are unlikely to have caused massive transmission. World War I led to additional, and hitherto unrecognized, risks of HIV-1 emergence. We propose an Enhanced Heterosexual Transmission Hypothesis for the origin of HIV-1 M, featuring at the time and place of its origin a coincidence of favorable co-factors (ape hunting, social disruption, STDs, and mobility) for both cross-species transmission and heterosexual spread. Our hypothesis does not exclude a role for parenteral transmission in the initial viral adaptation. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Bushmeat; Central Africa; Genital ulcer disease; HIV; Origin of HIV; SIV; Unsterile injections; Zoonosis","acetarsol; arsanilic acid; arsenic derivative; bismuth derivative; mercury derivative; neoarsphenamine; smallpox vaccine; tryparsamide; adaptation; African trypanosomiasis; animal hunting; ape; article; drug tolerability; enhanced heterosexual transmission hypothesis; epidemic; health care facility; health promotion; hospital infection; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; hypothesis; infection risk; injection; intravenous drug abuse; law enforcement; migration; nonhuman; pandemic; prostitution; risk factor; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; simian; smallpox; social stress; syphilis; virus strain; virus transmission; war; yaws; zoonosis; Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Cross Infection; Disease Vectors; Drug Users; Heterosexuality; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Human Migration; Humans; Needle Sharing; Pan troglodytes; Pandemics; Phylogeography; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Zoonoses; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Pan; Simiae; Simian immunodeficiency virus","de Sousa, J. D.; Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium; email: joao.sousa@rega.kuleuven.be",,,19994915,,,"23202448","English","Viruses",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84868142754
"Hayman D.T.S., McCrea R., Restif O., Suu-Ire R., Fooks A.R., Wood J.L.N., Cunningham A.A., Rowcliffe J.M.","24376017100;35339738700;13606349100;24377187500;7003456806;7404353992;57203051586;6701682562;","Demography of straw-colored fruit bats in Ghana",2012,"Journal of Mammalogy","93","5",,"1393","1404",,39,"10.1644/11-MAMM-A-270.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865985097&doi=10.1644%2f11-MAMM-A-270.1&partnerID=40&md5=492f407e3178cae110ca1e2dd1a05025","Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; National Centre for Statistical Ecology, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury CT2 7NF, United Kingdom; Wildlife Division of the Ghana Forestry Commission, P.O. Box M239, Accra, Ghana; University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Liverpool CH64 7TE, United Kingdom","Hayman, D.T.S., Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; McCrea, R., National Centre for Statistical Ecology, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury CT2 7NF, United Kingdom; Restif, O., Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; Suu-Ire, R., Wildlife Division of the Ghana Forestry Commission, P.O. Box M239, Accra, Ghana; Fooks, A.R., Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Liverpool CH64 7TE, United Kingdom; Wood, J.L.N., Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; Cunningham, A.A., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, J.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Eidolon helvum is widely distributed across sub-Saharan Africa where it forms large, dense colonies. The species is migratory and satellite telemetry studies have demonstrated that individuals can migrate over 2,500 km. It is a common source of bush meat in West Africa and evidence of infection with potentially zoonotic viruses has been found in West African colonies. The species, therefore, is of interest to both ecologists and those interested in public health. Despite this, demographic parameters of the species are unknown. We focused our study primarily on a colony of up to 1,000,000 bats that roost in trees in Accra, Ghana to obtain estimates of birth rate and survival probability. Aging of bats by examination of tooth cementum annuli allowed use of life tables to indicate an annual survival probability for juveniles of 0.43 (95 confidence interval CI 0.16-0.77) and for adults of 0.83 (95 CI 0.73-0.93). Additionally, an annual adult survival probability of 0.63 (95 CI 0.27-0.88) was estimated by following 98 radiocollared bats over a year; capturerecapture data were analyzed using multistate models to address the confounding factor of emigration. True survival probabilities may be in between the 2 estimates, because permanent emigration may lead to underestimation in the capturerecapture study, and population decline may lead to overestimation in the life table analysis. Birth rates (0.96 young per female per year, 95 CI 0.92-0.98) and colony size changes were also estimated. Estimation of these key parameters will allow future analyses of both infection dynamics within, and harvest sustainability of, E. helvum populations. © 2012 American Society of Mammalogists.","capture-recapture; Eidolon helvum; multistate model; population dynamics; survival; tooth cementum","aging; bat; biotelemetry; bushmeat; colony structure; demography; fruit; life table; mark-recapture method; population dynamics; population modeling; radiotelemetry; sustainability; tooth; viral disease; Accra; Ghana; Greater Accra","Hayman, D.T.S.; Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; email: davidtshayman@gmail.com",,,00222372,,JOMAA,,"English","J. Mammal.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84865985097
"Ayouba A., Mouacha F., Learn G.H., Mpoudi-Ngole E., Rayner J.C., Sharp P.M., Hahn B.H., Delaporte E., Peeters M.","57201621060;55151484100;6603945316;6603409342;56511394400;7402935847;7201799232;57217511623;7203079647;","Ubiquitous Hepatocystis infections, but no evidence of Plasmodium falciparum-like malaria parasites in wild greater spot-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans)",2012,"International Journal for Parasitology","42","8",,"709","713",,14,"10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.05.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863819186&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijpara.2012.05.004&partnerID=40&md5=5d6d8d229f9c0908438527199309a9fc","Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; IMPM, CREMER, BP 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom","Ayouba, A., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; Mouacha, F., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; Learn, G.H., Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Mpoudi-Ngole, E., IMPM, CREMER, BP 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Rayner, J.C., Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Sharp, P.M., Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; Hahn, B.H., Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Delaporte, E., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; Peeters, M., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France","Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) have been identified as the natural reservoir of the parasites that were the immediate precursor of Plasmodium falciparum infecting humans. Recently, a P. falciparum-like sequence was reported in a sample from a captive greater spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), and was taken to indicate that this species may also be a natural reservoir for P. falciparum-related parasites. To test this hypothesis we screened blood samples from 292 wild C. nictitans monkeys that had been hunted for bushmeat in Cameroon. We detected Hepatocystis spp. in 49% of the samples, as well as one sequence from a clade of Plasmodium spp. previously found in birds, lizards and bats. However, none of the 292 wild C. nictitans harbored P. falciparum-like parasites. © 2012 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc..","Cercopithecus nictitans; Greater spot-nosed monkey; Hepatocystis; Malaria; Non-human primates; Plasmodium falciparum","host; infectious disease; malaria; parasite; primate; protozoan; article; blood sampling; Cercopithecus; Cercopithecus nictitans; disease carrier; gene amplification; gene sequence; genetic variability; geographic distribution; Hepatocystis infection; malaria falciparum; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; parasite transmission; parasitosis; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; screening test; sequence alignment; Animals; Apicomplexa; Cercopithecus; Disease Reservoirs; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Plasmodium falciparum; Cameroon; Aves; Cercopithecus nictitans; Gorilla gorilla; Hepatocystis; Plasmodium falciparum; Primates; Squamata","Peeters, M.; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; email: martine.peeters@ird.fr",,,00207519,,IJPYB,"22691606","English","Int. J. Parasitol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84863819186
"Pangau-Adam M., Noske R., Muehlenberg M.","15136530400;6701673099;14625175800;","Wildmeat or Bushmeat? Subsistence Hunting and Commercial Harvesting in Papua (West New Guinea), Indonesia",2012,"Human Ecology","40","4",,"611","621",,27,"10.1007/s10745-012-9492-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864538092&doi=10.1007%2fs10745-012-9492-5&partnerID=40&md5=7944908e5f4697cfa777d0a7c2318f67","Department of Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Buergerstrasse 50, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cenderawasih University, Papua, Indonesia; Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia","Pangau-Adam, M., Department of Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Buergerstrasse 50, 37073 Goettingen, Germany, Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cenderawasih University, Papua, Indonesia; Noske, R., Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Muehlenberg, M., Department of Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Buergerstrasse 50, 37073 Goettingen, Germany","It is well known that wild game provides a significant proportion of the dietary protein of the indigenous people of the eastern half of New Guinea (PNG), but almost nothing is known of its importance in the western half (the Indonesian province of Papua or Irian Jaya). We quantified hunting effort, harvest rates and wild meat consumption and sale in the Jayapura region of north-east Papua through interviews with 147 hunters from 21 villages and meal surveys in 93 households. Ten species of mammals, seven species of birds and at least two species of reptiles were harvested in our study area, but the introduced wild pig and rusa deer were the major target species. Hunting in our study area has shifted from a purely subsistence activity towards a more commercial form at least partly due to the emergence of markets created by Indonesian transmigrants. Although the hunting of non-indigenous and certain native species might be sustainable, the maintenance of populations of large threatened species will require sensitive management. © 2012 The Author(s).","Bushmeat; Irian Jaya; Papua Indonesia; Rusa deer; Sustainable hunting; Threatened species; Tropical forests; Wildmeat","deer; endangered species; hunting; meat; subsistence; tropical forest; wild population; wildlife management; Indonesia; Jayapura; Papua [(PRV) Indonesia]; Aves; Cervidae; Mammalia; Reptilia; Suidae","Pangau-Adam, M.; Department of Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Buergerstrasse 50, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; email: mpangau1@uni-goettingen.de",,,03007839,,,,"English","Hum. Ecol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84864538092
"Foerster S., Wilkie D.S., Morelli G.A., Demmer J., Starkey M., Telfer P., Steil M., Lewbel A.","24536821900;57203197896;7101978493;12785069500;7003782115;57198074634;12784967700;6602829966;","Correlates of Bushmeat Hunting among Remote Rural Households in Gabon, Central Africa",2012,"Conservation Biology","26","2",,"335","344",,49,"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01802.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858862490&doi=10.1111%2fj.1523-1739.2011.01802.x&partnerID=40&md5=08e3a5b08e4db060cc30e6da6a8a7054","Boston College, Office of the Provost and Dean of Faculties, Waul House, 270 Hammond Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, Netherlands; Wildlife Conservation Society, BP 7847, Libreville, Gabon; Wildlife Conservation Society, BP 14537, Brazzaville, Congo; World Resources Institute, 10 G Street NE Suite 800, Washington, DC 20002, United States; Boston College, Department of Economics, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States","Foerster, S., Boston College, Office of the Provost and Dean of Faculties, Waul House, 270 Hammond Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States; Wilkie, D.S., Boston College, Office of the Provost and Dean of Faculties, Waul House, 270 Hammond Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Morelli, G.A., Boston College, Office of the Provost and Dean of Faculties, Waul House, 270 Hammond Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States; Demmer, J., Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, Netherlands; Starkey, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, BP 7847, Libreville, Gabon; Telfer, P., Wildlife Conservation Society, BP 14537, Brazzaville, Congo; Steil, M., World Resources Institute, 10 G Street NE Suite 800, Washington, DC 20002, United States; Lewbel, A., Boston College, Department of Economics, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States","Hunted wild animals (i.e., bushmeat) are a main source of protein for many rural populations in the tropics, and the unsustainable harvest of these animals puts both human food security and ecosystem functioning at risk. To understand the correlates of bushmeat consumption, we surveyed 1219 households in 121 rural villages near three newly established national parks in Gabon. Through the surveys we gathered information on bushmeat consumption, income, and material assests. In addition, we quantified land cover in a 5-km radius around the village center and distance of the village center to the nearest park boundary. Bushmeat was not a source of income for most households, but it was the primary animal protein consumed. Ninety-seven percent of households consumed bushmeat at least once during a survey period of 12 days. Income or wealth, land cover, distance of village to the nearest park boundary, and level of education of the head of the household were among the factors that significantly related to the likelihood of consuming any of the 10 most commonly consumed species of bushmeat. Household size was the predictor most strongly associated with quantities of bushmeat consumed and was negatively related to consumption. Total bushmeat consumption per adult male equivalent increased as household wealth increased and decreased as distance of villages to park boundaries increased. Bushmeat consumption at the household level was not related to unit values (i.e., price estimates for a good that typically does not have a market value; estimates derived from willingness to sell or trade the good for items of known price) of bushmeat or the price of chicken and fish as potential substitutes. The median consumption of bushmeat at the village level, however, was negatively related to village mean unit values of bushmeat across all species. Our results suggest that a lack of alternative protein sources motivated even the wealthiest among surveyed households to consume bushmeat. Providing affordable, alternative protein sources to all households would likely reduce unsustainable levels of bushmeat consumption in rural Gabon. © 2011 Society for Conservation Biology.","Consumption; Household economies; Household surveys; Human welfare; Protected areas; Wildlife conservation","anthropogenic effect; bushmeat; correlation; ecosystem function; fish; food security; household income; household survey; hunting; poultry; protected area; protein; rural population; wild population; wildlife management; adult; animal; article; catering service; ecosystem; Gabon; human; male; meat; rural population; species difference; validation study; wild animal; Adult; Animals; Animals, Wild; Ecosystem; Food Supply; Gabon; Humans; Male; Meat; Rural Population; Species Specificity; Gabon; Animalia","Foerster, S.; Boston College, Office of the Provost and Dean of Faculties, Waul House, 270 Hammond Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States; email: sf2041@columbia.edu",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"22182047","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84858862490
"Liégeois F., Boué V., Mouacha F., Butel C., Ondo B.M., Pourrut X., Leroy E., Peeters M., Rouet F.","7003352060;53876826900;55151484100;6505976683;55332162600;57212431826;26642978200;7203079647;34572742500;","New STLV-3 strains and a divergent SIVmus strain identified in non-human primate bushmeat in Gabon",2012,"Retrovirology","9",, 28,"","",,25,"10.1186/1742-4690-9-28","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864830376&doi=10.1186%2f1742-4690-9-28&partnerID=40&md5=72553a48903258cf9b9c093e3aad4e4b","UMI 233, Trans VIH MI, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; UMR MIVEGEC, IRD224-CNRS5290 University of Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France; Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, GAB, Central African Republic","Liégeois, F., UMI 233, Trans VIH MI, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France, Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Boué, V., Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Mouacha, F., UMI 233, Trans VIH MI, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Butel, C., UMI 233, Trans VIH MI, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Ondo, B.M., Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, GAB, Central African Republic; Pourrut, X., UMR MIVEGEC, IRD224-CNRS5290 University of Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, GAB, Central African Republic; Leroy, E., UMR MIVEGEC, IRD224-CNRS5290 University of Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, GAB, Central African Republic; Peeters, M., UMI 233, Trans VIH MI, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Rouet, F., Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon","Background: Human retroviral infections such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) are the result of simian zoonotic transmissions through handling and butchering of Non-Human Primates (NHP) or by close contact with pet animals. Recent studies on retroviral infections in NHP bushmeat allowed for the identification of numerous Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIV) and Simian T-cell Lymphotropic Viruses (STLV) to which humans are exposed. Nevertheless, today, data on simian retroviruses at the primate/hunter interface remain scarce. We conducted a pilot study on 63 blood and/or tissues samples derived from NHP bushmeat seized by the competent authorities in different locations across the country.Results: SIV and STLV were detected by antibodies to HIV and HTLV antigens, and PCRs were performed on samples with an HIV or/and HTLV-like or indeterminate profile. Fourteen percent of the samples cross-reacted with HIV antigens and 44% with HTLV antigens. We reported STLV-1 infections in five of the seven species tested. STLV-3 infections, including a new STLV-3 subtype, STLV-1 and -3 co-infections, and triple SIV, STLV-1, STLV-3 infections were observed in red-capped mangabeys (C.torquatus). We confirmed SIV infections by PCR and sequence analyses in mandrills, red-capped mangabeys and showed that mustached monkeys in Gabon are infected with a new SIV strain basal to the SIVgsn/mus/mon lineage that did not fall into the previously described SIVmus lineages reported from the corresponding species in Cameroon. The same monkey (sub)species can thus be carrier of, at least, three distinct SIVs. Overall, the minimal prevalence observed for both STLV and SIV natural infections were 26.9% and 11.1% respectively.Conclusions: Overall, these data, obtained from a restricted sampling, highlight the need for further studies on simian retroviruses in sub-Saharan Africa to better understand their evolutionary history and to document SIV strains to which humans are exposed. We also show that within one species, a high genetic diversity may exist for SIVs and STLVs and observe a high genetic diversity in the SIVgsn/mon/mus lineage, ancestor of HIV-1/SIVcpz/SIVgor. © 2012 Liegeois et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Bushmeat; Gabon; Non-human primate; SIV; STLV; Zoonotic infections","Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; Human T cell leukemia virus antibody; Human T cell leukemia virus antigen; article; blood sampling; Cameroon; controlled study; cross reaction; Ctorquatus; Gabon; Haplorhini; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human T cell leukemia virus; Mandrillus; mixed infection; mixed seizure; non human primate; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; pilot study; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; primate; Retrovirus; retrovirus infection; sequence analysis; simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; STLV 1 infection; STLV 3 infection; tissue section; unindexed sequence; virus carrier; virus detection; virus strain; virus typing; Animals; Coinfection; Deltaretrovirus Infections; Evolution, Molecular; Gabon; Meat; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Primate Diseases; Primates; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3; Animalia; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Primates; Retroviridae; Simiae; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Simian immunodeficiency virus - agm; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3","Liégeois, F.; UMI 233, Trans VIH MI, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; email: florian.liegeois@ird.fr",,,17424690,,,"22462797","English","Retrovirology",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84864830376
"Locatelli S., Peeters M.","23028143700;7203079647;","Cross-species transmission of simian retroviruses: How and why they could lead to the emergence of new diseases in the human population",2012,"AIDS","26","6",,"659","673",,92,"10.1097/QAD.0b013e328350fb68","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859068610&doi=10.1097%2fQAD.0b013e328350fb68&partnerID=40&md5=256f1d20259fc59e92c7444a7b2dacff","UMI 233, TransVIHMI, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France","Locatelli, S., UMI 233, TransVIHMI, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France; Peeters, M., UMI 233, TransVIHMI, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France","The HIV-1 group M epidemic illustrates the extraordinary impact and consequences resulting from a single zoonotic transmission. Exposure to blood or other secretions of infected animals, through hunting and butchering of bushmeat, or through bites and scratches inflicted by pet nonhuman primates (NHPs), represent the most plausible source for human infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) and simian foamy virus. The chance for cross-species transmissions could increase when frequency of exposure and retrovirus prevalence is high. According to the most recent data, human exposure to SIV or STLV appears heterogeneous across the African countries surveyed. Exposure is not sufficient to trigger disease: viral and host molecular characteristics and compatibility are fundamental factors to establish infection. A successful species jump is achieved when the pathogen becomes transmissible between individuals within the new host population. To spread efficiently, HIV likely required changes in human behavior. Given the increasing exposure to NHP pathogens through hunting and butchering, it is likely that SIV and other simian viruses are still transmitted to the human population. The behavioral and socio-economic context of the twenty-first century provides favorable conditions for the emergence and spread of new epidemics. Therefore, it is important to evaluate which retroviruses the human population is exposed to and to better understand how these viruses enter, infect, adapt and spread to its new host. © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","Africa; cross-species transmission; emerging disease; non-human primate; simian foamy virus; simian immunodeficiency virus; simian T-cell lymphotropic virus","Africa; animal hunting; behavior change; behavioral economics; communicable disease; cross infection; environmental exposure; epidemic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; meat industry; molecular epidemiology; nonhuman; pet animal; phylogeny; prevalence; primate; priority journal; retrovirus infection; review; Simian foamy virus; Simian immunodeficiency virus; species difference; species distribution; virus cell interaction; virus transmission; virus virulence; zoonosis; Africa; Animals; Humans; Phylogeny; Primates; Retroviridae Infections; Retroviruses, Simian; Simian foamy virus; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Tumor Virus Infections; Zoonoses","Peeters, M.; UMI 233, TransVIHMI, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France; email: martine.peeters@ird.fr",,,02699370,,AIDSE,"22441170","English","AIDS",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84859068610
"Djoko C.F., Wolfe N.D., Aghokeng A.F., LeBreton M., Liegeois F., Tamoufe U., Schneider B.S., Ortiz N., Mbacham W.F., Carr J.K., Rimoin A.W., Fair J.N., Pike B.L., Mpoudi-Ngole E., Delaporte E., Burke D.S., Peeters M.","12770456900;7005047509;6506678436;55905668100;7003352060;6506407424;7402401766;55045101200;6603230834;56761498300;9744662700;23033983700;7005041695;6603409342;57217511623;7403247471;7203079647;","Failure to detect simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a large cameroonian cohort with high non-human primate exposure",2012,"EcoHealth","9","1",,"17","23",,6,"10.1007/s10393-012-0751-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863187410&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-012-0751-0&partnerID=40&md5=013e40a39d37a0ba0c016177c0ae36c0","Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, CA, United States; Global Viral Forecasting, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Biotechnology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Program in Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMI 233, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Virology Laboratory CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon; School of Public Health, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, United States","Djoko, C.F., Global Viral Forecasting, Yaoundé, Cameroon, Biotechnology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Wolfe, N.D., Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, CA, United States, Program in Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Aghokeng, A.F., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMI 233, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France, Virology Laboratory CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon; LeBreton, M., Global Viral Forecasting, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Liegeois, F., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMI 233, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Tamoufe, U., Global Viral Forecasting, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Schneider, B.S., Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, CA, United States; Ortiz, N., Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, CA, United States; Mbacham, W.F., Biotechnology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Carr, J.K., Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Rimoin, A.W., Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Fair, J.N., Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, CA, United States; Pike, B.L., Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, CA, United States; Mpoudi-Ngole, E., Virology Laboratory CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Delaporte, E., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMI 233, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Burke, D.S., School of Public Health, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, United States; Peeters, M., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMI 233, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France","Hunting and butchering of wildlife in Central Africa are known risk factors for a variety of human diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Due to the high incidence of human exposure to body fluids of non-human primates, the significant prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in non-human primates, and hunting/butchering associated cross-species transmission of other retroviruses in Central Africa, it is possible that SIV is actively transmitted to humans from primate species other than mangabeys, chimpanzees, and/or gorillas. We evaluated SIV transmission to humans by screening 2,436 individuals that hunt and butcher non-human primates, a population in which simian foamy virus and simian T-lymphotropic virus were previously detected. We identified 23 individuals with high seroreactivity to SIV. Nucleic acid sequences of SIV genes could not be detected, suggesting that SIV infection in humans could occur at a lower frequency than infections with other retroviruses, including simian foamy virus and simian T-lymphotropic virus. Additional studies on human populations at risk for non-human primate zoonosis are necessary to determine whether these results are due to viral/host characteristics or are indicative of low SIV prevalence in primate species consumed as bushmeat as compared to other retroviruses in Cameroon. © 2012 International Association for Ecology and Health.","bushmeat; Central Africa; humans; primates; simian immunodeficiency virus; transmission","animal; animal disease; article; Cameroon; cohort analysis; disease transmission; food control; human; meat; pathogenicity; primate; simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; virology; zoonosis; Animals; Cameroon; Cohort Studies; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Food Microbiology; Humans; Meat; Primates; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Zoonoses; Cercocebus; Pan; Primates; Simiae; Simian foamy virus; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3","Schneider, B.S.; Global Viral Forecasting, San Francisco, CA, United States; email: bschneider@gvfi.org",,,16129202,,,"22395958","English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84863187410
"Mediannikov O., Diatta G., Zolia Y., Balde M.C., Kohar H., Trape J.-F., Raoult D.","6603648157;16155760200;54793887000;10838973000;54793121000;55390565200;36040059800;","Tick-borne rickettsiae in Guinea and Liberia",2012,"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","3","1",,"43","48",,26,"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.08.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856572740&doi=10.1016%2fj.ttbdis.2011.08.002&partnerID=40&md5=d681ba12bcbf97e8a8ad3cc85b6c90ea","Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS 6236, IRD 198, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Campus commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, BP 1386, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia; Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Kindia, Guinea","Mediannikov, O., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS 6236, IRD 198, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Campus commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, BP 1386, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal; Diatta, G., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS 6236, IRD 198, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Campus commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, BP 1386, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal; Zolia, Y., Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia; Balde, M.C., Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Kindia, Guinea; Kohar, H., Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia; Trape, J.-F., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS 6236, IRD 198, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Campus commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, BP 1386, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal; Raoult, D., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS 6236, IRD 198, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Campus commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, BP 1386, CP 18524 Dakar, Senegal","While the high seroprevalence for the rickettsiae that cause spotted fevers and the multiple pathogenic rickettsiae is known, the data on the distribution of rickettsial diseases in Africa are often incomplete. We collected ticks from domestic or wild animals (generally a source of bushmeat) that were in contact with humans in 2 neighboring countries of tropical West Africa, Guinea and Liberia. In total, 382 ticks representing 6 species were collected in Liberia and 655 ticks representing 7 species were collected in Guinea. We found rickettsiae in 9 different species of ticks from both countries. Rickettsia africae was found in 93-100% of Amblyomma variegatum, in 14-93% of Rhipicephalus (B.) geigyi, Rh. (B.) annulatus, and Rh. (B.) decoloratus, and in several Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Haemaphysalis paraleachi. A genetic variant of R. africae was found in Amblyomma compressum. R. massiliae was found in 10/61 (16%) of Rh. senegalensis ticks and in 2% of Haemaphysalis paraleachi ticks collected from dogs. We identified a new rickettsia in one of 44 (2%) Ixodes muniensis collected from a dog in Liberia. As this rickettsia is not yet isolated, we propose the provisional name ""Candidatus Rickettsia liberiensis"" (for the West African country where the host tick was collected). © 2011 Elsevier GmbH.","Ixodid ticks; Liberia; Rickettsia; Rickettsia africae; Rickettsiosis; Spotted fever group","Amblyomma; Amblyomma compressum; amblyomma variegatum; article; genetic variability; Guinea; Haemaphysalis paraleachi; Hyalomma marginatum rufipes; Ixodes muniensis; Liberia; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; nymph; priority journal; Rhipicephalus; Rhipicephalus annulatus; Rhipicephalus decoloratus; Rhipicephalus geigyi; Rhipicephalus massiliae; Rhipicephalus senegalensis; Rickettsia; Rickettsiaceae; rickettsiosis; Rickettssia africae; seroprevalence; tick; tick infestation; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Arachnid Vectors; Base Sequence; Cattle; DNA, Bacterial; Dogs; Female; Guinea; Humans; Ixodidae; Liberia; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Rickettsia; Rickettsia Infections; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Tick Infestations; Tick-Borne Diseases; Amblyomma; Amblyomma variegatum; Animalia; Canis familiaris; Haemaphysalis; Hyalomma marginatum rufipes; Ixodes; Ixodida; Rhipicephalus; Rickettsia; Rickettsia africae; Rickettsia massiliae; Rickettsiaceae","Raoult, D.; Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS 6236, IRD 198, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; email: didier.raoult@gmail.com",,,1877959X,,,"22309858","English","Ticks Tick-borne Dis.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84856572740
"Smith K.M., Anthony S.J., Switzer W.M., Epstein J.H., Seimon T., Jia H., Sanchez M.D., Huynh T.T., Galland G.G., Shapiro S.E., Sleeman J.M., McAloose D., Stuchin M., Amato G., Kolokotronis S.-O., Lipkin W.I., Karesh W.B., Daszak P., Marano N.","8559201000;35365788200;7006277806;8962685100;15756211700;36247669700;57198646890;54889950700;7006273996;24777092400;7006641855;57193953281;54890795600;7102489303;6504065868;7005714572;55990995700;7003646071;6701432952;","Zoonotic viruses associated with illegally imported wildlife products",2012,"PLoS ONE","7","1", e29505,"","",,93,"10.1371/journal.pone.0029505","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855573487&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0029505&partnerID=40&md5=ac17664e43dd65672a458f00195958a7","Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States; United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, United States; Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States","Smith, K.M., Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Anthony, S.J., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Switzer, W.M., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Epstein, J.H., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Seimon, T., Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Jia, H., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Sanchez, M.D., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Huynh, T.T., Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States; Galland, G.G., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Shapiro, S.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Sleeman, J.M., United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, United States; McAloose, D., Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Stuchin, M., Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States; Amato, G., Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States; Kolokotronis, S.-O., Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States; Lipkin, W.I., Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Karesh, W.B., Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Daszak, P., EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; Marano, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States","The global trade in wildlife has historically contributed to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The United States is the world's largest importer of wildlife and wildlife products, yet minimal pathogen surveillance has precluded assessment of the health risks posed by this practice. This report details the findings of a pilot project to establish surveillance methodology for zoonotic agents in confiscated wildlife products. Initial findings from samples collected at several international airports identified parts originating from nonhuman primate (NHP) and rodent species, including baboon, chimpanzee, mangabey, guenon, green monkey, cane rat and rat. Pathogen screening identified retroviruses (simian foamy virus) and/or herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and lymphocryptovirus) in the NHP samples. These results are the first demonstration that illegal bushmeat importation into the United States could act as a conduit for pathogen spread, and suggest that implementation of disease surveillance of the wildlife trade will help facilitate prevention of disease emergence.",,"article; baboon; Cercocebus; chimpanzee; controlled study; Cytomegalovirus; disease surveillance; disease transmission; health hazard; Herpes virus; Lymphocryptovirus; methodology; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; pilot study; primate; prophylaxis; Retrovirus; risk assessment; rodent; Simian foamy virus; species identification; United States; virus identification; wildlife; zoonosis; airport; animal; commercial phenomena; genetics; isolation and purification; legal aspect; meat; mixed infection; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; rat; species difference; virology; wild animal; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cytomegalovirus; Lymphocryptovirus; Pan; Papio; Primates; Rattus; Rodentia; Simian foamy virus; Airports; Animals; Animals, Wild; Base Sequence; Coinfection; Commerce; Herpesviridae; Meat; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Primates; Rats; Simian foamy virus; Species Specificity; United States; Zoonoses","Smith, K. M.; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States; email: ksmith@ecohealthalliance.org",,,19326203,,,"22253731","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84855573487
"Bachand N., Ravel A., Onanga R., Arsenault J., Gonzalez J.-P.","55293232200;7006147654;6507985453;36478305400;34769623200;","Public health significance of zoonotic bacterial pathogens from bushmeat sold in urban markets of Gabon, central Africa",2012,"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","48","3",,"785","789",,14,"10.7589/0090-3558-48.3.785","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863427907&doi=10.7589%2f0090-3558-48.3.785&partnerID=40&md5=32706b92c60c85099623fa115492e190","Groupe de Recherche en Epidémiologie des Zoonoses en SantéPublique (GREZOSP), Facultéde Médecine Vétérinaire, Univerésitéde Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; FacultédeMédecine Vétérinaire, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Universitéde Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Unitéd'Analyses Biologiques et de Recherche en SantéPublique, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon","Bachand, N., Groupe de Recherche en Epidémiologie des Zoonoses en SantéPublique (GREZOSP), Facultéde Médecine Vétérinaire, Univerésitéde Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Ravel, A., Groupe de Recherche en Epidémiologie des Zoonoses en SantéPublique (GREZOSP), Facultéde Médecine Vétérinaire, Univerésitéde Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada, FacultédeMédecine Vétérinaire, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Universitéde Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Onanga, R., Unitéd'Analyses Biologiques et de Recherche en SantéPublique, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon; Arsenault, J., Groupe de Recherche en Epidémiologie des Zoonoses en SantéPublique (GREZOSP), Facultéde Médecine Vétérinaire, Univerésitéde Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada, FacultédeMédecine Vétérinaire, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Universitéde Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Gonzalez, J.-P., Unitéd'Analyses Biologiques et de Recherche en SantéPublique, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon","Wild animal meat represents an important source of protein for many people in central Africa. Also known as bushmeat, this meat commodity is derived from wild animals hunted under uncontrolled conditions, transported to distant markets under rudimentary or no hygienic methods, and often eviscerated.24 hr after death. Considering the plausible role of wildlife as a reservoir for bacterial zoonotic pathogens, bushmeat may be an important public health risk in Central Africa. This cross-sectional survey served to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella in the muscle tissue of 128 wild animal carcasses from several hunted wildlife species (guenons [Cercopithecus spp.], collared mangabeys [Cercocebus torquatus], gray-cheeked mangabeys [Lophocebus albigena], African crested porcupines [Atherurus africanus], duikers [Cephalophus spp.], and red river hogs [Potamocherus porcus]) sold in two markets of Port-Gentil, Gabon, in July and August 2010. Salmonella was detected from one carcass; no Campylobacter or Shigella was detected. If Campylobacter and Shigella were present, the maximum expected prevalence was estimated at 6% and 1%, respectively. In light of such very low apparent muscle contamination levels, bushmeat likely does not represent a health risk per se with respect to Campylobacter, Salmonella, or Shigella. However, because carcass evisceration and skinning can take place within households prior to consumption, consumers should follow strict hygiene and food safety practices to avoid potential health hazards associated with the handling, preparation, or consumption of bushmeat. © Wildlife Disease Association 2012.","Bushmeat; Campylobacter; Central africa; Salmonella; Shigella; Zoonoses","Animalia; Atherurus africanus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Campylobacter; Cephalophus; Cercocebus torquatus; Cercopithecus; Hystrix cristata; Lophocebus albigena; Potamochoerus porcus; Salmonella; Shigella","Ravel, A.; Groupe de Recherche en Epidémiologie des Zoonoses en SantéPublique (GREZOSP), Facultéde Médecine Vétérinaire, Univerésitéde Montréal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; email: Andre.Ravel@umontreal.ca",,"Wildlife Disease Association, Inc.",00903558,,,,"English","J. Wildl. Dis.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84863427907
"Schollmeyer K.G., Driver J.C.","13406071400;7102351171;","The past, present, and future of small terrestrial mammals in human diets",2012,"Conservation Biology and Applied Zooarchaeology","9780816599295",,,"179","207",,6,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881031150&partnerID=40&md5=95ca6a954aefccc4855490519fb5aaf3","Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Canada; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, United States","Schollmeyer, K.G., Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Canada, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, United States; Driver, J.C., Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Canada","Sustainable use of bushmeat game is an important issue for conservation biology. In some areas wild game is a major food source for subsistence hunters and farmers. The need for sustainable hunting is urgent as formerly thinly populated landscapes witness substantial human population growth, with accompanying expansions in the demand for meat and the rate at which wild vegetation is converted to farms and other uses. There are many cases of declines in wild game as human populations increase (Milner-Gulland et al. 2003), and some studies suggest that small mammals, particularly those adapted to anthropogenic habitats, may be sustainably hunted when larger species decline (Cowlishaw et al. 2005; Fa et al. 2005). Zooarchaeological data represent a record of these long-term processes that can be used to assess the sustainability of small mammal hunting. Small terrestrial mammals have been a part of human diets throughout (pre)history. In several times and places, their importance increased substantially with increasing human sedentism and population density (e.g., Stiner et al. 2000). Here we examine factors linked to changes in the dietary use of small mammals (1-20 kg), including their sustained use under hunting pressure and tolerance to human landscape disturbance. We then explore links between zooarchaeological data on long-term use and modern studies of contemporary hunting of small mammals. The zooarchaeological record indicates that in some areas, small mammals were an important meat source for thousands of years, particularly as large game species declined in the face of prolonged hunting and landscape change. Understanding cases in which small mammal hunting was viable for long periods contributes valuable information to modern efforts aimed at identifying taxa and hunting approaches likely to be associated with sustainable long-term use. Humans have the potential to alter the abundances of species through predation and habitat change. Some species may decline in abundance upon experiencing a predation intensity threshold; resilient species (e.g., Balmford 1996; Cowlishaw et al. 2005) maintain abundance levels despite intense predation. Mammal populations are ""resilient"" if they live and reproduce successfully in the face of local fluctuations in conditions (Holling 1973; White and Harrod 1997). Humans often make substantial changes to habitats, for example, by burning or by creating agricultural landscapes. Some species maintain or increase their abundance with such changes, whereas less resilient species experience population declines, extirpation, or extinction. Resilience is closely linked to the concept of sustainable use, or the loss of individuals at a rate within a species' capacity for renewal (Bolton 1997:35). Loss of individuals may occur directly (through hunting) or indirectly (via anthropogenic landscape change). We suspect that species that were sustainably hunted in the past were those resilient to environmental fluctuations and hunting demands associated with human land use. Resilience is difficult to measure zooarchaeologically. In this chapter, we use relative abundance indices to suggest that in many cases metapopulations of small mammals remained stable relative to larger taxa for thousands of years, suggesting that small mammals were a long-term sustainable resource. Wild terrestrial animals have the potential to supply food (particularly protein) to people in many parts of the world. Although large mammals are often hunted quickly to low population levels, even intensively farmed and urbanized landscapes contain wild animals, and less intensively cultivated areas may have substantial populations (Naughton-T reves 2002; Naughton-T reves et al. 2003; Smith 2005). If harvests of small mammals were sustainable, it might be possible to maintain diverse wild populations today. We use information from modern studies to examine important ecological variables concerning the resilience of small mammals and then use zooarchaeological data to assess long-term sustainability of small mammal procurement in two prehistoric contexts. © 2012 The Arizona Board of Regents. All rights reserved.",,,"Schollmeyer, K.G.; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser UniversityCanada",,"University of Arizona Press",,9780816599295; 9780816521135,,,"English","Conserv. Biol. and Appl. Zooarchaeology",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84881031150
"East M.L., Nyahongo J.W., Goller K.V., Hofer H.","7005670430;11140996200;24075763100;7101860243;","Does the vastness of the serengeti limit human-wildlife conflicts?",2012,"Fencing for Conservation: Restriction of Evolutionary Potential Or a Riposte to Threatening Processes?",,,,"125","151",,5,"10.1007/978-1-4614-0902-1_8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922369201&doi=10.1007%2f978-1-4614-0902-1_8&partnerID=40&md5=1e1221d073ce92bc5955ab362fc1b62d","Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany; School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania","East, M.L., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany; Nyahongo, J.W., School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania; Goller, K.V., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany; Hofer, H., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany","In this chapter we discuss whether the vastness of the Serengeti National Park (SNP) in northern Tanzania and associated protected areas minimises three forms of human–wildlife conflict: livestock predation by carnivores, bushmeat hunting and pathogen transmission between domestic animals and wildlife. The SNP covers 14,763 km2 and is surrounded by protected areas that form buffer-zones between the park and local people. This vast network of protected areas covers the majority of the 25,500 km2 Serengeti ecosystem; an area defined by the migratory movements of over one million herbivores. None of the protected areas are fenced. Fences would be detrimental to the ecosystem. We begin by discussing livestock predation in rural areas west of the SNP. Current low levels of livestock predation do not generate strong resentment among farmers. Predation levels will probably remain low provided there is adequate protection of migratory herbivore species. Next we detail the illegal harvest of bushmeat for home consumption and trade. Currently, hunters mostly work on foot; thus, buffer-zones form an effective distance barrier to wildlife deep within the SNP. This barrier will be diminished if hunters start using vehicles and if a proposed road through the north of the SNP is constructed. Finally, we consider disease transmission between domestic animals and wildlife and the efficacy of non-physical vaccine-induced barriers of immunity against disease spread. Mass vaccination of cattle against rinderpest has successfully eliminated this disease in wild ungulate species in the SNP. Although, vaccine-induced immunity barriers against rabies in domestic dogs recently failed to prevent epidemic rabies in domestic dogs surrounding the ecosystem, rabies did not spread to wild carnivores inside the SNP, suggesting that demographic and ecological factors within the SNP prevented the spread of epidemic rabies from domestic dogs into the park. Recent “silent” waves of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in wild carnivores inside the SNP suggest that mass vaccination of domestic dogs have either failed to prevent CDV spreading to wildlife, or have controlled CDV in the surrounding domestic dog population but have not controlled cycles of CDV inside the SNP, suggesting that CDV is maintained in wild carnivore species and not in domestic dogs outside the park. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012. All rights reserved.",,,"East, M.L.; Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, Germany; email: east@izw-berlin.de",,"Springer New York",,9781461409021; 9781461409014,,,"English","Fenc. for Conservation: Restriction of Evolutionary Potential Or a Riposte to Threatening Processes?",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84922369201
"Jenkins R.K.B., Keane A., Rakotoarivelo A.R., Rakotomboavonjy V., Randrianandrianina F.H., Razafimanahaka H.J., Ralaiarimalala S.R., Jones J.P.G.","7402400220;23990561700;54682254000;54682379200;14009033300;16304982000;54682261700;55388537800;","Analysis of patterns of bushmeat consumption reveals extensive exploitation of protected species in eastern madagascar",2011,"PLoS ONE","6","12", e27570,"","",,86,"10.1371/journal.pone.0027570","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83355173012&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0027570&partnerID=40&md5=fa2a7f1878f9552f14bd3b428acee843","School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom; Madagasikara Voakajy, Antananarivo, Madagascar","Jenkins, R.K.B., School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom, Madagasikara Voakajy, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Keane, A., School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom; Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Madagasikara Voakajy, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Rakotomboavonjy, V., Madagasikara Voakajy, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Randrianandrianina, F.H., Madagasikara Voakajy, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Razafimanahaka, H.J., Madagasikara Voakajy, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Ralaiarimalala, S.R., Madagasikara Voakajy, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Jones, J.P.G., School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom","Understanding the patterns of wild meat consumption from tropical forests is important for designing approaches to address this major threat to biodiversity and mitigate potential pathways for transmission of emerging diseases. Bushmeat consumption has been particularly poorly studied in Madagascar, one of the world's hottest biodiversity hotspots. Studying bushmeat consumption is challenging as many species are protected and researchers must consider the incentives faced by informants. Using interviews with 1154 households in 12 communes in eastern Madagascar, as well as local monitoring data, we investigated the importance of socio-economic variables, taste preference and traditional taboos on consumption of 50 wild and domestic species. The majority of meals contain no animal protein. However, respondents consume a wide range of wild species and 95% of respondents have eaten at least one protected species (and nearly 45% have eaten more than 10). The rural/urban divide and wealth are important predictors of bushmeat consumption, but the magnitude and direction of the effect varies between species. Bushmeat species are not preferred and are considered inferior to fish and domestic animals. Taboos have provided protection to some species, particularly the Endangered Indri, but we present evidence that this taboo is rapidly eroding. By considering a variety of potential influences on consumption in a single study we have improved understanding of who is eating bushmeat and why. Evidence that bushmeat species are not generally preferred meats suggest that projects which increase the availability of domestic meat and fish may have success at reducing demand. We also suggest that enforcement of existing wildlife and firearm laws should be a priority, particularly in areas undergoing rapid social change. The issue of hunting as an important threat to biodiversity in Madagascar is only now being fully recognised. Urgent action is required to ensure that heavily hunted species are adequately protected. © 2011 Jenkins et al.",,"animal hunting; article; biodiversity; biological monitoring; controlled study; endangered species; environmental exploitation; environmental monitoring; food analysis; food control; food intake; government regulation; meat industry; prediction; protein intake; raw meat; socioeconomics; species conservation; taboo; taste preference; urban rural difference; wild animal; wildlife conservation; animal; biological model; endangered species; feeding behavior; food preference; Madagascar; meat; recall; species difference; statistics; Animals; Animals, Wild; Endangered Species; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Madagascar; Meat; Mental Recall; Models, Biological; Species Specificity","Jones, J. P. G.; School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom; email: julia.jones@bangor.ac.uk",,,19326203,,,"22194787","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-83355173012
"Macdonald D.W., Johnson P.J., Albrechtsen L., Dutton A., Seymour S., Dupain J., Hall A., Fa J.E.","7401463172;55688010600;12780269400;23484846900;12779617200;7801473618;54417151800;7003936013;","Association of Body Mass with Price of Bushmeat in Nigeria and Cameroon",2011,"Conservation Biology","25","6",,"1220","1228",,23,"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01741.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80955145701&doi=10.1111%2fj.1523-1739.2011.01741.x&partnerID=40&md5=b3f5d6c5b4bd7c4321c2d8fbc280d7cc","Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon OX13 5 QL, United Kingdom; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Astridplein 26, Koningin, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium","Macdonald, D.W., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon OX13 5 QL, United Kingdom; Johnson, P.J., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom, ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Albrechtsen, L., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon OX13 5 QL, United Kingdom; Dutton, A., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon OX13 5 QL, United Kingdom; Seymour, S., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom, ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Dupain, J., Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Astridplein 26, Koningin, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium; Hall, A., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom, ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom, ICCS, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom","Spatially extensive patterns of bushmeat extraction (and the processes underlying these patterns) have not been explored. We used data from a large sample (n= 87) of bushmeat trading points in urban and rural localities in Nigeria and Cameroon to explore extraction patterns at a regional level. In 7,594 sample days, we observed 61,267 transactions involving whole carcasses. Rural and urban trading points differed in species for sale and in meat condition (fresh or smoked). Carcass price was principally associated with body mass, with little evidence that taxonomic group (primate, rodent, ungulate, or mammalian carnivore) affected price. Moreover, meat condition was not consistently associated with price. However, some individual species were more expensive throughout the region than would be expected for their size. Prices were weakly positively correlated with human settlement size and were highest in urban areas. Supply did not increase proportionally as human settlement size increased, such that per capita supply was significantly lower in urban centers than in rural areas. Policy options, including banning hunting of more vulnerable species (those that have low reproductive rates), may help to conserve some species consumed as bushmeat because carcass prices indicate that faster breeding, and therefore the more sustainable species, may be substituted and readily accepted by consumers. © 2011 Society for Conservation Biology.","África Occidental; Bushmeat; Carne silvestre; Comercio; Conservation planning; Mamíferos; Mammals; Planificación de la conservación; Trade; West Africa","body mass; bushmeat; carrion; conservation planning; environmental policy; human settlement; hunting; price determination; rural area; sustainable development; trade; trade-environment relations; urban area; vulnerability; wild population; animal; article; body size; Cameroon; commercial phenomena; economics; environmental protection; histology; mammal; meat; Nigeria; Animals; Body Size; Cameroon; Commerce; Conservation of Natural Resources; Mammals; Meat; Nigeria; Cameroon; Nigeria; Mammalia; Primates; Rodentia; Ungulata","Macdonald, D.W.; African Wildlife Foundation Conservation Centre, Ngong Road, P.O. Box 310, Karen, Code 00502 Nairobi, Kenya; email: david.macdonald@zoo.ox.ac.uk",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"21967092","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-80955145701
"Kamins A.O., Restif O., Ntiamoa-Baidu Y., Suu-Ire R., Hayman D.T.S., Cunningham A.A., Wood J.L.N., Rowcliffe J.M.","51863678000;13606349100;6701685875;24377187500;24376017100;57203051586;7404353992;6701682562;","Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa",2011,"Biological Conservation","144","12",,"3000","3008",,92,"10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83555176006&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2011.09.003&partnerID=40&md5=be34bc05595241a1dbc4c4daf80edb5f","Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Centre for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 67, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana","Kamins, A.O., Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Restif, O., Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Centre for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 67, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Suu-Ire, R., Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana; Hayman, D.T.S., Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Cunningham, A.A., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Wood, J.L.N., Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, J.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Harvesting, consumption and trade of bushmeat are important causes of both biodiversity loss and potential zoonotic disease emergence. In order to identify possible ways to mitigate these threats, it is essential to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which bushmeat gets from the site of capture to the consumer's table. In this paper we highlight the previously unrecognized scale of hunting of the African straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, a species which is important in both ecological and public health contexts, and describe the commodity chain in southern Ghana for its trade. Based on interviews with 551 Ghanaians, including bat hunters, vendors and consumers, we estimate that a minimum of 128,000 E. helvum bats are sold each year through a commodity chain stretching up to 400. km and involving multiple vendors. Unlike the general bushmeat trade in Ghana, where animals are sold in both specialized bushmeat markets and in restaurants, E. helvum is sold primarily in marketplaces; many bats are also kept by hunters for personal consumption. The offtake estimated in this paper raises serious conservation concerns, while the commodity chain identified in this study may offer possible points for management intervention. The separation of the E. helvum commodity chain from that of other bushmeat highlights the need for species-specific research in this area, particularly for bats, whose status as bushmeat is largely unknown. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Bushmeat hunting; Commodity chain; Eidolon helvum; Fruit bat hunting; Ghana","bat; biodiversity; bushmeat; commodity; disease prevalence; estimation method; food consumption; fruit; habitat loss; hunting; public health; Ghana; Animalia; Eidolon helvum","Kamins, A.O.; Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; email: aok23@cam.ac.uk",,,00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-83555176006
"Nijman V., Nekaris K.A.I., Donati G., Bruford M., Fa J.","6603777959;6603467721;56228160100;56840234000;7003936013;","Primate conservation: Measuring and mitigating trade in primates",2011,"Endangered Species Research","13","2",,"159","161",,37,"10.3354/esr00336","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054737397&doi=10.3354%2fesr00336&partnerID=40&md5=cd6bbb1cd37001e334138bca33be46cb","School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Department of Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Pisa, Via Volta 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, La Profonde Rue, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom","Nijman, V., School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Nekaris, K.A.I., School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Donati, G., Department of Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Pisa, Via Volta 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Bruford, M., Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom; Fa, J., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, La Profonde Rue, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom","Trade in primates is seen as a significant impediment to their conservation. Primates are traded both domestically and internationally, in order to supply, amongst others, biomedical industries and pharmaceutical markets, the entertainment business, or pet markets. Primate meat is consumed globally, whereas body parts are used as ingredients in traditional medicine or sold as curios. All international trade in primates is regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), to which all but 2 primate range countries are signatory. The last 15 years has seen a linear increase in the export of live primates (each year 3500 more individuals are exported), with China being, numerically, the largest exporter. While the trade in live primates worldwide involves tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of individuals a year, the trade in dead primates involves millions of animals a year. We introduce here a series of studies dealing with various aspects of the primate trade. We hope that these studies will urge others to quantify the extent of trade in primates alive and dead in both domestic and international contexts, allowing us to find ways to mitigate the consequences of this trade to the conservation of primates. © Inter-Research 2011.","Bushmeat; Cites; Conservation; Reintroduction; Wildlife trade","bushmeat; CITES; conservation management; endangered species; export; primate; reintroduction; wildlife management; Animalia; Primates","Nijman, V.; School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; email: vnijman@brookes.ac.uk",,,18635407,,,,"English","Endanger. Species Res.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-80054737397
"Brashares J.S., Golden C.D., Weinbaum K.Z., Barrett C.B., Okello G.V.","6602913857;35305127300;48862176100;7201943246;54389849200;","Economic and geographic drivers of wildlife consumption in rural Africa",2011,"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","108","34",,"13931","13936",,185,"10.1073/pnas.1011526108","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052148024&doi=10.1073%2fpnas.1011526108&partnerID=40&md5=1dacd96841775fa56376dea4be990442","Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Bushmeat Monitoring Network, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States","Brashares, J.S., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States, Bushmeat Monitoring Network, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Golden, C.D., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Weinbaum, K.Z., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Barrett, C.B., Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Okello, G.V., Bushmeat Monitoring Network, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States","The harvest of wildlife for human consumption is valued at several billion dollars annually and provides an essential source of meat for hundreds of millions of rural people living in poverty. This harvest is also considered among the greatest threats to biodiversity throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Economic development is often proposed as an essential first step to win-win solutions for poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation by breaking rural reliance on wildlife. However, increases in wealth may accelerate consumption and extend the scale and efficiency of wildlife harvest. Our ability to assess the likelihood of these two contrasting outcomes and to design approaches that simultaneously consider poverty and biodiversity loss is impeded by a weak understanding of the direction and shape of their interaction. Here, we present results of economic and wildlife use surveys conducted in 2,000 households from 96 settlements in Ghana, Cameroon, Tanzania, and Madagascar. We examine the individual and interactive roles of wealth, relative food prices, market access, and opportunity costs of time spent hunting on household rates of wildlife consumption. Despite great differences in biogeographic, social, and economic aspects of our study sites, we found a consistent relationship between wealth and wildlife consumption. Wealthier households consume more bushmeat in settlements nearer urban areas, but the opposite pattern is observed in more isolated settlements. Wildlife hunting and consumption increase when alternative livelihoods collapse, but this safety net is an option only for those people living near harvestable wildlife.","Bushmeat harvest; Panel analysis; Poverty traps; Wildlife conservation","Africa; animal hunting; article; biogeography; Cameroon; controlled study; economic development; environmental economics; food industry; food intake; Ghana; health survey; household; human; Madagascar; market; poverty; priority journal; rural area; social aspect; social status; Tanzania; wildlife; wildlife consumption; Africa; Animals; Animals, Wild; Cities; Conservation of Natural Resources; Family Characteristics; Geography; Humans; Marketing; Meat; Poverty; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors","Brashares, J.S.; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; email: brashares@berkeley.edu",,,00278424,,PNASA,"21873180","English","Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-80052148024
"Levi T., Shepard Jr. G.H., Ohl-Schacherer J., Wilmers C.C., Peres C.A., Yu D.W.","22035083500;7004551662;22035739600;6603498246;7005085103;7404666206;","Spatial tools for modeling the sustainability of subsistence hunting in tropical forests",2011,"Ecological Applications","21","5",,"1802","1818",,42,"10.1890/10-0375.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960353336&doi=10.1890%2f10-0375.1&partnerID=40&md5=73fabd9b4a4dcfd33d736a356854716c","Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States; Department of Anthropology, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará 66077-830, Brazil; Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Ecology, Conservation, and Environment Center (ECEC), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China","Levi, T., Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States; Shepard Jr., G.H., Department of Anthropology, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará 66077-830, Brazil, Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Ohl-Schacherer, J., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Wilmers, C.C., Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States; Peres, C.A., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Yu, D.W., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom, Ecology, Conservation, and Environment Center (ECEC), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China","Subsistence hunting provides a crucial food source for rural populations in tropical forests, but it is often practiced unsustainably. We use the empirical observation that subsistence hunters are central-place foragers to develop three ""bio-demographic"" hunting models of increasing complexity and realism for assessing the sustainability of hunting of an indicator species. In all our models, we calculate the spatial pattern of depletion of an indicator species (here, a large-bodied primate) across a landscape. Specifically, we show how to identify the area surrounding a human settlement that is expected to suffer local extinction. Our approach is an improvement over well-known sustainability indices of hunting, which are prone to error and do not provide clear links to policy prescriptions. Our first approach models the long-term effect of a single settlement and (1) can be parameterized with easily obtainable field data (such as settlement maps and knowledge of the major weapon used), (2) is simple enough to be used without requiring technical skill, and (3) reveals the asymptotic relationship between local human density and the level of game depletion. Our second model allows multiple settlements with overlapping hunting zones over large spatial scales. Our third model additionally allows temporal changes in human population size and distribution and source-sink dynamics in game populations. Using transect and hunting data from two Amazonian sites, we show that the models accurately predict the spatial distribution of primate depletion. To make these methods accessible, we provide software-based tools, including a toolbox for ArcGIS, to assist in managing and mapping the spatial extent of hunting. The proposed application of our models is to allow the quantitative assessment of settlement stabilization approaches to managing hunting in Amazonia. © 2011 by the Ecological Society of America.","Ateles spp.; Brazilian amazon; Bushmeat; Community-based conservation; Human-inhabited protected areas; Lagothrix spp.; Protected-area management; Source-sink dynamics; Spider monkey; Sustainable hunting; Wild meat; Woolly monkey","anthropogenic effect; bioindicator; bushmeat; GIS; hunting; local extinction; population distribution; population size; primate; protected area; rural population; source-sink dynamics; spatial analysis; tropical forest; wildlife management; animal; article; Atelidae; Brazil; computer simulation; ecosystem; environmental protection; human; human activities; methodology; physiology; population density; theoretical model; tree; tropic climate; Animals; Atelinae; Brazil; Computer Simulation; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Human Activities; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Population Density; Trees; Tropical Climate; Amazonas [Brazil]; Brazil; Ateles; Ateles sp.; Lagothrix; Primates","Yu, D.W.; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Yunnan 65023, China; email: dougwyu@gmail.com",,,10510761,,ECAPE,"21830720","English","Ecol. Appl.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-79960353336
"Allebone-Webb S.M., Kümpel N.F., Rist J., Cowlishaw G., Rowcliffe J.M., Milner-Gulland E.J.","37123392500;8537811800;24475000800;7004446420;6701682562;7003731704;","Use of Market Data to Assess Bushmeat Hunting Sustainability in Equatorial Guinea [Utilización de Datos de Mercado para Evaluar la Sustentabilidad de la Cacería de Vida Silvestre en Guinea Ecautorial]",2011,"Conservation Biology","25","3",,"597","606",,28,"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01681.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955800604&doi=10.1111%2fj.1523-1739.2011.01681.x&partnerID=40&md5=6fa486dc50f4aeb4b772f2297aea31ad","Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Centre for Environmental Policy and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Manor House, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, P.O. Box 1620, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Project Seahorse, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columba, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada","Allebone-Webb, S.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Centre for Environmental Policy and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Manor House, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, P.O. Box 1620, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Kümpel, N.F., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Centre for Environmental Policy and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Manor House, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rist, J., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Centre for Environmental Policy and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Manor House, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, Project Seahorse, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columba, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Cowlishaw, G., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, J.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Centre for Environmental Policy and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Manor House, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom","Finding an adequate measure of hunting sustainability for tropical forests has proved difficult. Many researchers have used urban bushmeat market surveys as indicators of hunting volumes and composition, but no analysis has been done of the reliability of market data in reflecting village offtake. We used data from urban markets and the villages that supply these markets to examine changes in the volume and composition of traded bushmeat between the village and the market (trade filters) in Equatorial Guinea. We collected data with market surveys and hunter offtake diaries. The trade filters varied depending on village remoteness and the monopoly power of traders. In a village with limited market access, species that maximized trader profits were most likely to be traded. In a village with greater market access, species for which hunters gained the greatest income per carcass were more likely to be traded. The probability of particular species being sold to market also depended on the capture method and season. Larger, more vulnerable species were more likely to be supplied from less-accessible catchments, whereas there was no effect of forest cover or human population density on probability of being sold. This suggests that the composition of bushmeat offtake in an area may be driven more by urban demand than the geographic characteristics of that area. In one market, traders may have reached the limit of their geographical exploitation range, and hunting pressure within that range may be increasing. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to model the trade filters that bias market data, which opens the way to developing more robust market-based sustainability indices for the bushmeat trade. ©2011 Society for Conservation Biology.","Africa; Bata; Commodity chain; Hunter; Rio Muni; Snaring; Trader; Wild meat","capture method; forest cover; hunting; meat; monopoly; population density; probability; sustainability; tropical forest; volume; vulnerability; wild population; article; commercial phenomena; environmental protection; Equatorial Guinea; meat; tropic climate; Commerce; Conservation of Natural Resources; Equatorial Guinea; Meat; Tropical Climate; Guinea","Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Centre for Environmental Policy and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Manor House, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; email: e.j.milner-gulland@imperial.ac.uk",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"21492219","Spanish","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-79955800604
"Wyler L.S., Sheikh P.A.","55996450000;10439904400;","International illegal trade in wildlife: Threats and U.S. policy",2011,"Illegal Trade In Wildlife",,,,"1","55",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895391180&partnerID=40&md5=ca4a2759c98545ca01f096948398aadf","International Crime and Narcotics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, United States; Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division, United States","Wyler, L.S., International Crime and Narcotics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, United States; Sheikh, P.A., Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division, United States","Global trade in illegal wildlife is a growing illicit economy, estimated to be worth at least $5 billion and potentially in excess of $20 billion annually. Some of the most lucrative illicit wildlife commodities include tiger parts, caviar, elephant ivory, rhino horn, and exotic birds and reptiles. Demand for illegally obtained wildlife is ubiquitous, and some suspect that illicit demand is growing. International wildlife smuggling may be of interest to Congress as it presents several potential environmental and national security threats to the United States. Threats to the environment include the potential loss of biodiversity, introduction of invasive species into U.S. ecosystems, and transmission of disease through illegal wildlife trade, including through illegal bushmeat trade. National security threats include links between wildlife trafficking and organized crime and drug trafficking. Some terrorist groups may also be seeking to finance their activities through illegal wildlife trade, according to some experts. Wildlife source and transit countries may be especially prone to exploitation if known to have weak state capacity, poor law enforcement, corrupt governments, and porous borders. The U.S. government addresses illegal wildlife trade through several national and international venues. Congress has passed numerous laws that regulate and restrict certain types of wildlife imports and exports, including the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Lacey Act and Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, and several species-specific conservation laws. These laws and others establish authorities and guidelines for wildlife trade inspection at ports of entry, and wildlife crime law enforcement and prosecution. Internationally, the United States is party to several wildlife conservation treaties, including the U.N. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which serves as the primary vehicle for regulating wildlife trade. Foreign training and assistance programs to combat illegal wildlife trade are also conducted by some federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of State, which leads an international initiative against wildlife trafficking. The role of Congress in evaluating U.S. policy to combat wildlife trafficking is broad. Potential issues for Congress include (1) determining funding levels for U.S. wildlife trade inspection and investigation; (2) evaluating the effectiveness of U.S. foreign aid to combat wildlife trafficking; (3) developing ways to encourage private- sector involvement in regulating the wildlife trade; (4) using trade sanctions to penalize foreign countries with weak enforcement of wildlife laws; (5) incorporating wildlife trade provisions into free trade agreements; and (6) addressing the domestic and international demand for illegal wildlife through public awareness campaigns and non-governmental organization partnerships. This report focuses on the international trade in terrestrial fauna, largely excluding trade in illegal plants, including timber, and fish. © 2009 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",,,"Wyler, L.S.; International Crime and Narcotics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade DivisionUnited States",,"Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",,9781606922804,,,"English","Illegal Trade In Wildlife",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84895391180
"Pourrut X., Diffo J.L.D., Somo R.M., Bilong Bilong C.F., Delaporte E., LeBreton M., Gonzalez J.P.","57212431826;10840232000;7801618535;6505928337;57217511623;55905668100;34769623200;","Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in primate bushmeat and pets in Cameroon",2011,"Veterinary Parasitology","175","1-2",,"187","191",,26,"10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78649468813&doi=10.1016%2fj.vetpar.2010.09.023&partnerID=40&md5=baa83994e80b5233c8672ae980678166","Centre de Recherches médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon; GVFI-Cameroon, Box 7039, Yaounde, Cameroon; Institute of Medical Research and Study of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaounde, Cameroon; University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Cameroon; IRD, 911 av Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France","Pourrut, X., Centre de Recherches médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon, IRD, 911 av Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Diffo, J.L.D., GVFI-Cameroon, Box 7039, Yaounde, Cameroon; Somo, R.M., Institute of Medical Research and Study of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaounde, Cameroon; Bilong Bilong, C.F., University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Cameroon; Delaporte, E., IRD, 911 av Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; LeBreton, M., GVFI-Cameroon, Box 7039, Yaounde, Cameroon; Gonzalez, J.P., Centre de Recherches médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon","To document the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Cameroonian monkeys and to assess the risk of transmission to humans, we sampled 125 primates belonging to 15 species, of which 78 had been captured for bushmeat in the wild, and 47 were pets kept in urban areas. Seven nematode species, one trematode, one cestode and three protozoa were detected. Eight different parasite species were found in Cercopithecus nictitans and six in C. neglectus, C. pogonias and Cercocebus agilis. Helminths were found in 77% of monkeys, and protozoa in 36%. Trichuris sp. and Entamoeba coli were the most frequent parasites, being found in 54% and 36% of animals, respectively. Helminths were more frequent in adults than in juveniles, while the prevalence of protozoa was not age-related. No significant gender difference was found. Bushmeat monkeys had a significantly higher prevalence of helminth infection than pets (92% versus 51%), whereas there was no significant difference in the prevalence of protozoa (32% versus 43%). Among helminth species, Strongyloides fulleborni was more prevalent in bushmeat monkeys than in pets (55% versus 15%), as were Ancylostoma spp. (62% versus 9%). As these parasites are transmitted transcutaneously by infectious larva, they have a high potential for transmission to humans, during butchering. One pet monkey kept in an urban household in Yaoundé was infected by Schistosoma mansoni. The potential public health implications of these findings are discussed. © 2010.","Bushmeat; Cameroon; Gastrointestinal parasites; Non-human primates; Pet; Zoonosis","adult animal; Ancylostoma; article; Cameroon; Cercocebus; Cercocebus agilis; Cercopithecus; Cercopithecus neglectus; Cercopithecus nictitans; Cercopithecus pogonias; controlled study; Entamoeba; entamoeba coli; female; intestine parasite; juvenile animal; male; monkey; nonhuman; parasite prevalence; parasite transmission; pet animal; public health; Schistosoma mansoni; Strongyloides; strongyloides fulleborni; Trichuris; urban area; wild animal; zoonosis; Animals; Ape Diseases; Cameroon; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Haplorhini; Humans; Meat; Monkey Diseases; Pan troglodytes; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Pets; Prevalence; Public Health; Zoonoses; Ancylostoma; Animalia; Cercocebus agilis; Cercopithecus nictitans; Cestoda; Entamoeba coli; Primates; Protozoa; Schistosoma mansoni; Strongyloides fuelleborni; Trematoda; Trichuris; Vermes","Pourrut, X.; Centre de Recherches médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon; email: Xavier.pourrut@ird.fr",,,03044017,,VPARD,"20970258","English","Vet. Parasitol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-78649468813
"Aalangdong O.I.","56055739300;","Hunting and trading bushmeat in Northern Ghana",2011,"Natural Resources in Ghana: Management, Policy and Economics",,,,"109","120",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895246248&partnerID=40&md5=3c3b81a587bb5e11f2531fb968c2276d","Department of Renewable Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 1350, Tamale, NR, Ghana","Aalangdong, O.I., Department of Renewable Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 1350, Tamale, NR, Ghana","This Chapter reports the results of a study to examine how bushmeat is acquired and traded in Northern Ghana. Thirty selected towns and villages were surveyed in the three regions of Northern Ghana. Data were collected from hunters, bushmeat traders, consumers and elders. The results indicate that hunting is undertaken by men while bushmeat trading is by women. Hunters used various methods such as shotguns, bows and arrows, traps, and dogs both during the day and at night. The bushmeat traders bought the meat from hunters and either retailed or sold these in the markets to restaurant and chop bar operators. Many hunters and bushmeat traders did not have game licences, and hunting and trading continued even during the Annual Closed Season. Respondents admitted that many animal species are now locally extinct and many have drastically decreased in numbers due to hunting, and that wild animals can easily be sighted only in national parks and game reserves. It was noted that hunting is still a dominant profession in the north as bushmeat is an important source of protein for the rural poor. Therefore, the Wildlife Division of the Ghana Forestry Commission should show interest in establishing hunters and bushmeat traders associations in Ghana as a way to promote the sustainable management of wildlife. Local communities should be involved in the planning and management of wildlife resources through the establishment of community resource reserves and training. © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,,"Aalangdong, O.I.; Department of Renewable Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 1350, Tamale, NR, Ghana; email: aalangdong@yahoo.com",,"Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",,9781616680206,,,"English","Nat. Resour. in Ghana: Manage., Policy and Econ.",Book Chapter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84895246248
"Gandiwa E.","30067540400;","Preliminary assessment of illegal hunting by communities adjacent to the northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe",2011,"Tropical Conservation Science","4","4",,"445","467",,33,"10.1177/194008291100400407","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856861936&doi=10.1177%2f194008291100400407&partnerID=40&md5=3d246eeea0742c70efb4f7a1f98b8d50","Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands; Communication and Innovation Studies Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands; Scientific Services, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Private Bag 7003, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe","Gandiwa, E., Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands, Communication and Innovation Studies Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, Netherlands, Scientific Services, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Private Bag 7003, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe","Illegal hunting of wildlife is a major issue in today's society, particularly in tropical ecosystems. In this study, a total of 114 local residents from eight villages located in four wards adjacent to the northern Gonarezhou National Park, south-eastern Zimbabwe were interviewed in 2009, using semi-structured questionnaires. The study aimed to answer the following questions: (i) what is the prevalence of illegal hunting and what are commonly used hunting methods? (ii) Which wild animal species are commonly hunted illegally? (iii) What are the main reasons for illegal hunting? (iv) What strategies or mechanisms are currently in place to minimize illegal hunting? Overall, 59% of the respondents reported that they saw bushmeat, meat derived from wild animals, and/or wild animal products being sold at least once every six months, whereas 41% of the respondents reported that they had never seen bushmeat and/or wild animal products being sold in their villages and/or wards. About 18% of the respondents perceived that illegal hunting had increased between 2000 and 2008, whereas 62% of the respondents perceived that illegal hunting had declined, and 20% perceived that it remained the same. Snaring (79%) and hunting with dogs (53%) were reportedly the most common hunting methods. A total of 24 wild animal species were reportedly hunted, with African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) (18%), Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga) (21%), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (25%) and impala (Aepyceros melampus) (27%) amongst the most targeted and preferred animal species. In addition, large carnivores, including spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) (11%), leopard (Panthera pardus) (10%) and African lion (Panthera leo) (8%), were reportedly hunted illegally. The need for bushmeat, for household consumption (68%), and raising money through selling of wild animal products (55%) were reported as being the main reasons for illegal hunting. Strengthening law enforcement, increasing awareness and environmental education, and developing mechanisms to reduce human-wildlife conflicts will assist in further minimizing illegal hunting activities in the Gonarezhou ecosystem. © Edson Gandiwa.","Bushmeat; Conservation; Enforcement; Poverty; Snaring","Aepyceros melampus; Animalia; Canis familiaris; Crocuta crocuta; Equus quagga; Equus subg. Hippotigris; Felidae; Panthera; Panthera leo; Panthera pardus; Syncerus caffer; Tragelaphus strepsiceros","Gandiwa, E.; Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands; email: egandiwa@gmail.com",,"Mongaby.com e-journal",19400829,,,,"English","Trop. Conserv. Sci.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84856861936
"van Vliet N., Mbazza P.","19337994200;19337577300;","Recognizing the multiple reasons for bushmeat consumption in urban areas: A necessary step toward the sustainable use of wildlife for food in central africa",2011,"Human Dimensions of Wildlife","16","1",,"45","54",,43,"10.1080/10871209.2010.523924","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751624230&doi=10.1080%2f10871209.2010.523924&partnerID=40&md5=916ac31652c1cbaf7ba1c0d2fad96a99","Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Oster Voldgade, 10 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Independent consultant, Makokou, Gabon","van Vliet, N., Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Oster Voldgade, 10 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Mbazza, P., Independent consultant, Makokou, Gabon","Hunting in Central Africa poses a threat to several species and remains a crucial source of protein and income for African communities. However, we lack sufficient knowledge of the drivers of consumption to provide innovative strategies for sustainable use. Our literature review draws several conclusions based on available case studies. First, as the most highly valued bushmeat species are among the most common, there is a non-negligible potential to reduce the trade to the most resilient species without having to ban all bushmeat trade. Second, because bushmeat serves multiple functions above the purely consumptive, there is no guarantee that demand for bushmeat will decline. Third, bushmeat is perceived by consumers as a healthy food compared to industrial meats and consumer choices ignore the risks associated with zoonotic diseases. Multidisciplinary approaches that incorporate the human dimensions of wildlife are to be encouraged for a more sustainable use of bushmeat. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Bushmeat consumption; Central africa; Consumer behavior; Sustainable use",,"Vliet, N.; Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Oster Voldgade, 10 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; email: vanvlietnathalie@yahoo.com",,,10871209,,,,"English","Hum. Dimens. Wildl.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-78751624230
"Ahuka-Mundeke S., Ayouba A., Mbala-Kingebeni P., Liegeois F., Esteban A., Lunguya-Metila O., Demba D., Bilulu G., Mbenzo-Abokome V., Inogwabini B.-I., Muyembe-Tamfum J.-J., Delaporte E., Peeters M.","36670888500;57201621060;54796862000;7003352060;35740240200;54796825800;54796530600;54416885100;54417641100;6507076208;6603743560;57217511623;7203079647;","Novel multiplexed HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus antibody detection assay",2011,"Emerging Infectious Diseases","17","12",,"2277","2286",,25,"10.3201/eid1712.110783","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930474723&doi=10.3201%2feid1712.110783&partnerID=40&md5=1710a2bba837981d1237cf4840c69ce7","University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Congo; Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Zone de Santé de Kole, Sankuru, Kasai Oriental, Congo; World Wildlife Fund For Nature, Kinshasa, Congo","Ahuka-Mundeke, S., University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Congo, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Ayouba, A., University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Mbala-Kingebeni, P., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Congo, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Liegeois, F., University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Esteban, A., University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Lunguya-Metila, O., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Congo, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Demba, D., Zone de Santé de Kole, Sankuru, Kasai Oriental, Congo; Bilulu, G., Zone de Santé de Kole, Sankuru, Kasai Oriental, Congo; Mbenzo-Abokome, V., World Wildlife Fund For Nature, Kinshasa, Congo; Inogwabini, B.-I., World Wildlife Fund For Nature, Kinshasa, Congo; Muyembe-Tamfum, J.-J., Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Congo, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Delaporte, E., University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Peeters, M., University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France","Like most emerging infectious disease viruses, HIV is also of zoonotic origin. To assess the risk for cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from nonhuman primates to humans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we collected 330 samples derived from nonhuman primate bushmeat at 3 remote forest sites. SIV prevalences were estimated by using a novel highthroughput assay that included 34 HIV and SIV antigens in a single well. Overall, 19% of nonhuman primate bushmeat was infected with SIVs, and new SIV lineages were identified. Highest SIV prevalences were seen in redtailed guenons (25%) and Tshuapa red colobus monkeys (24%), representing the most common hunted primate species, thus increasing the likelihood for cross-species transmission. Additional studies are needed to determine whether other SIVs crossed the species barrier. With the newly developed assay, large-scale screening against many antigens is now easier and faster.",,"Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; virus antigen; antibody detection; article; blood sampling; controlled study; gene sequence; genetic variability; geographic distribution; Haplorhini; Human immunodeficiency virus; immunoassay; information processing; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; prevalence; Simian immunodeficiency virus; species differentiation; virus transmission","Peeters, M.; Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMI233, IRD, 911 Ave, Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 1, France; email: martine.peeters@ird.fr",,"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)",10806040,,EIDIF,,"English","Emerg. Infect. Dis.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-84930474723
"Ohashi G., Matsuzawa T.","12760817200;7201578606;","Deactivation of snares by wild chimpanzees",2011,"Primates","52","1",,"1","5",,17,"10.1007/s10329-010-0212-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78651242474&doi=10.1007%2fs10329-010-0212-8&partnerID=40&md5=f463211bb18cdced8f6cedb9ab2a9507","Japan Monkey Centre, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan","Ohashi, G., Japan Monkey Centre, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; Matsuzawa, T., Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan","Snare injuries to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been reported at many study sites across Africa, and in some cases cause the death of the ensnared animal. However, very few snare injuries have been reported concerning the chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea. The rarity of snare injuries in this study group warrants further consideration, given the exceptionally close proximity of the Bossou chimpanzees to human settlements and the widespread practice of snare hunting in the area. Herein we report a total of six observations of chimpanzees attempting to break and deactivate snares, successfully doing so on two of these occasions. We observed the behavior in 5 males, ranging in age from juveniles to adults. We argue that such active responses to snares must be contributing to the rarity of injuries in this group. Based on our observations, we suggest that the behavior has transmitted down the group. Our research team at Bossou continues to remove snares from the forest, but the threat of ensnarement still remains. We discuss potential ways to achieve a good balance between human subsistence activities and the conservation of chimpanzees at Bossou, which will increasingly be an area of great concern in the future. © 2010 Japan Monkey Centre and Springer.","Bossou; Bush meat; Chimpanzee; Conservation; Culture; Snare","bushmeat; conservation status; endangered species; hominid; human activity; minimum viable population; species conservation; trapping; altruism; animal; animal behavior; article; cultural anthropology; environmental protection; Guinea; male; motor performance; Pan troglodytes; physiology; psychological aspect; Altruism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conservation of Natural Resources; Cultural Evolution; Guinea; Male; Motor Skills; Pan troglodytes; Bossou; Guinea; Animalia; Pan; Pan troglodytes","Ohashi, G.; Japan Monkey Centre, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan; email: gaku.ohashi@gmail.com",,,00328332,,,"20700626","English","Primates",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-78651242474
"Adejinmi J.O., Emikpe G.E.","6504771401;54792866700;","Helminth parasites of some wildlife in Asejire Game Reserve, Nigeria",2011,"African Journal of Wildlife Research","41","2",,"214","217",,4,"10.3957/056.041.0209","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84455170916&doi=10.3957%2f056.041.0209&partnerID=40&md5=24b963794ac171c28a79121c6664aef7","Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","Adejinmi, J.O., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Emikpe, G.E., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria","A study was carried out between August 2007 and January 2008 to determine the prevalence of helminth parasites of cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus) and grey duikers (Sylvicapra grimmia) cropped from Asejire Game Reserve in Osun State, southwestern Nigeria. Totals of 93 and 13 faecal samples, respectively collected from cane rats and grey duikers, were examined for helminth parasites using sodium chloride floatation and zinc sulphate sedimentation methods. Of the 93 and 13 faecal samples examined from cane rats and grey duikers 78 (83.3%) and 7 (53.8%), respectively, were positive for helminth ova. For cane rats, Strongyle ova 71 (76.3%) was the most frequently observed followed by Strongyloides 38 (40.8%) Trichuris 33 (35.4%), Cestode 9 (9.6%) and Ascaris 5 (7.5%). For antelopes Strongyle ova 6 (46.0%) was also the most frequently encountered followed by Trichuris 4 (31.0%), Ascaris 2 (15.0%) and Cestode 1 (8.0%). Strongyloides ova were not detected in the faecal samples examined for grey duikers. No trematode ova were detected in any of the samples examined. Larvae of Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus were common to both cane rats and grey duikers faecal cultures. Cane rats carried greater worm burdens than grey duikers. The number of eggs per gram of faeces for Strongyle was the highest 390.6 ± 154.9 and 420.0 ± 1.0 for cane rats and grey duikers, respectively. We recommend health education for all the people concerned in handling the animals, including the consumers of bushmeat in whatever form.","helminths; Nigeria; wildlife","annelid; bushmeat; chloride; disease prevalence; feces; host-parasite interaction; larva; parasitic disease; rodent; ungulate; wild population; Nigeria","Adejinmi, J.O.; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; email: olaadejinmi@yahoo.co.uk",,"Insteg Scientific Publications",03794369,,,,"English","S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84455170916
"Coad L., Abernethy K., Balmford A., Manica A., Airey L., Milner-Gulland E.J.","26633525100;7004267574;57207509047;6603416293;6507786014;7003731704;","Distribution and Use of Income from Bushmeat in a Rural Village, Central Gabon",2010,"Conservation Biology","24","6",,"1510","1518",,47,"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01525.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78349250880&doi=10.1111%2fj.1523-1739.2010.01525.x&partnerID=40&md5=931b323d2550c9deea550a7a993ea0fa","Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; James Martin 21st Century School, Environmental Change Institute, SoGE, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom","Coad, L., Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, James Martin 21st Century School, Environmental Change Institute, SoGE, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Abernethy, K., School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Balmford, A., Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Manica, A., Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Airey, L., Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom","Bushmeat hunting is an activity integral to rural forest communities that provides a high proportion of household incomes and protein requirements. An improved understanding of the relationship between bushmeat hunting and household wealth is vital to assess the potential effects of future policy interventions to regulate an increasingly unsustainable bushmeat trade. We investigated the relationship between hunting offtake and household wealth, gender differences in spending patterns, and the use of hunting incomes in two rural forest communities, Central Gabon, from 2003 to 2005. Households in which members hunted (hunting households) were significantly wealthier than households in which no one hunted (nonhunting households), but within hunting households offtakes were not correlated with household wealth. This suggests there are access barriers to becoming a hunter and that hunting offtakes may not be the main driver of wealth accumulation. Over half of the money spent by men in the village shop was on alcohol and cigarettes, and the amount and proportion of income spent on these items increased substantially with increases in individual hunting offtake. By contrast, the majority of purchases made by women were of food, but their food purchases decreased actually and proportionally with increased household hunting offtake. This suggests that the availability of bushmeat as a food source decreases spending on food, whereas hunting income may be spent in part on items that do not contribute significantly to household food security. Conservation interventions that aim to reduce the commercial bushmeat trade need to account for likely shifts in individual spending that may ensue and the secondary effects on household economies. © 2010 Society for Conservation Biology.","Africa; Gender; Livelihoods; Protein; Spending; Wild meat","bushmeat; conservation management; food security; food supply; gender; household income; income distribution; protein; rural population; village; wildlife management; article; behavior; commercial phenomena; environmental protection; female; Gabon; human; income; male; meat; rural population; sex difference; socioeconomics; Behavior; Commerce; Conservation of Natural Resources; Female; Gabon; Humans; Income; Male; Meat; Rural Population; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Gabon","Coad, L.; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; email: lauren.coad@ouce.ox.ac.uk",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"20507352","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-78349250880
"Bouché P., Renaud P.-C., Lejeune P., Vermeulen C., Froment J.-M., Bangara A., Fiongai O., Abdoulaye A., Abakar R., Fay M.","7004583582;11738863000;8700431500;26428620400;7101820762;36625033600;36625384800;37046724900;36624927800;16241625000;","Has the final countdown to wildlife extinction in Northern Central African Republic begun?",2010,"African Journal of Ecology","48","4",,"994","1003",,22,"10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01202.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954075213&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2028.2009.01202.x&partnerID=40&md5=7a3c0e51bfb8f52c17e19ae639a8f23c","Composante ZCV Programme ECOFAC IV, BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic; Laboratoire LEESA-groupe écologie et conservation, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, Campus de Belle-Beille, Bd Lavoisier, 2, F-49045 Angers, France; Unité de gestion des Ressources Forestières et des Milieux Naturels, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; African Parks Network, PO Box 2336, Lonehill 2062, Sandton, Central African Republic; LACCEG, Département de Géographie, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université de Bangui, BP 1037, Bangui, Central African Republic; Composante Forêt de Ngotto Programme ECOFAC IV, BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic; Ngoumbiri Safari, c/o BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic; WCS International Conservation, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, United States","Bouché, P., Composante ZCV Programme ECOFAC IV, BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic, Unité de gestion des Ressources Forestières et des Milieux Naturels, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Renaud, P.-C., Laboratoire LEESA-groupe écologie et conservation, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, Campus de Belle-Beille, Bd Lavoisier, 2, F-49045 Angers, France, Unité de gestion des Ressources Forestières et des Milieux Naturels, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Lejeune, P., Unité de gestion des Ressources Forestières et des Milieux Naturels, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Vermeulen, C., Unité de gestion des Ressources Forestières et des Milieux Naturels, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Froment, J.-M., African Parks Network, PO Box 2336, Lonehill 2062, Sandton, Central African Republic; Bangara, A., LACCEG, Département de Géographie, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université de Bangui, BP 1037, Bangui, Central African Republic; Fiongai, O., Composante Forêt de Ngotto Programme ECOFAC IV, BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic; Abdoulaye, A., Composante ZCV Programme ECOFAC IV, BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic; Abakar, R., Ngoumbiri Safari, c/o BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic; Fay, M., WCS International Conservation, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, United States","The wildlife populations of Northern Central African Republic experienced precipitous declines during the 1970s and 1980s. While anecdotes coming out of the region indicate that the wildlife populations remain under serious threat, little is known about their status. An aerial sample count was carried out in the Northern Central African Republic at the end of the dry season in June 2005 and covered an 85,000-km2 complex landscape containing national parks, hunting reserves and community hunting areas. Results show a dramatic decline of wildlife since the previous survey in 1985. In 20-years, large mammals' numbers decreased by 65%, probably because of poaching and diseases brought by illegal cattle transhumance. Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Buffon kob (Kobus kob) populations showed the greatest decline (over 80% each), while buffalo (Syncerus caffer), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) and Giant Lord's Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus) populations seem stable or increasing over these last 20-years. The analysis of the wildlife population distribution by status of the different types of protected areas (national parks, hunting areas) showed that individual encounter rates of elephant and buffalo were lower in national parks than in neighbouring hunting areas, while those for roan, giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and Buffon kob were higher in the national parks. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Aerial survey; Illegal bushmeat trade; Illegal ivory trade; Northern Central African Republic; Wildlife decline; Wildlife population trend","aerial survey; bushmeat; deer; elephant; extinction risk; hunting; ivory; national park; nature reserve; poaching; population decline; wild population; Central African Republic; Bos; Giraffa camelopardalis; Giraffidae; Hippotragus; Hippotragus equinus; Kobus; Kobus kob; Loxodonta africana; Mammalia; Syncerus caffer; Tragelaphus derbianus; Tragelaphus oryx","Bouché, P.; Composante ZCV Programme ECOFAC IV, BP 1608, Bangui, Central African Republic; email: ph-bouche@yahoo.com",,,01416707,,AJOED,,"English","Afr. J. Ecol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77954075213
"Hayman D.T.S., Emmerich P., Yu M., Wang L.-F., Suu-Ire R., Fooks A.R., Cunningham A.A., Wood J.L.N.","24376017100;6603946425;55263718600;35243718700;24377187500;7003456806;57203051586;7404353992;","Long-term survival of an urban fruit bat seropositive for ebola and lagos bat viruses",2010,"PLoS ONE","5","8", e11978,"","",,103,"10.1371/journal.pone.0011978","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957786166&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0011978&partnerID=40&md5=69d81e8715c9b8f6e87db5730e503931","Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom; Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom; Bernhard-Nocht Institute, Hamburg, Germany; CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; Wildlife Division of the Ghana Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana; National Centre for Zoonoses Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","Hayman, D.T.S., Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Emmerich, P., Bernhard-Nocht Institute, Hamburg, Germany; Yu, M., CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; Wang, L.-F., CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; Suu-Ire, R., Wildlife Division of the Ghana Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana; Fooks, A.R., Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom, National Centre for Zoonoses Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Cunningham, A.A., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom; Wood, J.L.N., Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","Ebolaviruses (EBOV) (family Filoviridae) cause viral hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates when they spill over from their wildlife reservoir hosts with case fatality rates of up to 90%. Fruit bats may act as reservoirs of the Filoviridae. The migratory fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, is common across sub-Saharan Africa and lives in large colonies, often situated in cities. We screened sera from 262 E. helvum using indirect fluorescent tests for antibodies against EBOV subtype Zaire. We detected a seropositive bat from Accra, Ghana, and confirmed this using western blot analysis. The bat was also seropositive for Lagos bat virus, a Lyssavirus, by virus neutralization test. The bat was fitted with a radio transmitter and was last detected in Accra 13 months after release post-sampling, demonstrating long-term survival. Antibodies to filoviruses have not been previously demonstrated in E. helvum. Radio-telemetry data demonstrates long-term survival of an individual bat following exposure to viruses of families that can be highly pathogenic to other mammal species. Because E. helvum typically lives in large urban colonies and is a source of bushmeat in some regions, further studies should determine if this species forms a reservoir for EBOV from which spillover infections into the human population may occur. © 2010 Hayman et al.",,"neutralizing antibody; nucleoprotein; virus protein; animal experiment; article; bat; blood analysis; blood sampling; controlled study; disease carrier; Ebola virus; Eidolon helvum; female; fluorescent antibody technique; Ghana; Hypsignathus monstrosus; immunoreactivity; lagos bat lyssavirus; male; newborn; nonhuman; population migration; Rabies virus; serodiagnosis; survival time; telemetry; urban area; virus neutralization; Western blotting; animal; bat; blood; immunology; isolation and purification; metabolism; pregnancy; survival; time; virology; Eidolon helvum; Filoviridae; Lagos bat virus; Lyssavirus; Mammalia; Primates; Animals; Blotting, Western; Chiroptera; Ebolavirus; Female; Lyssavirus; Male; Nucleoproteins; Pregnancy; Survival Analysis; Telemetry; Time Factors; Viral Proteins","Hayman, D. T. S.; Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; email: dtsh2@cam.ac.uk",,,19326203,,,"20694141","English","PLoS ONE",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-77957786166
"Worobey M., Telfer P., Souquière S., Hunter M., Coleman C.A., Metzger M.J., Reed P., Makuwa M., Hearn G., Honarvar S., Roques P., Apetrei C., Kazanji M., Marx P.A.","6603603024;57198074634;6602592369;7202148690;23468852600;36671631200;7202010927;6603811063;7005235369;6507560060;7006834700;7003359151;7003611549;7102894750;","Island biogeography reveals the deep history of SIV",2010,"Science","329","5998",,"1487","",,136,"10.1126/science.1193550","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956685623&doi=10.1126%2fscience.1193550&partnerID=40&md5=c8c5efb091754b880399bb400d30b6da","University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States; Center for International Medical Research, Franceville, Gabon; Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States","Worobey, M., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Telfer, P., Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States, Center for International Medical Research, Franceville, Gabon; Souquière, S., Center for International Medical Research, Franceville, Gabon; Hunter, M., Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States; Coleman, C.A., Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States; Metzger, M.J., Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States; Reed, P., Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States, Center for International Medical Research, Franceville, Gabon; Makuwa, M., Center for International Medical Research, Franceville, Gabon; Hearn, G., Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Honarvar, S., Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Roques, P., Center for International Medical Research, Franceville, Gabon; Apetrei, C., Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States; Kazanji, M., Center for International Medical Research, Franceville, Gabon; Marx, P.A., Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States",[No abstract available],,"amino acid; amino acid; bushmeat; coevolution; disease prevalence; immune system; island biogeography; pathogenicity; phylogenetics; polymerase chain reaction; primate; virus; amino acid sequence; Cercopithecus; Cercopithecus erythrotis erythrotis; Cercopithecus preussi insularis; Colobinae; Colobus satanas satanas; evolution; genetic variability; history; Human immunodeficiency virus; island biogeography; Mandrillus; Mandrillus leucophaeus leucophaeus; Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis; molecular clock; nonhuman; pathogenicity; phylogeny; priority journal; probability; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; serology; seroprevalence; short survey; Simian immunodeficiency virus; animal; Cercopithecidae; classification; Equatorial Guinea; genetics; geography; isolation and purification; molecular evolution; molecular genetics; simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; structural gene; time; virology; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Animals; Cercopithecidae; Cercopithecus; Colobus; Equatorial Guinea; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, pol; Genetic Variation; Geography; Mandrillus; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Time Factors","Marx, P. A.; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States; email: pmarx@tulane.edu",,"American Association for the Advancement of Science",00368075,,SCIEA,"20847261","English","Science",Short Survey,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77956685623
"Alders R.G., Bagnol B., Young M.P.","6602294651;16425276900;34067913900;","Technically sound and sustainable Newcastle disease control in village chickens: Lessons learnt over fifteen years",2010,"World's Poultry Science Journal","66","3",,"433","440",,24,"10.1017/S0043933910000516","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958581547&doi=10.1017%2fS0043933910000516&partnerID=40&md5=9213fe5736dbc0adb669205db1301ef1","International Rural Poultry Centre, KYEEMA Foundation, G.P.O. Box 3023, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Department of Environmental and Population Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States","Alders, R.G., International Rural Poultry Centre, KYEEMA Foundation, G.P.O. Box 3023, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia, Department of Environmental and Population Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States; Bagnol, B., International Rural Poultry Centre, KYEEMA Foundation, G.P.O. Box 3023, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Young, M.P., International Rural Poultry Centre, KYEEMA Foundation, G.P.O. Box 3023, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia","Village chickens can be found in all developing countries and play a vital role in the livelihood strategies of many poor rural households. The implementation of effective village poultry production programmes in Asia, Africa and Latin America has resulted in increased poultry numbers, household purchasing power, home consumption of poultry products and decision-making power for women. The rapid and wide geographical spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 has drawn attention to the neglect of village poultry health. This crisis has presented an opportunity to invest in improved village poultry husbandry that can make a positive contribution to human development in rural areas across a range of endeavours including: empowerment of women (increased productivity, knowledge, participation in community life as vaccinators, etc); HIV/AIDS mitigation; wildlife conservation through a reduction in bushmeat consumption; improved understanding of disease transmission, prevention and control, human nutrition and hygiene; and, most importantly building trust between communities and government agencies. Key recommendations to support technically sound and sustainable Newcastle disease control programmes in village chickens include encouraging veterinary pharmaceutical manufacturers to develop and observe a code of conduct that supports the supply of appropriate vaccine with an adequate shelf life, giving instructions in local languages, using temperature indicators in vaccine containers and discouraging the payment of commission on the purchase of vaccine. Quality assurance activities should be built into all vaccination programmes to improve cost-efficiency, and should include post-vaccination serological monitoring of a representative sample of birds, especially when a new vaccine or new disease control programme is introduced. Also required is the participation of farmers (male and female) in monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns; and active collaboration with the Ministries of Agriculture, Health and Education in village poultry improvement programmes. © 2010 World's Poultry Science Association.","disease control; Newcastle disease; thermotolerant vaccine; village chickens","Aves; Gallus gallus","Alders, R. G.; International Rural Poultry Centre, KYEEMA Foundation, G.P.O. Box 3023, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; email: robyn.alders@gmail.com",,,00439339,,,,"English","World's Poult. Sci. J.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77958581547
"Rao M., Htun S., Zaw T., Myint T.","7404631266;13005197500;57211464600;13007137800;","Hunting, livelihoods and declining wildlife in the Hponkanrazi wildlife sanctuary, North Myanmar",2010,"Environmental Management","46","2",,"143","153",,27,"10.1007/s00267-010-9519-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956191394&doi=10.1007%2fs00267-010-9519-x&partnerID=40&md5=31ba5525e764332af0a75eaf5f403756","Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar","Rao, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, United States; Htun, S., Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar; Zaw, T., Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar; Myint, T., Wildlife Conservation Society Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar","The Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, North Myanmar and three contiguous protected areas, comprise some of the largest expanses of natural forest remaining in the region. Demand for wildlife products has resulted in unsustainable exploitation of commercially valuable species resulting in local extirpation of vulnerable species. Camera trap, track and sign, and questionnaire-based surveys were used to examine (a) wildlife species targeted by hunters, (b) the importance of wild meat for household consumption, and (c) the significance of hunting as a livelihood activity for resident villages. Certain commercially valuable species highly preferred by hunters were either completely absent from hunt records (tiger, musk deer and otter) or infrequently obtained during actual hunts (bear, pangolin). Species obtained by hunters were commonly occurring species such as muntjacs with low commercial value and not highly preferred by hunters. Fifty eight percent of respondents (n = 84) indicated trade, 27% listed subsistence use and 14% listed human-wildlife conflict as the main reason for hunting (n = 84). Average amount of wild meat consumed per month is not significantly higher during the hunting season compared to the planting season (paired t-test, P > 0.05). Throughout the year, the average amount of fish consumed per month was higher than livestock or wild meat (Friedman test, P < 0.0001). Hunting is driven largely by trade and wild meat, while not a critical source of food for a large number of families could potentially be an important, indirect source of access to food for hunting families. Findings and trends from this study are potentially useful in helping design effective conservation strategies to address globally prevalent problems of declining wildlife populations and dependent human communities. The study provides recommendations to reduce illegal hunting and protect vulnerable species by strengthening park management through enforcement, increasing the opportunity costs of poaching, establishing no-take zones and research to determine the economic significance of hunting for livelihoods. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Hunting; Livelihoods; Myanmar; Species decline; Wild meat; Wildlife trade","Hunting; Livelihoods; Myanmars; Species decline; Wild meat; Wildlife trade; Agriculture; Animals; Commerce; Meats; bushmeat; conservation planning; exploitation; hunting; park management; population decline; protected area; strategic approach; subsistence; trend analysis; wildlife management; animal hunting; article; conflict; fish meat; food availability; household; livestock; meat; muntjac; Myanmar; planting time; socioeconomics; wildlife; wildlife conservation; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Endangered Species; Humans; Meat; Myanmar; Hponkan Razi Wildlife Sanctuary; Kachin; Myanmar; Moschidae","Rao, M.; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, United States; email: mrao@wcs.org",,,0364152X,,EMNGD,"20593177","English","Environ. Manage.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77956191394
"Randrianandrianina F.H., Racey P.A., Jenkins R.K.B.","14009033300;35495215800;7402400220;","Hunting and consumption of mammals and birds by people in urban areas of western Madagascar",2010,"ORYX","44","3",,"411","415",,22,"10.1017/S003060531000044X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958486937&doi=10.1017%2fS003060531000044X&partnerID=40&md5=227dacc942f2a85cd67cce8ef6e1304b","Madagasikara Voakajy, B. P. 5181, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom","Randrianandrianina, F.H., Madagasikara Voakajy, B. P. 5181, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Racey, P.A., Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Jenkins, R.K.B., Madagasikara Voakajy, B. P. 5181, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom","We assessed the consumption and hunting of wild animals by people in urban areas of western Madagascar using structured questionnaires in households and direct observations. Six wild mammal and five wild bird species were reported, or observed, to be sources of bushmeat although fish and domestic animals were the preferred and cheapest sources of animal protein. Bushmeat accounted for 10% of the meat consumed the day before our questionnaires were completed. Common tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus and bush pig Potamochoerus larvatus were the preferred wild meat and the former was also the most expensive type of meat. Taboos and strong dislikes limited the consumption of domestic pigs, bush pigs, goats, lemurs and fruit bats. Game species were hunted according to their availability, which coincided with the legal hunting season for fruit bats but only partly so for the other game species. Illegal hunting of Verreauxis sifaka Propithecus verreauxi is cause for concern and assessments of primate consumption may have been underestimated because of reluctance of interviewees to admit illegal activities. © 2010 Fauna & Flora International.","Bushmeat; fruit bat; hunting; lemur; Madagascar; taboo","bat; bird; bushmeat; habitat conservation; hunting; pig; primate; protein; questionnaire survey; small mammal; urban region; wild population; wildlife management; Madagascar; Animalia; Aves; Capra hircus; Lemur; Lemuridae; Mammalia; Potamochoerus larvatus; Primates; Propithecus; Propithecus verreauxi; Strepsirhini; Suidae; Sus scrofa domestica; Tenrec; Tenrec ecaudatus","Jenkins, R. K. B.; School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; email: rkbjenkins@gmail.com",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-77958486937
"Lombardini E.D., Lane E., Piero F.D.","16646685400;7102259198;27068027500;","Dysplastic tracheae in eight blue duikers (Cephalophus monticola) from bioko, equatorial guinea",2010,"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","41","2",,"291","295",,1,"10.1638/2009-0091R.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953563124&doi=10.1638%2f2009-0091R.1&partnerID=40&md5=cbd4ebebafdc5447db53e60ca544d662","Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306, United States; Zoological Pathology and Research Program, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; New Bolton Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 382 WStreet Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States; 822 East A Street, Brunswick, MD 21716, United States","Lombardini, E.D., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306, United States, 822 East A Street, Brunswick, MD 21716, United States; Lane, E., Zoological Pathology and Research Program, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Piero, F.D., New Bolton Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 382 WStreet Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States","Nine blue duikers (Cephalophus monticola), purchased in the Malabo bushmeat market, were necropsied. Eight of the nine animals were found to have dysplastic tracheas, characterized by lateral apposition of tracheal rings, entrapment of the trachealis muscle and annular ligaments, and bunching of the tracheal epithelium. Communications with zoologic pathologists and a thorough search of the veterinary literature have not uncovered a single case of this pathologic finding. As such, this finding may represent an evolutionary marker indicative of a bottleneck that may have occurred in the history of this species of duiker, endemic to the island of Bioko, in the Gulf of Benin. © 2010 American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.","Bioko; Blue duiker; Cephalophus monticola; Dysplastic trachea","animal; animal disease; antelope; article; Equatorial Guinea; female; male; pathology; trachea disease; Animals; Antelopes; Equatorial Guinea; Female; Male; Tracheal Diseases; Animalia; Cephalophus monticola","Lombardini, E. D.822 East A Street, Brunswick, MD 21716, United States; email: Eric.lombardini@us.army.mil",,,10427260,,,"20597221","English","J. Zoo Wildl. Med.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77953563124
"Kümpel N.F., Milner-Gulland E.J., Cowlishaw G., Marcus Rowcliffe J.","8537811800;7003731704;7004446420;6504534212;","Assessing sustainability at multiple scales in a rotational bushmeat hunting system [Evaluación de la sustentabilidad en múltiples escalas en un sistema rotativo de cacería de vida silvestre]",2010,"Conservation Biology","24","3",,"861","871",,32,"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01505.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952670744&doi=10.1111%2fj.1523-1739.2010.01505.x&partnerID=40&md5=a7a4b46c07e036da08cee73118b6d2b2","Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London WC1H 0BW, United Kingdom","Kümpel, N.F., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berkshire, United Kingdom, Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London WC1H 0BW, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Cowlishaw, G., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Marcus Rowcliffe, J., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Results of many studies show unsustainable levels of bushmeat hunting across West/Central Africa. Nevertheless, these results are usually derived from snapshot sustainability indices in which critical parameters are often taken from the literature. Simple, more informative tools for assessing sustainability are needed. We evaluated the impact of bushmeat hunting across a range of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic scales in a comparison of different measures of sustainability. Over 15 months in 2002-2004 in and around a village close to Equatorial Guinea's Monte Alén National Park, we collected data via a village offtake survey, hunter-camp bushmeat-consumption diaries, hunter interviews, and following hunters during hunts. We compared 2003 data with a previous offtake survey (1998-1999) and interview reports back to 1990. In the past 14 years, average distance from the village at which hunters operated remained constant, with hunters switching back and forth between long-established camps, although trapping effort increased. In the past 5 years, overall offtake and number of active hunters did not change substantially, although catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased slightly. Although the proportion of the two most commonly trapped species (Cephalophus monticola and Atherurus africanus) and gun-hunted primates increased in the offtake, species presumably less robust to trapping decreased slightly. Apparent sustainability in economic terms may be masking gradual local extirpation of more vulnerable species before and during this study. Our results suggest that changes in prey profiles and CPUE may be the most accurate indicators of actual sustainability; these indices can be monitored with simple village-based offtake surveys and hunter interviews to improve community management of bushmeat hunting. © 2010 Society for Conservation Biology.","Bushmeat; CPUE; Equatorial guinea; Hunting sustainability; Prey profile; Spatial-temporal scales; Sustainability indices; Trapping","bushmeat; community resource management; data acquisition; extinction risk; human activity; hunting; primate; rodent; ruminant; spatiotemporal analysis; sustainability; sustainable development; trade-environment relations; trapping; wild population; Africa; animal; article; catering service; environmental protection; human; meat; Central Africa; Africa, Central; Africa, Western; Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Food Supply; Humans; Meat; Equatorial Guinea; Atherurus africanus; Cephalophus monticola; Primates; Africa, Central; Africa, Western; Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Food Supply; Humans; Meat","Kümpel, N.F.; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; email: noelle.kumpel@zsl.org",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"20455910","Spanish","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77952670744
"Aghokeng A.F., Ayouba A., Mpoudi-Ngole E., Loul S., Liegeois F., Delaporte E., Peeters M.","6506678436;57201621060;6603409342;8325585200;7003352060;57217511623;7203079647;","Extensive survey on the prevalence and genetic diversity of SIVs in primate bushmeat provides insights into risks for potential new cross-species transmissions",2010,"Infection, Genetics and Evolution","10","3",,"386","396",,81,"10.1016/j.meegid.2009.04.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951092393&doi=10.1016%2fj.meegid.2009.04.014&partnerID=40&md5=83275a364f17562929c545b2ff9d4dc8","IRD - UMR 145 VIH et Maladies Associées, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Project PRESICA, Prévention du Sida au Cameroun, Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon","Aghokeng, A.F., IRD - UMR 145 VIH et Maladies Associées, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Ayouba, A., IRD - UMR 145 VIH et Maladies Associées, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Mpoudi-Ngole, E., Project PRESICA, Prévention du Sida au Cameroun, Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Loul, S., Project PRESICA, Prévention du Sida au Cameroun, Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Liegeois, F., IRD - UMR 145 VIH et Maladies Associées, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Delaporte, E., IRD - UMR 145 VIH et Maladies Associées, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Peeters, M., IRD - UMR 145 VIH et Maladies Associées, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France","To evaluate the risk of cross-species transmissions of SIVs from non-human primates to humans at the primate/hunter interface, a total of 2586 samples, derived from primate bushmeat representing 11 different primate species, were collected at 6 distinct remote forest sites in southeastern Cameroon and in Yaoundé, the capital city. SIV prevalences were estimated with an updated SIV lineage specific gp41 peptide ELISA covering the major part of the SIV diversity. SIV positive samples were confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis of partial pol fragments. The updated SIV ELISA showed good performance with overall sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 97.5% respectively. The overall SIV seroprevalence was low, 2.93% (76/2586) and ranged between 0.0% and 5.7% at forest sites, and reached up to 10.3% in Yaoundé. SIV infection was documented in 8 of the 11 species with significantly different prevalence rates per species: 9/859 (1.0%) in Cercopithecus nictitans, 9/864 (1.0%) Cercopithecus cephus, 10/60 (16.7%) Miopithecus ogouensis, 14/78 (17.9%) Colobus guereza, 15/37 (40.5%) Cercopithecus neglectus, 10/27 (33.3%) Mandrillus sphinx, 6/12 (50%) Cercocebus torquatus, and 3/6 (50%) Chlorocebus tantalus. No SIV infection was identified in Cercopithecus pogonias (n=293), Lophocebus albigena (n=168) and Cercocebus agilis (n=182). The SIV prevalences also seem to vary within species according to the sampling site, but most importantly, the highest SIV prevalences are observed in the primate species which represent only 8.5% of the overall primate bushmeat. The phylogenetic tree of partial pol sequences illustrates the high genetic diversity of SIVs between and within different primate species. The tree also showed some interesting features within the SIVdeb lineage suggesting phylogeographic clusters. Overall, the risk for additional cross-species transmissions is not equal throughout southern Cameroon and depends on the hunted species and SIV prevalences in each species. However, humans are still exposed to a high diversity of SIVs as illustrated by the high inter and intra SIV lineage genetic diversity. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.","AIDS; Cross-species transmission; Genetic diversity; HIV; Non-human primates; Prevalence; SIV","glycoprotein gp 41; article; Cameroon; Cercocebus; Cercopithecus; Colobinae; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; forest; gene sequence; genetic variability; Mandrillus; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogenetic tree; phylogeography; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; primate; priority journal; sampling; sensitivity and specificity; sequence analysis; seroprevalence; Simian immunodeficiency virus; structural gene; virus infection; virus transmission; Animals; Cameroon; Cercopithecidae; Disease Reservoirs; Genetic Variation; Geography; Humans; Meat Products; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Risk; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins; Cercocebus agilis; Cercocebus torquatus; Cercopithecus cephus; Cercopithecus neglectus; Cercopithecus nictitans; Cercopithecus pogonias; Cercopithecus tantalus; Colobus guereza; Lophocebus albigena; Mandrillus sphinx; Miopithecus; Primates; Simian immunodeficiency virus","Peeters, M.; IRD, 911 Ave. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; email: martine.peeters@mpl.ird.fr",,,15671348,,IGENC,"19393772","English","Infec. Genet. Evol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77951092393
"Fa J.E., Albrechtsen L., Johnson P.J., Macdonald D.W.","7003936013;12780269400;55688010600;7401463172;","Linkages between household wealth, bushmeat and other animal protein consumption are not invariant: Evidence from Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea",2009,"Animal Conservation","12","6",,"599","610",,49,"10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00289.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71049152938&doi=10.1111%2fj.1469-1795.2009.00289.x&partnerID=40&md5=de68a9baf01b820644ccbbd0dee106f3","Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrés Manor, Trinity, Jersey, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon, United Kingdom","Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrés Manor, Trinity, Jersey, United Kingdom, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon, United Kingdom; Albrechtsen, L., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon, United Kingdom; Johnson, P.J., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon, United Kingdom; Macdonald, D.W., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon, United Kingdom","Bushmeat consumption is affected by household wealth. However, how household wealth impacts bushmeat eaten in different environmental and social settings (i.e. whether urban, rural, coastal or forest) is poorly understood. In this study, we sampled households in six contrasting localities in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea, in coastal (Bata, Cogo), central (Niefang, Evinayong) and eastern parts of the territory (Ebebiyin, Nsork). On average, 32.3 g of bushmeat per adult male equivalent per day were consumed, though this varied widely between sites and most households ate no bushmeat on the survey day. Fish was the most frequently recorded source of protein and in a coastal site, Cogo, significantly more fish was consumed than in the other localities. Overall, average protein consumption was correlated with household wealth, but the strength of this effect varied among sites. At the site where average wealth was highest (Bata, the most urban site), bushmeat was more expensive, and wealthier households ate more of it. Elsewhere bushmeat consumption was not associated with wealth, and the cost of bushmeat was a higher proportion of household wealth. In Bata, wealthier households reported consumption of more than one meat type (most frequently bushmeat and either domestic meat or fish), and diversity of dietary items also increased with wealth. In all sites, wealthier households ate less fish. We demonstrate distinct differences in relationships between urban versus rural areas, and between coastal versus inland sites. We therefore caution that general patterns of wealth-wild meat consumption must be evaluated taking account the circumstances of wild meat consumers. © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 The Zoological Society of London.","Bushmeat; Conservation; Consumption; Equatorial Guinea; Policies; Wealth","bushmeat; conservation; consumption behavior; protein; Africa; Central Africa; Equatorial Guinea; Rio Muni; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrés Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,,13679430,,,,"English","Anim. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-71049152938
"Prangé A., Perret C., Marié J.L., Calvet F., Halos L., Boireau P., Davoust B.","12774139600;7101931857;8626302700;57212850003;6602351641;6701747186;56694303700;","Toxoplasmosis: Considerations about a survey on meat in Côte d'Ivoire [Toxoplasmose: À propos d'une enquête sur la viande en Côte d'Ivoire]",2009,"Medecine Tropicale","69","6",,"629","630",,3,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77649225156&partnerID=40&md5=abd45bd71a3f77344ed31ccc96f3d011","Cellule Vétérinaire de l'Opération Licorne, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; UMR 956 BIPAR, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France; Direction Régionale du Service de Santé de Toulon, France","Prangé, A., Cellule Vétérinaire de l'Opération Licorne, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Perret, C., UMR 956 BIPAR, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France; Marié, J.L., Cellule Vétérinaire de l'Opération Licorne, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Calvet, F., Cellule Vétérinaire de l'Opération Licorne, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Halos, L., UMR 956 BIPAR, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France; Boireau, P., UMR 956 BIPAR, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France; Davoust, B., Direction Régionale du Service de Santé de Toulon, France","Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis that can cause severe problems under certain circumstances. Before the advent of the last-generation anti-retroviral drugs, estimation predicted that 50% of HIVinfected patients would develop toxoplasmosis (mainly central nervous system forms). It is the first clinical manifestation of AIDS in 20% of patients. This report describes an epidemiological survey on the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in bushmeat and pork in the Côte d'Ivoire. The purpose was to determine how the parasite circulates among wild and domestic animals and to evaluate the risk of transmission to humans after ingestion of these meats. Fifteen samples of bushmeat were purchased on markets in 6 different cities. A total of 91 single samples of fresh pork raised at three different modern breeding facilities were collected from a slaughterhouse in Abidjan. Serological testing was performed on muscle fluid using an ELISA test (Pourquier Toxoplasma® kit). No bushmeat sample was positive. Global seroprevalence in pork samples was 8.8% [range, 8.2-9.37]. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis measured in pork samples produced at modern livestock breeding facilities was lower than values reported in samples produced by traditional breeding in Africa. This finding suggests that the use of modern techniques excluding rodents (good hygiene) can reduce animal contamination. Curing (heat and smoking) may account for the absence of Toxoplasma antibodies in bushmeat. Public information campaigns concerning the risk of consuming meat containing cysts as well as raw vegetables contaminated with oocysts are needed to prevent transmission of toxoplasmosis.","Côte d'Ivoire; Livestock production; Pork; Seroprevalence; Toxoplama gondii","article; Cote d'Ivoire; domestic animal; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; food intake; health survey; human; hygiene; livestock; nonhuman; parasite transmission; pork; risk factor; risk reduction; serology; seroprevalence; toxoplasmosis; wild animal; animal; blood; Cote d'Ivoire; epidemiology; immunology; letter; meat; parasitology; slaughterhouse; swine; Toxoplasma; protozoon antibody; Abattoirs; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Cote d'Ivoire; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Meat Products; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Swine; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis","Davoust, B.; Direction Régionale du Service de Santé de ToulonFrance; email: bernard.davoust@gmail.com",,,0025682X,,METRA,"20099684","French","Med. Trop.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77649225156
"Rönn A.-C., Andrés O., López-Giráldez F., Johnsson-Glans C., Verschoor E.J., Domingo-Roura X., Bruford M.W., Syvänen A.-C., Bosch M.","15042857900;15051684700;8730232400;36190947600;6603759955;6602592837;56840234000;7005911199;7102564036;","First generation microarray-system for identification of primate species subject to bushmeat trade",2009,"Endangered Species Research","9","2",,"133","142",,6,"10.3354/esr00191","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952263352&doi=10.3354%2fesr00191&partnerID=40&md5=2aebdad0f71d01731d0a08ec0b945408","Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Entr. 70, 3rd floor, Res. Dep. 2, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Genètica de la Conservació Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Carretera de Cabrils Km2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, Prospect Street 165, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands; Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 915 Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3TL, United Kingdom","Rönn, A.-C., Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Entr. 70, 3rd floor, Res. Dep. 2, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Andrés, O., Genètica de la Conservació Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Carretera de Cabrils Km2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain; López-Giráldez, F., Genètica de la Conservació Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Carretera de Cabrils Km2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, Prospect Street 165, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Johnsson-Glans, C., Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Entr. 70, 3rd floor, Res. Dep. 2, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Verschoor, E.J., Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands; Domingo-Roura, X., Genètica de la Conservació Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Carretera de Cabrils Km2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain; Bruford, M.W., Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 915 Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3TL, United Kingdom; Syvänen, A.-C., Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Entr. 70, 3rd floor, Res. Dep. 2, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Bosch, M., Genètica de la Conservació Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Carretera de Cabrils Km2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain","About a quarter of non-human primate species are threatened by extinction in the near future. Loss of habitat, disease and illegal hunting, especially for the bushmeat trade, are major causes of concern. Here, we develop an identification tool for primate genera using diagnostic nucleotide positions in the epsilon globin gene, apolipoprotein B gene and mitochondrial 12S rRNA. We identified 111 diagnostic nucleotide positions suitable for genotyping by a minisequencing assay in a microarray format. To show the applicability of the microarray, we typed 70 non-human primates representing all primate infraorders. Sixty-five samples were assigned to the correct infraorder, and 32 were assigned to the correct genus (the highest level of taxonomic resolution attempted here). Our results show that it is feasible to distinguish among a high number of primate taxa if the system allows hierarchical assignation of the samples at different taxonomic levels and includes both taxon-specific and redundant positions. © Inter-Research 2009.","12S rRNA; Apolipoprotein B; Bushmeat; Epsilon globin; Minisequencing microarray; Primates","bushmeat; endangered species; genetic analysis; habitat loss; hierarchical system; hunting; identification method; mitochondrion; primate; RNA; taxonomy; Primates","Bosch, M.; Genètica de la Conservació Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Carretera de Cabrils Km2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain; email: montse.bosch.gallego@gmail.com",,,18635407,,,,"English","Endanger. Species Res.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-77952263352
"Karesh W.B., Noble E.","55990995700;57197567092;","The bushmeat trade: Increased opportunities for transmission of zoonotic disease",2009,"Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine","76","5",,"429","434",,36,"10.1002/msj.20139","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70350714426&doi=10.1002%2fmsj.20139&partnerID=40&md5=202ef95fca43e19346830f33258148c9","Global Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States","Karesh, W.B., Global Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; Noble, E., Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States","Bushmeat is a term that refers to the use of wild animals, ranging from cane rats to gorillas, for food. The term typically refers to the practice in forests of Africa. The bushmeat trade is an example of an anthropogenic factor that provides opportunities for the transmission of diseases from wildlife to humans. The expansion of the bushmeat trade over the past 2 decades has provided a venue for the emergence of zoonotic diseases by providing an increased opportunity for the transmission of organisms known to cause disease and organisms with an unknown impact on humans. Because the bushmeat trade is embedded in a complex cultural, political, and economic context, efforts to prevent the emergence of zoonoses require a multidisciplinary approach. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine.","Bushmeat; Emerging infectious disease; Wildlife; Zoonotic disease","agricultural management; animal hunting; animal product; biodiversity; commercial phenomena; consensus; cultural anthropology; disease transmission; eating habit; food contamination; food intake; food safety; gorilla; health hazard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; infection prevention; infection risk; investment; law; meat; nonhuman; politics; public health service; review; risk management; social behavior; social marketing; socioeconomics; wildlife; zoonosis; Africa; Agriculture; Animals; Animals, Wild; Commodification; Culture; Humans; Meat; Politics; Risk Factors; Zoonoses","Karesh, W. B.; Global Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; email: wkaresh@twcs.org",,,00272507,,MSJMA,"19787649","English","Mt. Sinai J. Med.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-70350714426
"Parry L., Barlow J., Peres C.A.","23028858100;7402197897;7005085103;","Hunting for sustainability in tropical secondary forests",2009,"Conservation Biology","23","5",,"1270","1280",,47,"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01224.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349211779&doi=10.1111%2fj.1523-1739.2009.01224.x&partnerID=40&md5=47d06dd07b63c053046cabb571e87027","School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), EMBRAPA, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, S/N, Belém, CEP 66.095-100, Pará, Brazil; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom","Parry, L., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), EMBRAPA, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, S/N, Belém, CEP 66.095-100, Pará, Brazil; Barlow, J., Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; Peres, C.A., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom","The interaction between land-use change and the sustainability of hunting is poorly understood but is critical for sustaining hunted vertebrate populations and a protein supply for the rural poor. We investigated sustainability of hunting in an Amazonian landscape mosaic, where a small human population had access to large areas of both primary and secondary forest. Harvestable production of mammals and birds was calculated from density estimates. We compared production with offtake from three villages and used catch-per-unit-effort as an independent measure of prey abundance. Most species were hunted unsustainably in primary forest, leading to local depletion of the largest primates and birds. The estimated sustainable supply of wild meat was higher for primary (39 kg · km-2 · yr-1) than secondary forest (22 kg · km-2 · yr-1) because four species were absent and three species at low abundance in secondary forests. Production of three disturbance-tolerant mammal species was 3 times higher in secondary than in primary forest, but hunting led to overexploitation of one species. Our data suggest that an average Amazonian smallholder would require ≥3.1 km2 of secondary regrowth to ensure a sustainable harvest of forest vertebrates. We conclude that secondary forests can sustainably provide only 2% of the required protein intake of Amazonian smallholders and are unlikely to be sufficient for sustainable hunting in other tropical forest regions. © 2009 Society for Conservation Biology.","Bushmeat; Deforestation; Food security; Game birds; Hunting; Large mammals; Secondary forest; Sustainability","environmental disturbance; hunting; land use change; poverty; prey availability; secondary forest; sustainability; tropical forest; village; animal; article; environmental protection; tree; tropic climate; Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Trees; Tropical Climate; Amazonia; South America; Aves; Mammalia; Primates; Vertebrata","Parry, L.; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; email: l.parry@uea.ac.uk",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"19765039","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-70349211779
"Kaschula S.A., Shackleton C.M.","8630988800;57218466672;","Quantity and significance of wild meat off-take by a rural community in the Eastern Cape, South Africa",2009,"Environmental Conservation","36","3",,"192","200",,3,"10.1017/S0376892909990282","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951106543&doi=10.1017%2fS0376892909990282&partnerID=40&md5=c80ab394063f6c9fdbb5f6dc922cff30","Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa","Kaschula, S.A., Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Shackleton, C.M., Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa","When compared to tropical forest zones in west and central Africa, off-take of wild meat from savannah and grassland biomes by local rural communities has not been well assessed. This case study of wild meat collection activities within a rural community in the Mount Frere region of the Eastern Cape (South Africa) uses last-catch records derived from 50 wild meat gatherers to calculate average off-take of taxa, species and fresh mass of wild meat per collection event. When per-event off take is overlaid onto household hunting frequency data, annual off-take would be 268.6 kg km-2 yr-1 or 3 kg person-1 yr-1 presuming constant off-take over an annual period. Monetary value of off-take would be South African R 307 (US$ 39) per household annually. For some species, off-take weight per km2 shows similar values to data from tropical forest zones, but high human population densities tend to dilute off-takes to less nutritionally significant amounts at the per person scale. However, unlike many tropical zones, none of the species harvested can be considered high-priority conservation species. Even densely populated and heavily harvested communal lands appear to offer high wild meat off-takes from low conservation priority species. © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2009.","Bushmeat; Food security; Grassland; Hunting; Rural livelihoods; Savannah; South Africa; Wild meat","Central Africa; Food security; Frequency data; Grassland; Human population; Low conservation; Monetary value; Rural community; Rural livelihood; South Africa; Tropical forest; Tropical zones; Harvesting; Population statistics; Tropics; Meats; bushmeat; food security; hunting; phytomass; rural economy; rural population; savanna; species conservation; tropical forest; wild population; Eastern Cape; South Africa","Kaschula, S. A.; Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa; email: sk3306@columbia.edu",,,03768929,,EVCNA,,"English","Environ. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77951106543
"Woodford M.H.","57191946425;","Veterinary aspects of ecological monitoring: The natural history of emerging infectious diseases of humans, domestic animals and wildlife",2009,"Tropical Animal Health and Production","41","7",,"1023","1033",,18,"10.1007/s11250-008-9269-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70350304226&doi=10.1007%2fs11250-008-9269-4&partnerID=40&md5=f78a565ff696be7e3fdd40955f9968b4","Apdo: 1084, 8100 000 Loule, Algarve, Portugal","Woodford, M.H., Apdo: 1084, 8100 000 Loule, Algarve, Portugal","Proliferation of disease pathogens capable of affecting humans, domestic livestock and wildlife increasingly threatens environmental security and biodiversity. Livestock and wild animals in proximity to human beings are often in the chain of transmission and infection. Globalization of industrial livestock production (especially poultry upon which so much of the burgeoning human population depends) often permits transcontinental disease spread. Rapidly expanding (and often illegal) international trade in wild and domestic animals and their products are increasingly involved in the emergence of new diseases that may have the ability to transmit among humans, livestock and wildlife. Rapidly increasing urbanization has led in many places to overcrowded townships that rely on ""bushmeat"" for sustenance and has contributed to the emergence of virulent zoonotic pathogens. The emergence and proliferation of pathogens are exacerbated by anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes in order to increase agricultural and livestock production. This paper posits that data gathered by veterinary ecologists should be interpreted and used by other disciplines. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the ""natural history"" (ecology) of the disease agent and its human, domestic and wild hosts is stressed. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.","Climatic effects; Disease interfaces; Disease vectors; Geographic Information Systems; Predisposing causes; Survey methodology","animal; animal disease; climate; communicable disease; disease carrier; disease transmission; domestic animal; environment; environmental monitoring; geographic information system; human; methodology; review; veterinary medicine; wild animal; zoonosis; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Climate; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Vectors; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; Veterinary Medicine; Zoonoses; Animalia","Woodford, M. H.Apdo: 1084, 8100 000 Loule, Algarve, Portugal; email: mhwoodford@gmail.com",,,00494747,,TAHPA,"19020986","English","Trop. Anim. Health Prod.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-70350304226
"Levi T., Shepard Jr G.H., Ohl-Schacherer J., Peres C.A., Yu D.W.","22035083500;7004551662;22035739600;7005085103;7404666206;","Modelling the long-term sustainability of indigenous hunting in Manu National Park, Peru: Landscape-scale management implications for Amazonia",2009,"Journal of Applied Ecology","46","4",,"804","814",,78,"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01661.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649998380&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2664.2009.01661.x&partnerID=40&md5=3cef737248a6c96a2d2f97cbb2f02f13","Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States; Ecology, Conservation and Environment Center (ECEC), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom","Levi, T., Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States; Shepard Jr, G.H., Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Ohl-Schacherer, J., Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Peres, C.A., Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Yu, D.W., Ecology, Conservation and Environment Center (ECEC), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom","Widespread hunting throughout Amazonia threatens the persistence of large primates and other vertebrates. Most studies have used models of limited validity and restricted spatial and temporal scales to assess the sustainability. We use human-demographic, game-harvest and game-census data to parameterize a spatially explicit hunting model. We explore how population growth and spread, hunting technology and effort, and source-sink dynamics impact the density of black spider monkeys Ateles chamek over time and space in the rainforests of south-eastern Peru. In all scenarios, spider monkey populations, which are vulnerable to hunting, persist in high numbers in much of Manu National Park over the next 50 years. Nonetheless, shotguns cause much more depletion than traditional bow hunting by Matsigenka (Machiguenga) indigenous people. Maintenance of the current indigenous lifestyle (dispersed settlements, bow hunting) is unlikely to deplete spider monkeys and, by extension, other fauna, despite rapid human population growth. This helps explain why large, pre-Colombian human populations did not drive large primates to extinction. When guns are used, however, spider monkeys quickly become depleted around even small settlements, with depletion eventually reversing the short-term harvest advantage provided by shotgun hunting. Thus, our models show that when guns are used, limits on settlement numbers can reduce total depletion. Synthesis and applications. Our framework lets us visualize the future effects of hunting, population growth, hunting technology and settlement spread in tropical forests. In Manu Park, the continued prohibition of firearms is important for ensuring long-term hunting sustainability. A complementary policy is to negotiate limits on new settlements in return for development aid in existing settlements. The advantage of the latter approach is that settlement numbers are more easily monitored than is hunting effort or technology. Similar policies could help to reduce landscape-scale depletion of prey species in human-occupied reserves and protected areas throughout the Amazon. © 2009 British Ecological Society.","Biodiversity conservation; Bushmeat; Community-based conservation; Indigenous peoples; Protected-area management; Source-sink dynamics; Spatial ecology; Subsistence hunting; Wild meat; Wildlife management","biodiversity; bushmeat; hunting; indigenous population; lifestyle; national park; parameterization; population density; population growth; primate; rainforest; source-sink dynamics; wildlife management; Manu National Park; Peru; South America; Ateles belzebuth chamek; Ateles paniscus; Ateles sp.; Primates; Vertebrata","Yu, D. W.; Ecology, Conservation and Environment Center (ECEC), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; email: douglas.yu@uea.ac.uk",,,00218901,,JAPEA,,"English","J. Appl. Ecol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-67649998380
"Jori F., Galvez H., Mendoza P., Cespedes M., Mayor P.","55910812700;15055809400;16302047100;6701457180;7003985772;","Monitoring of leptospirosis seroprevalence in a colony of captive collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) from the Peruvian Amazon",2009,"Research in Veterinary Science","86","3",,"383","387",,18,"10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.09.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64449084301&doi=10.1016%2fj.rvsc.2008.09.009&partnerID=40&md5=7dd7f070893254bc4bb70823e219c189","Integrated Animal Risk Management Unit (AGIRs), Department of Environment and Society, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34398, France; Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Universidad Nacional de San Marcos, Iquitos, Peru; Laboratory of Leptospirosis, National Health Institute, Lima, Peru; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain","Jori, F., Integrated Animal Risk Management Unit (AGIRs), Department of Environment and Society, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34398, France; Galvez, H., Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Universidad Nacional de San Marcos, Iquitos, Peru; Mendoza, P., Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Universidad Nacional de San Marcos, Iquitos, Peru; Cespedes, M., Laboratory of Leptospirosis, National Health Institute, Lima, Peru; Mayor, P., Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain","Leptospirosis, an endemic zoonoses, is maintained in the environment by several wildlife species in the Peruvian Amazon. In order to evaluate the possible role of collared peccaries (CP) in the maintenance this disease, two serological surveys of leptospirosis were performed and zootechnical parameters were monitored in a captive CP colony in an interval of 27 months. Total seroprevalence changed from 100% (n = 27) to 86.4% (n = 22), with reactions to a diversity of serogroups of zoonotic importance. Serological reactions to Leptospira licerasiae serogroup Iquitos, a new species recently identified locally and Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae were highly prevalent. The observation of leptospiral antibodies in both surveys, changes on serological reactions to different serogroups in large part of the herd and poor reproductive performances, provided an indication of the role of CP farms as a favourable environment for maintaining leptospirosis. Further research regarding the role of CP in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in the Peruvian Amazon is encouraged. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Amazon; Bushmeat; Leptospirosis; Seroprevalence; Tayassu tajacu; Zoonoses","bacterium antibody; article; controlled study; herd; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospira licerasiae; leptospirosis; mammal; medical research; nonhuman; Peru; prevalence; reproduction; serology; seroprevalence; species diversity; wildlife; zoonosis; Animals; Animals, Wild; Artiodactyla; Climate; Humans; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Meat; Peru; Rural Population; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Tropical Climate; Urban Population; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans; Pecari tajacu","Jori, F.; Integrated Animal Risk Management Unit (AGIRs), Department of Environment and Society, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34398, France; email: ferran.jori@cirad.fr",,,00345288,,RVTSA,"19000627","English","Res. Vet. Sci.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-64449084301
"Mickleburgh S., Waylen K., Racey P.","11939525700;31767790000;35495215800;","Bats as bushmeat: A global review",2009,"ORYX","43","2",,"217","234",,109,"10.1017/S0030605308000938","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-68149126927&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605308000938&partnerID=40&md5=d766e878d3adb728303ce45dd149ae2c","Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom; Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Environmental Policy and Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom; Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom","Mickleburgh, S., Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, London, United Kingdom; Waylen, K., Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Centre for Environmental Policy and Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom, Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Racey, P., School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom","A questionnaire survey and literature review revealed the extent of hunting of bats for bushmeat in the Old World tropics. High levels of offtake were reported throughout Asia, the Pacific islands and some Western Indian Ocean islands, where fruit bats of the genus Pteropus are eaten extensively. Most hunting in Africa was reported in western states and the largest fruit bat Eidolon helvum was preferred. Insectivorous bats are also eaten, particularly Tadarida in Asia. Hunting is both for local consumption and commercial, sometimes involving cross-border transactions. The high levels of hunting reported and the low reproductive rate of bats indicate there are likely to be severe negative effects on bat populations, and declines of several species are documented. Although there has been only one reported attempt to manage offtake, this indicates that it is possible and apparently successful. Furthermore, voluntary controls on hunting have halted declines in bat numbers. There have been several initiatives to reduce hunting pressure and conserve threatened bat species, mainly on islands that, when sustained, have been successful. More education projects and community-based conservation initiatives should be encouraged together with further attempts at sustainable harvesting in situations where disease risk has been evaluated. © Fauna & Flora International 2009.","Bats; Bushmeat; Commercial hunting; Eidolon; Pteropus; Sustainability; Tadarida","bat; bushmeat; commercial activity; edible species; endangered species; hunting; insectivore; literature review; population decline; questionnaire survey; reproductive productivity; species conservation; sustainability; Asia; Eurasia; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean islands; Pacific islands; Pacific Ocean; Eidolon; Eidolon helvum; Pteropus; Tadarida","Racey, P.; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom; email: p.racey@abdn.ac.uk",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-68149126927
"Fa J.E., Brown D.","7003936013;55738786200;","Impacts of hunting on mammals in African tropical moist forests: A review and synthesis",2009,"Mammal Review","39","4",,"231","264",,156,"10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00149.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-74049124331&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2907.2009.00149.x&partnerID=40&md5=0b560f2552ec6a884518f6d272821c5e","Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Overseas Development Institute, 111 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7JD, United Kingdom","Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Brown, D., Overseas Development Institute, 111 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7JD, United Kingdom","1. Available information on the consumption of wild meat in West and Central Africa is reviewed. We show that mammals are the prime source of bushmeat, and that ungulates and rodents make up the highest proportion of biomass extracted. 2. We present data on current knowledge of extraction patterns of wild mammals in West and Central Africa, and evidence that at current off-take levels, within the range states, mammals as bushmeat are being depleted on an unprecedented scale. Extraction rates are orders of magnitude higher there than in comparable ecosystems like the Amazon, and much less likely to be sustainable. 3. However, basic knowledge of the biology of harvestable tropical moist forest mammals, and the consequences of hunting on mammalian communities, which permits accurate estimation of maximal production rate (the excess of growth over replacement rate), is largely unavailable, and this hinders estimation of hunting quotas and sustainability. Comparisons are made with the existing information available on Amazon basin mammals and hunting patterns reported there. © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 Mammal Society.","Faunal depletion; Mammalian standing biomass; Moist forests; Off-take levels; Sustainability","accuracy assessment; biomass; bushmeat; ecological impact; estimation method; hunting; mammal; population decline; sustainability; tropical forest; Amazon Basin; Central Africa; West Africa; Mammalia; Rodentia; Ungulata","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",03051838,,,,"English","Mammal Rev.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-74049124331
"Hayward M.W., Kerley G.I.H.","7102577443;7004771979;","Fencing for conservation: Restriction of evolutionary potential or a riposte to threatening processes?",2009,"Biological Conservation","142","1",,"1","13",,188,"10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57149142364&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2008.09.022&partnerID=40&md5=7ca4ace7fd9e4010b267f98833e191be","Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230 Białowieza, Poland; Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6013, South Africa","Hayward, M.W., Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230 Białowieza, Poland, Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Kerley, G.I.H., Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6013, South Africa","Fencing for conservation is an acknowledgement that we are failing to successfully coexist with and, ultimately, conserve biodiversity. Fences arose during the Neolithic revolution to demarcate resource-rich areas (food sources) and exclude threats (intruders). Fencing for conservation can be viewed as fulfilling a similar function. The aims of this paper were to identify when fencing can and is used to conserve biodiversity; highlight the costs and benefits of fencing for conservation; and make recommendations to ensure appropriate use of fencing for conservation in the future. The IUCN identifies ten major threatening processes and the impacts of eight of these can be mitigated via the use of fencing, however avoiding human-animal conflict and reducing the impact of introduced predators are the two most common uses. Fences implemented to achieve a conservation benefit are not necessarily physical barriers, but can also include 'metaphorical' fences of sound, smoke and smell, or even actual islands. Fences provide defined units for managers and separate biodiversity from threatening processes including human persecution, invasive species and disease. Conversely, they are costly to build and maintain; they have ecological costs through blocking migration routes, restriction of biodiversity range use which may result in overabundance, inbreeding and isolation; restriction of evolutionary potential; management; amenity and ethical costs. Despite these problems, fencing for conservation is likely to become increasingly utilized as biodiversity becomes increasingly threatened and methods of ameliorating threats lag behind. In the long-term, fences may ultimately prove to be as much a threat to biodiversity as the threats they are meant to exclude, and a new research agenda should arise to ensure that conservation fences do not remain a permanent part of the landscape. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Biodiversity conservation; Bushmeat hunting; Fences; Human-wildlife conflict; Introduced predators; Invasive species; Poaching; Threatening processes; Tragedy of the commons","biodiversity; bushmeat; cost-benefit analysis; endangered species; human activity; invasive species; nature-society relations; Neolithic; poaching; predator; Red List; Animalia","Hayward, M.W.; Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230 Białowieza, Poland; email: hayers111@aol.com",,,00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-57149142364
"Ndibalema V.G., Songorwa A.N.","24759214500;24759748800;","Illegal meat hunting in serengeti: Dynamics in consumption and preferences",2008,"African Journal of Ecology","46","3",,"311","319",,49,"10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00836.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-50849085770&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2028.2007.00836.x&partnerID=40&md5=84bf30362db5c18ae324bebe0577ed5b","Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Wildlife Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. BOX 3073, Morogoro, Tanzania","Ndibalema, V.G., Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway, Department of Wildlife Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. BOX 3073, Morogoro, Tanzania; Songorwa, A.N., Department of Wildlife Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. BOX 3073, Morogoro, Tanzania","Although wild meat is an important source of protein across Africa, patterns and reasons for its demand are poorly defined. A study was conducted on consumption by inhabitants of ten villages in five districts to the west of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. The first sample of 600 villagers was systematically selected from village registers and surveyed using a questionnaire. The second sample consisted of 341 arrested illegal meat hunters. Nine species dominated by eland (Taurotragus oryx) and wildebeest (Connachaetes taurinus) in terms of meat taste and hunting vulnerability respectively were found to be most preferred or consumed. There were remarkable variations in consumption and preferences for each species amongst ethnic groups and localities. The economics of protein consumption indicates that wild meat is consistently cheaper and hence consumed more frequently than other meats. Respondents' topmost tasty meat - eland and topi (Damaliscus lunatus) - were rare; consequently, common species e.g. buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and wildebeest were the substitutes mostly consumed to supplement beef and fish. Presence of carnivore species on the menu clearly demonstrates survival techniques when availability changes. Wildlife managers should, therefore, bestow attention to the conservation of all species for a balanced ecosystem and species survival. © 2007 The Authors.","Hunters; Meat taste; Protein; Serengeti; Tanzania; Wild meat","bushmeat; dominance; ethnic group; food consumption; food preference; hunting; protein; questionnaire survey; survival; ungulate; village; vulnerability; wildlife management; Africa; East Africa; Serengeti National Park; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Damaliscus lunatus; Syncerus caffer; Tragelaphus oryx","Ndibalema, V. G.; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway; email: vndibalema@yahoo.co.uk",,,01416707,,AJOED,,"English","Afr. J. Ecol.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-50849085770
"Wyler L.S., Sheikh P.A.","55996450000;10439904400;","International Illegal Trade in Wildlife",2008,"International Illegal Trade in Wildlife",,,,"1","77",,10,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949542238&partnerID=40&md5=797272bcef88625853d348136beddf55",,"Wyler, L.S.; Sheikh, P.A.","Global trade in illegal wildlife is a growing illicit economy, estimated to be worth at least $5 billion and potentially in excess of $20 billion annually. Some of the most lucrative illicit wildlife commodities include tiger parts, caviar, elephant ivory, rhino horn, and exotic birds and reptiles. Demand for illegally obtained wildlife is ubiquitous, and some suspect that illicit demand is growing. International wildlife smuggling may be of interest to Congress as it presents several potential environmental and national security threats to the United States. Threats to the environment include the potential loss of biodiversity, introduction of invasive species into U.S. ecosystems, and transmission of disease through illegal wildlife trade, including through illegal bushmeat trade. National security threats include links between wildlife trafficking and organized crime and drug trafficking. Some terrorist groups may also be seeking to finance their activities through illegal wildlife trade, according to some experts. Wildlife source and transit countries may be especially prone to exploitation if known to have weak state capacity, poor law enforcement, corrupt governments, and porous borders. The U.S. government addresses illegal wildlife trade through several national and international venues. Congress has passed numerous laws that regulate and restrict certain types of wildlife imports and exports, including the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Lacey Act and Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, and several species-specific conservation laws. These laws and others establish authorities and guidelines for wildlife trade inspection at ports of entry, and wildlife crime law enforcement and prosecution. Internationally, the United States is party to several wildlife conservation treaties, including the U.N. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which serves as the primary vehicle for regulating wildlife trade. Foreign training and assistance programs to combat illegal wildlife trade are also conducted by some federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of State, which leads an international initiative against wildlife trafficking. The role of Congress in evaluating U.S. policy to combat wildlife trafficking is broad. Potential issues for Congress include (1) determining funding levels for U.S. wildlife trade inspection and investigation; (2) evaluating the effectiveness of U.S. foreign aid to combat wildlife trafficking; (3) developing ways to encourage privatesector involvement in regulating the wildlife trade; (4) using trade sanctions to penalize foreign countries with weak enforcement of wildlife laws; (5) incorporating wildlife trade provisions into free trade agreements; and (6) addressing the domestic and international demand for illegal wildlife through public awareness campaigns and non-governmental organization partnerships. This book focuses on the international trade in terrestrial fauna, largely excluding trade in illegal plants, including timber, and fish. © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,,"Wyler, L.S.",,"Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",,9781604567571,,,"English","Int. Illegal Trade in Wildlife",Book,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-77949542238
"Redmond I., Virtue M.","56598566800;56598526600;","Foreword",2008,"Science and Conservation in African Forests: The Benefits of Long-Term Research",,,,"xiii","xvii",,1,"10.1017/CBO9780511754920.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928079731&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9780511754920.001&partnerID=40&md5=4089755523c06043db98ba25fe6ac00b","PO Box 308, Bristol, BS99 3WH, United Kingdom; GRASP Secretariat, UNEP, Nairobi, 30552, Kenya","Redmond, I., PO Box 308, Bristol, BS99 3WH, United Kingdom; Virtue, M., GRASP Secretariat, UNEP, Nairobi, 30552, Kenya","In the closing years of the twentieth century, reports of ape populations in decline caused increasing alarm among conservationists. Not everyone was convinced at first, because broad trends were being extrapolated from patchy data. Many of the reports were anecdotal, and dealt with the fate of individual apes rather than populations; long-term research sites, however, yielded relatively accurate figures over time. Eventually, more and more eyewitness accounts from researchers, conservation field-workers, and investigative journalists drew the same conclusion: our closest relatives in the animal kingdom were facing extinction in a matter of decades unless the causes of their decline were addressed. The causes were, and still are, human activities. Most of these – hunting, logging, agriculture, and warfare – have been practiced for millennia at self-evidently sustainable levels. The difference today is one of scale – especially when the activities are driven by international commerce and demand from the developed world for resources such as timber and minerals from ape habitats. Even natural threats such as disease are being exacerbated by the impact of the modern world on the apes’ habitat. If these pressures continue unchecked, local extinctions will increase, leading to total extinction in the wild within our lifetime. Attention was drawn in the 1990s to the rise of the commercial bushmeat trade in Africa, linked to the expansion of logging concessions into previously inaccessible forests, especially in the Congo basin (Redmond, 1989; Pearce and Ammann, 1995). Bushmeat – the meat of wild animals – varies from caterpillars to elephants. © Cambridge University Press 2008.",,,,,"Cambridge University Press",,9780511754920; 9780521896016,,,"English","Science and Conservation in African Forests: The Benefits of Long-Term Research",Editorial,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-84928079731
"Baker P.J., Boitani L., Harris S., Saunders G., White P.C.L.","7402424579;6701820219;7403485048;7202000286;55911963100;","Terrestrial carnivores and human food production: Impact and management",2008,"Mammal Review","38","2-3",,"123","166",,92,"10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00122.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42449099962&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2907.2008.00122.x&partnerID=40&md5=646c6002ed56a9eefd66787e43d0c6dc","School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom; Department of Animal and Human Biology, Viale Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy; Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Plant Science Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom","Baker, P.J., School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom, Plant Science Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom; Boitani, L., Department of Animal and Human Biology, Viale Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy; Harris, S., School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom; Saunders, G., Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; White, P.C.L., Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom","1. The production of food for human consumption has led to an historical and global conflict with terrestrial carnivores, which in turn has resulted in the extinction or extirpation of many species, although some have benefited. At present, carnivores affect food production by: (i) killing human producers; killing and/or eating (ii) fish/shellfish; (iii) game/wildfowl; (iv) livestock; (v) damaging crops; (vi) transmitting diseases; and (vii) through trophic interactions with other species in agricultural landscapes. Conversely, carnivores can themselves be a source of dietary protein (bushmeat). 2. Globally, the major areas of conflict are predation on livestock and the transmission of rabies. At a broad scale, livestock predation is a customary problem where predators are present and has been quantified for a broad range of carnivore species, although the veracity of these estimates is equivocal. Typically, but not always, losses are small relative to the numbers held, but can be a significant proportion of total livestock mortality. Losses experienced by producers are often highly variable, indicating that factors such as husbandry practices and predator behaviour may significantly affect the relative vulnerability of properties in the wider landscape. Within livestock herds, juvenile animals are particularly vulnerable. 3. Proactive and reactive culling are widely practised as a means to limit predation on livestock and game. Historic changes in species' distributions and abundance illustrate that culling programmes can be very effective at reducing predator density, although such substantive impacts are generally considered undesirable for native predators. However, despite their prevalence, the effectiveness, efficiency and the benefit:cost ratio of culling programmes have been poorly studied. 4. Awide range of non-lethal methods to limit predation has been studied. However, many of these have their practical limitations and are unlikely to be widely applicable. 5. Lethal approaches are likely to dominate the management of terrestrial carnivores for the foreseeable future, but animal welfare considerations are increasingly likely to influence management strategies. The adoption of non-lethal approaches will depend upon proof of their effectiveness and the willingness of stakeholders to implement them, and, in some cases, appropriate licensing and legislation. 6. Overall, it is apparent that we still understand relatively little about the importance of factors affecting predation on livestock and how to manage this conflict effectively. We consider the following avenues of research to be essential: (i) quantified assessments of the loss of viable livestock; (ii) landscape-level studies of contiguous properties to quantify losses associated with variables such as different husbandry practices; (iii) replicated experimental manipulations to identify the relative benefit of particular management practices, incorporating (iv) techniques to identify individual predators killing stock; and (v) economic analyses of different management approaches to quantify optimal production strategies. © 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 Mammal Society.","Canis; Carnivora; Depredation; Human-wildlife conflict; Vulpes","animal welfare; carnivore; conference proceeding; cost-benefit analysis; crop production; culling; food production; livestock; management practice; nature conservation; nature-society relations; predation; Animalia; Canis; Canis familiaris; Carnivora; Vulpes","Baker, P.; Plant Science Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom; email: p.j.baker@reading.ac.uk",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",03051838,,,,"English","Mammal Rev.",Conference Paper,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-42449099962
"Daszak P., Epstein J.H., Kilpatrick A.M., Aguirre A.A., Karesh W.B., Cunningham A.A.","7003646071;8962685100;7003746164;7102847405;55990995700;57203051586;","Collaborative research approaches to the role of wildlife in zoonotic disease emergence",2007,"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","315",,,"463","475",,44,"10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_18","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34748843407&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-540-70962-6_18&partnerID=40&md5=c6b8fa815ccbbb4966aa1ae8d7ea97da","Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34 th Street, New York, NY 10001, United States; Wildlife Trust, 460 West 34 th Street, New York, NY 10001, United States; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Daszak, P., Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34 th Street, New York, NY 10001, United States; Epstein, J.H., Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34 th Street, New York, NY 10001, United States; Kilpatrick, A.M., Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34 th Street, New York, NY 10001, United States; Aguirre, A.A., Wildlife Trust, 460 West 34 th Street, New York, NY 10001, United States; Karesh, W.B., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Cunningham, A.A., Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Emerging infectious diseases are a key threat to public health and the majority are caused by zoonotic pathogens. Here we discuss new collaborative approaches to understanding the process of zoonotic disease emergence that link veterinary medicine, public health, and ecological approaches: conservation medicine and one health. We demonstrate how studies on the underlying drivers of disease emergence (bushmeat hunting, wildlife trade, and deforestation) can provide ways to model, predict, and ultimately prevent zoonotic disease emergence and spread. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.",,"animal disease; animal hunting; deforestation; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Lyme disease; nonhuman; priority journal; review; severe acute respiratory syndrome; urbanization; veterinary medicine; wildlife; wildlife conservation; zoonosis; animal; animal disease; commercial phenomena; communicable disease; disease transmission; health survey; international cooperation; methodology; organization and management; population dynamics; research; risk assessment; species difference; wild animal; Animal Diseases; Animals; Animals, Wild; Commerce; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; International Cooperation; Population Dynamics; Research; Risk Assessment; Sentinel Surveillance; Species Specificity; Zoonoses","Daszak, P.; Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34 th Street, New York, NY 10001, United States; email: daszak@conservationmedicine.org",,,0070217X,9783540709619,CTMIA,"17848075","English","Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34748843407
"Albrechtsen L., Macdonald D.W., Johnson P.J., Castelo R., Fa J.E.","12780269400;7401463172;55688010600;16410821600;7003936013;","Faunal loss from bushmeat hunting: empirical evidence and policy implications in Bioko Island",2007,"Environmental Science and Policy","10","7-8",,"654","667",,52,"10.1016/j.envsci.2007.04.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35548964281&doi=10.1016%2fj.envsci.2007.04.007&partnerID=40&md5=86841db7bb796dfb7cde13d4ef05dc8b","Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Asociación Amigos de Doñana, c/ Panamá No. 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom","Albrechtsen, L., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Macdonald, D.W., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Johnson, P.J., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom; Castelo, R., Asociación Amigos de Doñana, c/ Panamá No. 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom","Bushmeat market data can be used to detect hunting sustainability by using proxies such as decline in sale volume and price increases over time. Here, we explore these proxies for the Malabo market in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, the main bushmeat sale centre for the island. We gathered data during two sample phases (we call these 'early' and 'later') between March 1996 and October 1998, to test for evidence of faunal depletion during that period. Mammals (ungulates, rodents and primates) made up most of the bushmeat sold. Our analyses confirmed significant and sudden, rather than continuous, declines between phases, in total and individual animal group carcass volumes. Market species composition differed between phases; diversity indices and evenness increased in the later phase of the study. Price was related to species body mass and carcass condition (whether the carcass was smoked or fresh). Most species prices were higher in the later phase of the study. A total of 33 sites contributed bushmeat to the market, with over half of the recorded volume emerging from five sites in the south of the island. Bushmeat volume supplied from different regions of the island varied significantly between phases, and fewer sites contributed animals to the market during the later phase of the study. Proportionately more primates, ungulates but fewer rodents, appeared in the southern samples, compared with the northern. We suggest that in just over 2 years, hunting incursions, especially into the south of the island, may have resulted in drastic faunal losses. Subsequent data, collected by other authors, also indicate that the hunting spurt in the mid- and late-1990s may have irreversibly imperilled the island's mammalian fauna, since numbers of these animals entering the market have not increased since our study period. Although the Equato-Guinean authorities have recently initiated mechanisms to better protect the country's wildlife, through various legal and funding instruments, we suggest that these initiatives are likely to fail, if the social and environmental linkages are not fully understood to guide immediate restoration of such a unique African faunal assemblage. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Conservation policy; Faunal depletion; Markets; Prices; Wild meat","animal hunting; article; body mass; carcass; environmental factor; fauna; Guinea; mammal; meat industry; policy; primate; priority journal; rodent; social aspect; statistical analysis; ungulate; wildlife; Animalia; Mammalia; Primates; Rodentia; Ungulata","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,,14629011,,ESCPF,,"English","Environ. Sci. Policy",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-35548964281
"Ohl-Schacherer J., Shepard Jr. G.H., Kaplan H., Peres C.A., Levi T., Yu D.W.","22035739600;7004551662;55888885200;7005085103;22035083500;7404666206;","The sustainability of subsistence hunting by Matsigenka native communities in Manu National Park, Peru",2007,"Conservation Biology","21","5",,"1174","1185",,82,"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00759.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34748887084&doi=10.1111%2fj.1523-1739.2007.00759.x&partnerID=40&md5=5da18bd6ef75003781490925156cf82e","Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom; Human Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States","Ohl-Schacherer, J., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom; Shepard Jr., G.H., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom; Kaplan, H., Human Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Peres, C.A., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom; Levi, T., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom; Yu, D.W., Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom","The presence of indigenous people in tropical parks has fueled a debate over whether people in parks are conservation allies or direct threats to biodiversity. A well-known example is the Matsigenka (or Machiguenga) population residing in Manu National Park in Peruvian Amazonia. Because the exploitation of wild meat (or bushmeat), especially large vertebrates, represents the most significant internal threat to biodiversity in Manu, we analyzed 1 year of participatory monitoring of game offtake in two Matsigenka native communities within Manu Park (102,397 consumer days and 2,089 prey items). We used the Robinson and Redford (1991) index to identify five prey species hunted at or above maximum sustainable yield within the ∼150-km2 core hunting zones of the two communities: woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha), spider monkey (Ateles chamek), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Razor-billed Currasow (Mitu tuberosa), and Spix's Guan (Penelope jacquacu). There was little or no evidence that any of these five species has become depleted, other than locally, despite a near doubling of the human population since 1988. Hunter-prey profiles have not changed since 1988, and there has been little change in per capita consumption rates or mean prey weights. The current offtake by the Matsigenka appears to be sustainable, apparently due to source-sink dynamics. Source-sink dynamics imply that even with continued human population growth within a settlement, offtake for each hunted species will eventually reach an asymptote. Thus, stabilizing the Matsigenka population around existing settlements should be a primary policy goal for Manu Park. © 2007 Society for Conservation Biology.","Biodiversity conservation; Bushmeat; Community-based conservation; Human-inhabited protected areas; Indigenous rights; Manu National Park; Peru; Protected-area management; Source-sink dynamics; Subsistence hunting; Wild meat","biodiversity; bushmeat; hunting; indigenous population; primate; protected area; source-sink dynamics; species conservation; sustainability; article; biodiversity; environmental protection; ethnic and racial groups; human; human activities; Peru; Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Human Activities; Humans; Peru; Population Groups; Manu National Park; Peru; South America; Araneae; Ateles belzebuth chamek; Ateles sp.; Lagothrix; Lagothrix lagotricha; Mitu tuberosa; Penelope jacquacu; Tayassu pecari; Vertebrata","Ohl-Schacherer, J.; Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (CEEC), Schools of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom; email: juliaohl@gmx.de",,,08888892,,CBIOE,"17883483","English","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34748887084
"Greger M.","23394862500;","The human/animal interface: Emergence and resurgence of zoonotic infectious diseases",2007,"Critical Reviews in Microbiology","33","4",,"243","299",,125,"10.1080/10408410701647594","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-36348998210&doi=10.1080%2f10408410701647594&partnerID=40&md5=958ad393bfcfa7b68872a5672c509cdb","Humane Society of the United States, Washington, DC, United States; Humane Society of the United States, 2100 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037, United States","Greger, M., Humane Society of the United States, Washington, DC, United States, Humane Society of the United States, 2100 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037, United States","Emerging infectious diseases, most of which are considered zoonotic in origin, continue to exact a significant toll on society. The origins of major human infectious diseases are reviewed and the factors underlying disease emergence explored. Anthropogenic changes, largely in land use and agriculture, are implicated in the apparent increased frequency of emergence and re-emergence of zoonoses in recent decades. Special emphasis is placed on the pathogen with likely the greatest zoonotic potential, influenzavirus A. Copyright © Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.","Agriculture; Avian Influenza; Borrelia burgdorferi; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Bushmeat; Campylobacter; Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations; Deltaretroviruses; Disease Ecology; Disease Evolution; Domestic Fowl; Emerging Infectious Diseases","aminoglycoside; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; antibiotic agent; antiinfective agent; beta lactam; cefalotin; cefoxitin; cefquinome; ceftiofur; ceftriaxone; cephalosporin; cephamycin; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; enrofloxacin; macrolide; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; streptomycin; sulfonamide; tetracycline; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; agriculture; antibiotic resistance; Aviadenovirus; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; disease transmission; Ebola virus; Escherichia coli; habitat; Helicobacter pullorum; hemorrhagic fever; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human T cell leukemia virus; immunity; immunization; infection; Influenza virus; Influenza virus A; Listeria monocytogenes; livestock; Lyme disease; mathematical model; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nipah virus; nonhuman; pet animal; phylogeny; poultry; priority journal; Retrovirus; review; severe acute respiratory syndrome; Streptococcus suis; virus transmission; virus virulence; zoonosis; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Influenza A virus; Zoonoses; Animalia; Aves; Borrelia burgdorferi; Bovinae; Campylobacter; Orthomyxoviridae","Greger, M.; Humane Society of the United States, 2100 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037, United States; email: mgh1@cornell.edu",,,1040841X,,CRVMA,"18033595","English","Crit. Rev. Microbiol.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-36348998210
"Waite T.A.","19639485100;","Revisiting evidence for sustainability of bushmeat hunting in West Africa",2007,"Environmental Management","40","3",,"476","480",,15,"10.1007/s00267-006-0207-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548102028&doi=10.1007%2fs00267-006-0207-9&partnerID=40&md5=78e6950655ef67b2a275aa32dd9e88b8","Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States","Waite, T.A., Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States","Bushmeat hunting, a key source of dietary protein, has been implicated as a major extinction threat to tropical vertebrate species in West Africa. Ideally, any such hunting of wild species should be done sustainably, with off-take levels low enough to ensure viability of harvested species. Recent work purports to show that a mature bushmeat market in a major city in Ghana operates sustainably after depletion of vulnerable, slow-reproducing species (Cowlishaw and others 2005). I revisit two aspects of this work. First, I retest the prediction that larger species are transported to the market from greater distances, as expected if overexploitation depletes large species close to the city. Cowlishaw and others failed to find a significantly positive relationship between species-specific body mass and distance between capture site and the market. However, my reanalysis provides evidence for a positive relationship after all, consistent with unsustainable harvesting. In particular, ungulate species were harvested significantly farther from the market than smaller-bodied rodent species. Second, I caution that just because species ""persist"" in the marketplace in no way implies that they can withstand hunting pressure elsewhere and so should be of little concern to conservationists. I reveal that such species, despite their high intrinsic rates of population growth, are not robust elsewhere. Several of them have disappeared from a network of protected areas in Ghana (Brashares and others 2001). I show that faster-reproducing species are not necessarily more likely to persist in protected areas. The mere presence of fast-reproducing species in a mature bushmeat market should not be construed as generalizable robustness; criteria for ecological sustainability should ensure viability; and harvested species should be robust, not highly prone to extinction, in protected areas. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Bushmeat hunting; Extinction; Ghana; Sustainable harvesting; Viability","Bushmeat hunting; Rodent species; Sustainable harvesting; Ecology; Harvesting; Mammals; Population dynamics; Proteins; Vegetation; Meats; body mass; bushmeat; diet; exploitation; extinction risk; harvesting; hunting; population growth; protected area; protein; sustainability; vertebrate; viability; Africa; animal hunting; article; body mass; environmental sustainability; market; nonhuman; population growth; rodent; species conservation; species difference; species extinction; ungulate; Africa; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Extinction, Biological; Food Supply; Ghana; Humans; Meat; Models, Biological; Population Dynamics; Time Factors; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Rodentia; Ungulata; Vertebrata","Waite, T.A.; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; email: waite.1@osu.edu",,,0364152X,,EMNGD,"17638049","English","Environ. Manage.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34548102028
"Clapham P., Van Waerebeek K.","7005847420;6701402353;","Bushmeat and bycatch: The sum of the parts",2007,"Molecular Ecology","16","13",,"2607","2609",,37,"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03378.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34347360830&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-294X.2007.03378.x&partnerID=40&md5=ad0975434680b27b9b1b94bbdefe8688","Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, United States; Museo de Los Delfines, Calle J. Chávez 302, Pucusana, Peru","Clapham, P., Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, United States; Van Waerebeek, K., Museo de Los Delfines, Calle J. Chávez 302, Pucusana, Peru","In many developing countries, the killing of wild animals for commercial purposes (the bushmeat trade) is a significant factor in the reduction of biodiversity, and probably represents a major threat to the survival of many more populations than we know. This includes marine species such as cetaceans, sea turtles and sirenians ('marine bushmeat'), which are often neglected in the discussion of this issue. Estimating the impact of the bushmeat trade anywhere is problematic because even the most thorough visual surveys of meat markets cannot easily translate an observed quantity of butchered products into the number of animals killed. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Baker et al. provide a powerful new tool for such assessments: molecular identification of commercially available products from a depleted population of minke whales in South Korea is combined with genotyping and novel capture-recapture methods to estimate not only the number of individuals taken, but also the persistence of the resulting products in the marketplace. © 2007 The Authors.",,"animal; biodiversity; developing country; economics; environmental protection; human; Korea; meat; minke whale; Peru; poverty; short survey; statistics; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Developing Countries; Humans; Korea; Meat; Minke Whale; Peru; Poverty; Animalia; Balaenoptera acutorostrata; Cetacea; Cheloniidae; Sirenia; Testudines","Clapham, P.; Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, United States; email: phillip.clapham@noaa.gov",,,09621083,,MOECE,"17594431","English","Mol. Ecol.",Short Survey,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-34347360830
"Baker C.S., Cooke J.G., Lavery S., Dalebout M.L., Ma Y.-U., Funahashi N., Carraher C., Brownell Jr. R.L.","35550764000;7202378669;7003683038;6602181021;16686850100;7003291342;24398444800;7003459182;","Estimating the number of whales entering trade using DNA profiling and capture-recapture analysis of market products",2007,"Molecular Ecology","16","13",,"2617","2626",,48,"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03317.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34347355509&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-294X.2007.03317.x&partnerID=40&md5=bf9012a865dff3754c5b291d137978b1","Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, United States; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Ecosystem Management Studies, Alexander St. 10, 79261 Gutach, Germany; Korean Federation for Environmental Movement, 251 Nuha-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-806, South Korea; Japan Representative, International Fund for Animal Welfare, 1-2-10 Koyama, HigashiKurume-shi, Tokyo 203-0051, Japan; NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Centre, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, San Diego, CA 92037, United States; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","Baker, C.S., Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, United States, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Cooke, J.G., Centre for Ecosystem Management Studies, Alexander St. 10, 79261 Gutach, Germany; Lavery, S., School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Dalebout, M.L., School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Ma, Y.-U., Korean Federation for Environmental Movement, 251 Nuha-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-806, South Korea; Funahashi, N., Japan Representative, International Fund for Animal Welfare, 1-2-10 Koyama, HigashiKurume-shi, Tokyo 203-0051, Japan; Carraher, C., School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Brownell Jr., R.L., NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Centre, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, San Diego, CA 92037, United States","Surveys of commercial markets combined with molecular taxonomy (i.e. molecular monitoring) provide a means to detect products from illegal, unregulated and/or unreported (IUU) exploitation, including the sale of fisheries bycatch and wild meat (bushmeat). Capture-recapture analyses of market products using DNA profiling have the potential to estimate the total number of individuals entering the market. However, these analyses are not directly analogous to those of living individuals because a 'market individual' does not die suddenly but, instead, remains available for a time in decreasing quantities, rather like the exponential decay of a radioactive isotope. Here we use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and microsatellite genotypes to individually identify products from North Pacific minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata ssp.) purchased in 12 surveys of markets in the Republic of (South) Korea from 1999 to 2003. By applying a novel capture-recapture model with a decay rate parameter to the 205 unique DNA profiles found among 289 products, we estimated that the total number of whales entering trade across the five-year survey period was 827 (SE, 164; CV, 0.20) and that the average 'half-life' of products from an individual whale on the market was 1.82 months (SE, 0.24; CV, 0.13). Our estimate of whales in trade (reflecting the true numbers killed) was significantly greater than the officially reported bycatch of 458 whales for this period. This unregulated exploitation has serious implications for the survival of this genetically distinct coastal population. Although our capture-recapture model was developed for specific application to the Korean whale-meat markets, the exponential decay function could be modified to improve the estimates of trade in other wildmeat or fisheries markets or abundance of living populations by noninvasive genotyping. © 2007 The Authors.","Capture-recapture; Fisheries bycatch; IUU exploitation; Microsatellites; Minke whales","microsatellite DNA; mitochondrial DNA; animal; DNA fingerprinting; food industry; genetic variability; genetics; human; meat; methodology; minke whale; review; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; DNA Fingerprinting; DNA, Mitochondrial; Fisheries; Humans; Meat; Microsatellite Repeats; Minke Whale; Variation (Genetics); Balaenoptera; Balaenoptera acutorostrata; Cetacea","Baker, C.S.; Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, United States; email: scott.baker@oregonstate.edu",,,09621083,,MOECE,"17594434","English","Mol. Ecol.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34347355509
"Wright S.J., Stoner K.E., Beckman N., Corlett R.T., Dirzo R., Muller-Landau H.C., Nuñez-Iturri G., Peres C.A., Wang B.C.","7404005339;7004618587;6701578343;7005765422;7003959015;6602608270;6503859520;7005085103;15827062500;","The plight of large animals in tropical forests and the consequences for plant regeneration",2007,"Biotropica","39","3",,"289","291",,122,"10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00293.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247403441&doi=10.1111%2fj.1744-7429.2007.00293.x&partnerID=40&md5=f1fb87f42f7fa2fd1cc5297e67bf9729","Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Apartado Postal 27-3, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Stanford University, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, M/C 066, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, United States; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, APO AA 34002-0948, United States","Wright, S.J., Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, APO AA 34002-0948, United States; Stoner, K.E., Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Apartado Postal 27-3, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Beckman, N., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States; Corlett, R.T., Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Dirzo, R., Stanford University, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Muller-Landau, H.C., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States; Nuñez-Iturri, G., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, M/C 066, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Peres, C.A., Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Wang, B.C., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, United States","We introduce a special section that addresses the bushmeat or wild meat crisis, its direct impact on game species, and its indirect impact on plants in tropical forests. © 2007 The Author(s).","Bushmeat; Hunting; Mammals; Plant diversity; Poaching; Seed dispersal; Seed predation; Seed survival; Seedling survival","bushmeat; mammal; regeneration; seed dispersal; seed predation; species diversity; survival; tropical forest; zoochory; Animalia; Mammalia","Wright, S.J.; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, APO AA 34002-0948, United States; email: wrightj@si.edu",,,00063606,,BTROA,,"English","Biotropica",Short Survey,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34247403441
"Stoner K.E., Vulinec K., Wright S.J., Peres C.A.","7004618587;6506612920;7404005339;7005085103;","Hunting and plant community dynamics in tropical forests: A synthesis and future directions",2007,"Biotropica","39","3",,"385","392",,116,"10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00291.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247362091&doi=10.1111%2fj.1744-7429.2007.00291.x&partnerID=40&md5=ce10b389b7b8c1b024de9ba4159a2e6e","Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Apartado Postal 27-3, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, United States; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom","Stoner, K.E., Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Apartado Postal 27-3, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Vulinec, K., Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, United States; Wright, S.J., Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Peres, C.A., Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom","This synthesis builds on the preceding articles of this Special Section and has three goals. We first review the nascent literature that addresses indirect effects of hunting for tropical forest plant communities. Next, we highlight the potential indirect effects of hunting for other groups of organisms. Our final goal is to consider what could be done to ameliorate the demographic threats to harvest-sensitive game species caused by unsustainable hunting. Three conclusions are possible at this time concerning the impact of hunting for tropical forest plant communities: (1) Hunting tends to reduce seed movement for animal-dispersed species with very large diaspores; (2) Hunting reduces seed predation by granivorous vertebrates for species with large seeds; and (3) Hunting alters the species composition of the seedling and sapling layers. The cascading effects of hunting are already known to affect bruchid beetles and dung beetles and are likely to affect other, nongame taxa. To ameliorate these problems, several lines of research should be further explored to facilitate the development of game management plans including: (1) alternative use of sources of animal protein; (2) income supplementation for local people from sources other than wild meat; (3) outreach and extension activities for communities; (4) recognition and facilitation of the shifting of attitudes towards hunting; (5) implementation of community-based wildlife management programs in regulated-use areas such as extractive reserves; and (6) landscape-scale conservation planning that maximizes the source-sink dynamics of harvested and unharvested game populations and enforces game regulations in strictly protected areas. © 2007 The Author(s).","Bushmeat; Management plans; Plant community structure; Seed dispersal; Seed predation","beetle; community dynamics; hunting; plant community; seed dispersal; seed predation; tropical forest; Animalia; Bruchinae; Coleoptera; Vertebrata","Stoner, K.E.; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Apartado Postal 27-3, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; email: kstoner@oikos.unam.mx",,,00063606,,BTROA,,"English","Biotropica",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34247362091
"Aghokeng A.F., Bailes E., Loul S., Courgnaud V., Mpoudi-Ngolle E., Sharp P.M., Delaporte E., Peeters M.","6506678436;6603495708;8325585200;6601954889;7801402657;7402935847;57217511623;7203079647;","Full-length sequence analysis of SIVmus in wild populations of mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus) from Cameroon provides evidence for two co-circulating SIVmus lineages",2007,"Virology","360","2",,"407","418",,38,"10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.048","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33947712552&doi=10.1016%2fj.virol.2006.10.048&partnerID=40&md5=f99847ba259e1b19a4fd7bd3e13f6020","Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Project PRESICA (Prévention du Sida au Cameroun), Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon","Aghokeng, A.F., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Bailes, E., Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Loul, S., Project PRESICA (Prévention du Sida au Cameroun), Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Courgnaud, V., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Mpoudi-Ngolle, E., Project PRESICA (Prévention du Sida au Cameroun), Military Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Sharp, P.M., Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Delaporte, E., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; Peeters, M., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France","Mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus), which form a significant component of primate bushmeat in west central Africa, are infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmus). We identified and genetically characterized five new SIVmus strains infecting wild living mustached monkeys from Cameroon. Phylogenetic analysis of partial pol sequences revealed that SIVmus strains form two distinct groups within the clade comprised of lentiviruses isolated from Cercopithecus nictitans (SIVgsn), Cercopithecus mona (SIVmon) and C. cephus (SIVmus). Characterisation of three full-length SIVmus genomes confirmed the presence of two distinct lineages infecting mustached monkeys. These two variants of SIVmus, here designated SIVmus-1 and SIVmus-2, were isolated from animals sharing habitats within the same geographic region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the diversification of SIVmus, SIVgsn and SIVmon involved inter-lineage recombination, and suggested that one of the SIVmus lineages likely resulted from cross-species transmission and recombination involving SIVmus and an as yet uncharacterized SIV. These results indicate that cross-species transmission and recombination play a major role in the evolution of primate lentiviruses among sympatric primate species. © 2006.","Cross-species transmission; Lentivirus; Polyspecific association; Primate; Recombination; SIV; SIVmus-1; SIVmus-2","article; biodiversity; Cameroon; cell lineage; Central Africa; cercopithecus cephus; cercopithecus mona; cercopithecus nictitans; cladistics; evolution; genetic linkage; genetic trait; genetic variability; habitat; Lentivirinae; monkey; monkey disease; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogeography; priority journal; sequence analysis; Simian immunodeficiency virus; virus genome; virus isolation; virus recombination; virus strain; virus transmission; Animals; Base Sequence; Cameroon; Cercopithecus; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, pol; Genome, Viral; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Animalia; Cercopithecus cephus; Cercopithecus mona; Cercopithecus nictitans; Lentivirus; Primates; Simian immunodeficiency virus","Peeters, M.; Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR 145, IRD, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, Montpellier, France; email: martine.peeters@mpl.ird.fr",,,00426822,,VIRLA,"17156809","English","Virology",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33947712552
"Swift L., Hunter P.R., Lees A.C., Bell D.J.","7006810289;17135089100;7202901003;7403647415;","Wildlife trade and the emergence of infectious diseases",2007,"EcoHealth","4","1",,"25","30",,29,"10.1007/s10393-006-0076-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247210679&doi=10.1007%2fs10393-006-0076-y&partnerID=40&md5=17cbbffae3f476ce1144eed865cabf97","School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom","Swift, L., School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Hunter, P.R., School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Lees, A.C., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Bell, D.J., School of Biological Sciences, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom","Most recent emerging infectious diseases have been zoonotic in origin. It is our contention that one of the factors responsible for such emergence is the trade in wildlife and bushmeat in particular. This article considers the effect of increasing diversity in the species hunted on the probability of global epidemics such as SARS. In particular, we develop a mathematical model of the probability of such an outbreak in terms of the number of species hunted, the number of susceptibles, and the rate of contact. Hence, we postulate that local biodiversity loss and increasing rates of animal trafficking, and trade and transportation of animals to large cities-where there is a greater potential for person-to-person transmission-may increase the probability of such outbreaks dramatically. © 2007 Ecohealth Journal Consortium.","Biodiversity; Bushmeat; Epidemic; Transmission coefficient","animal hunting; article; biodiversity; disease transmission; epidemic; infection; infection sensitivity; mathematical model; nonhuman; priority journal; probability; severe acute respiratory syndrome; wildlife; zoonosis; Animalia","Hunter, P.R.; School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; email: Paul.Hunter@uea.ac.uk",,,16129202,,,,"English","EcoHealth",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34247210679
"Chomel B.B., Belotto A., Meslin F.-X.","7005297668;6507120087;7003475154;","Wildlife, exotic pets, and emerging zoonoses",2007,"Emerging Infectious Diseases","13","1",,"6","11",,243,"10.3201/eid1301.060480","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846105958&doi=10.3201%2feid1301.060480&partnerID=40&md5=7dcb8aee922bc45f86002a74186f827a","University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Center on New and Emerging Zoonoses, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States","Chomel, B.B., University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States, World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Center on New and Emerging Zoonoses, University of California, Davis, CA, United States, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Belotto, A., Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Meslin, F.-X., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland","Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic; wildlife constitutes a large and often unknown reservoir. Wildlife can also be a source for reemergence of previously controlled zoonoses. Although the discovery of such zoonoses is often related to better diagnostic tools, the leading causes of their emergence are human behavior and modifications to natural habitats (expansion of human populations and their encroachment on wildlife habitat), changes in agricultural practices, and globalization of trade. However, other factors include wildlife trade and translocation, live animal and bushmeat markets, consumption of exotic foods, development of ecotourism, access to petting zoos, and ownership of exotic pets. To reduce risk for emerging zoonoses, the public should be educated about the risks associated with wildlife, bushmeat, and exotic pet trades; and proper surveillance systems should be implemented.",,"disease transmission; economic aspect; education; food intake; habitat; human; infection; nonhuman; pet animal; public health service; review; risk factor; sport; tourism; wildlife; zoo animal","Chomel, B.B.; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; email: bbchomel@ucdavis.edu",,"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)",10806040,,EIDIF,"17370509","English","Emerg. Infect. Dis.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33846105958
"Lonsdorf E.V.","35577611500;","The role of behavioral research in the conservation of Chimpanzees and Gorillas",2007,"Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science","10","1",,"71","78",,8,"10.1080/10888700701277691","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34147206085&doi=10.1080%2f10888700701277691&partnerID=40&md5=7418c8c84300d64d12e805ce7a52a77a","Lincoln Park Zoo's Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, United States; University of Chicago Committee on Evolutionary Biology, United States","Lonsdorf, E.V., Lincoln Park Zoo's Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, United States, University of Chicago Committee on Evolutionary Biology, United States","Chimpanzees and gorillas are among man's closest living relatives, sharing most of the human genetic code and having many similarities to humans in anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Like humans, these apes make and use tools and have strong family bonds. Chimpanzees even show population-specific behaviors similar to those of human cultures. However, chimpanzee and gorilla populations are in dramatic decline due to bushmeat hunting, habitat loss, and the varied risks of small, isolated populations. The first step in conserving the world's ape populations in the wild is to recognize and understand the complexities of these threats. Mitigating the risks takes a deeper understanding of ape behavior. This article provides examples of how gorilla and chimpanzee behavioral studies intersect with, and are critical to, conservation efforts. Copyright © 2007, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.",,"animal behavior; animal disease; animal hunting; ape; article; chimpanzee; cultural factor; family; genetic code; gorilla; human; medical research; nonhuman; species conservation; species habitat; Pan","Lonsdorf, E.V.; Lincoln Park Zoo's Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, United States; email: elonsdorf@lpzoo.org",,"Routledge",10888705,,JAAWA,,"English","J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-34147206085
"Monroe M.C., Willcox A.S.","7006334976;15027845900;","Could risk of disease change bushmeat-butchering behavior?",2006,"Animal Conservation","9","4",,"368","369",,7,"10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00071.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750180065&doi=10.1111%2fj.1469-1795.2006.00071.x&partnerID=40&md5=786765f20f32bbda5664573dc18954db","School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States","Monroe, M.C., School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Willcox, A.S., Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States",[No abstract available],,,"Monroe, M.C.; School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; email: mcmonroe@ufl.edu",,,13679430,,,,"English","Anim. Conserv.",Note,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33750180065
"Wilkie D.","7102693924;","Bushmeat: A disease risk worth taking to put food on the table?",2006,"Animal Conservation","9","4",,"370","371",,11,"10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00072.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750166096&doi=10.1111%2fj.1469-1795.2006.00072.x&partnerID=40&md5=e22a81004c203c97732c674442fec329","International Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, United States","Wilkie, D., International Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, United States",[No abstract available],,,"Wilkie, D.; International Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; email: dwilkie@wcs.org",,,13679430,,,,"English","Anim. Conserv.",Note,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33750166096
"Lebreton M., Prosser A.T., Tamoufe U., Sateren W., Mpoudi-Ngole E., Diffo J.L.D., Burke D.S., Wolfe N.D.","55905668100;7006097926;6506407424;6506166591;6603409342;10840232000;7403247471;7005047509;","Erratum: Patterns of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of disease risk among central African communities (Animal Conservation (2006) (5))",2006,"Animal Conservation","9","4",,"495","",,1,"10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00043.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750147458&doi=10.1111%2fj.1469-1795.2006.00043.x&partnerID=40&md5=62fe104ee383a63f1268f998d96798b4",,"Lebreton, M.; Prosser, A.T.; Tamoufe, U.; Sateren, W.; Mpoudi-Ngole, E.; Diffo, J.L.D.; Burke, D.S.; Wolfe, N.D.",[No abstract available],,"Animalia",,,,13679430,,,,"English","Anim. Conserv.",Erratum,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33750147458
"LeBreton M., Prosser A.T., Tamoufe U., Sateren W., Mpoudi-Ngole E., Diffo J.L.D., Burke D.S., Wolfe N.D.","55905668100;7006097926;6506407424;6506166591;6603409342;10840232000;7403247471;7005047509;","Patterns of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of disease risk among central African communities",2006,"Animal Conservation","9","4",,"357","363",,43,"10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00030.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750186947&doi=10.1111%2fj.1469-1795.2006.00030.x&partnerID=40&md5=d756d072868ff285cb50c73309fa7b2c","Walter Reed Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, CRESAR, BP 7039, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Army Health Research Center (CRESAR), BP 7039, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States","LeBreton, M., Walter Reed Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, CRESAR, BP 7039, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Prosser, A.T., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Tamoufe, U., Walter Reed Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, CRESAR, BP 7039, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Sateren, W., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Mpoudi-Ngole, E., Army Health Research Center (CRESAR), BP 7039, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Diffo, J.L.D., Walter Reed Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, CRESAR, BP 7039, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Burke, D.S., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Wolfe, N.D., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States","There is a great need to determine the factors that influence the hunting, butchering and eating of bushmeat to better manage the important social, public health and conservation consequences of these activities. In particular, the hunting and butchering of wild animals can lead to the transmission of diseases that have potentially serious consequences for exposed people and their communities. Comprehension of these risks may lead to decreased levels of these activities. To investigate these issues, 3971 questionnaires were completed to examine the determinants of the hunting, butchering and eating of wild animals and perceptions of disease risk in 17 rural central African villages. A high proportion of individuals reported perceiving a risk of disease infection with bushmeat contact. Individuals who perceived risk were significantly less likely to butcher wild animals than those who perceived no risk. However, perception of risk was not associated with hunting and eating bushmeat (activities that, compared with butchering, involve less contact with raw blood and body fluids). This suggests that some individuals may act on perceived risk to avoid higher risk activity. These findings reinforce the notion that conservation programs in rural villages in central Africa should include health-risk education. This has the potential to reduce the levels of use of wild animals, particularly of certain endangered species (e.g. many non-human primates) that pose a particular risk to human health. However, as the use of wild game is likely to continue, people should be encouraged to undertake hunting and butchering more safely for their own and their community's health. © 2006 The Zoological Society of London.","Bushmeat; Conservation; Cross-species transmission; Education; Endangered species; Hunting; Public health; Zoonosis","bushmeat; disease transmission; education; endangered species; health care; health risk; hunting; perception; public health; species conservation; Africa; Central Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia; Primates","LeBreton, M.; Walter Reed Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, CRESAR, BP 7039 Yaoundé, Cameroon; email: mlebreton@hopkinscameroon.org",,,13679430,,,,"English","Anim. Conserv.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33750186947
"Chapman C.A., Lawes M.J., Eeley H.A.C.","7403167435;7007146026;6507424627;","What hope for African primate diversity?",2006,"African Journal of Ecology","44","2",,"116","133",,65,"10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00636.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33744500484&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2028.2006.00636.x&partnerID=40&md5=6137630089014e7ae6b012c854023ab4","Department of Anthropology, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Que. H3A 2T7, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, Forest Biodiversity Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa","Chapman, C.A., Department of Anthropology, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Que. H3A 2T7, Canada, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Lawes, M.J., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, Forest Biodiversity Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Eeley, H.A.C., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, Forest Biodiversity Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa","Available empirical evidence suggests that many primate populations are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic actions and we present evidence to indicate that Africa is a continent of particular concern in terms of global primate conservation. We review the causes and consequences of decline in primate diversity in Africa and argue that the major causes of decline fall into four interrelated categories: deforestation, bushmeat harvest, disease and climate change. We go on to evaluate the rarity and distribution of species to identify those species that may be particularly vulnerable to threats and examine whether these species share any characteristic traits. Two factors are identified that suggest that our current evaluation of extinction risk may be overly optimistic; evidence suggests that the value of existing forest fragments may have been credited with greater conservation value in supporting primate populations than they actually have and it is clear that the extinction debt from historical deforestation has not being adequately considered. We use this evaluation to suggest what future actions will be advantageous to advance primate conservation in Africa and evaluate some very positive conservation gains that are currently occurring. © 2006 The Authors.",,"anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; climate change; conservation; deforestation; disease; extinction risk; habitat loss; harvesting; primate; Africa; Primates","Chapman, C.A.; Department of Anthropology, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Que. H3A 2T7, Canada; email: colin.chapman@mcgill.ca",,,01416707,,AJOED,,"English","Afr. J. Ecol.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33744500484
"Fa J.E., Seymour S., Dupain J., Amin R., Albrechtsen L., Macdonald D.","7003936013;12779617200;7801473618;7103022686;12780269400;7401463172;","Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: Bushmeat in the Cross-Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon",2006,"Biological Conservation","129","4",,"497","510",,127,"10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33644908747&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2005.11.031&partnerID=40&md5=dc7799a21fb00b5a3f257f7676c32bf5","Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; African Wildlife Foundation, Immeuble AFORIA, Boulevard du 30 juin No. 2515, Kinshasa/Gombe, Congo","Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Seymour, S., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Dupain, J., Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium, African Wildlife Foundation, Immeuble AFORIA, Boulevard du 30 juin No. 2515, Kinshasa/Gombe, Congo; Amin, R., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW 4RY, United Kingdom; Albrechtsen, L., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Macdonald, D., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom","Wild meat harvests in African moist forests are presumed to exceed production, even in the case of traditional societies still using rudimentary hunting methods. Though some approximations do exist of the volume of bushmeat harvested in some Central African moist forest areas, estimates based on extensive and simultaneous sampling, within a large geographical region, are not available. Here, we present the results of the first reported study of this kind. During a period of 5 month, we counted bushmeat carcasses deposited in 89 urban and rural markets in a 35,000 km2 area between the Cross River in Nigeria and the Sanaga River in Cameroon. We used these data to calculate annual bushmeat volume traded by site, species and overall in the study area. Mammals represented &gt;90% of the bushmeat carcasses sold in all sites. Reptiles were also abundant, but birds and amphibians were relatively scarce. Estimates of carcasses extracted and crude biomass per site varied significantly between countries. In Nigeria, biomass (kg) extracted for sale per km 2 per year, was three times greater (600 kg/km2) than in Cameroon. Conservative estimates for the entire study area indicate that &gt;900,000 reptiles, birds and mammals are sold each year by the rural and urban population, corresponding to around 12,000 tonnes of terrestrial vertebrates. We also assessed the relationship between bushmeat harvested for sale and distance of the study settlements from the main protected areas (Cross River and Korup National Parks). The number of carcasses and biomass sold was negatively related to the proximity to the national parks in &gt;50% of species in Nigeria, and in 40% of species in Cameroon. Our cross-site comparison documents the staggering volume of wild species affected by hunting in the region. We also conclude that species within the main protected areas in both countries are likely to be negatively affected by the current and future demand for bushmeat in the surrounding areas. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Bushmeat; Cameroon; National parks; Nigeria","biomass; bushmeat; exploitation; hunting; sustainability; Africa; Cameroon; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Amphibia; Aves; Mammalia; Reptilia; Vertebrata","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,,00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-33644908747
"Etter E., Donado P., Jori F., Caron A., Goutard F., Roger F.","55600817200;57199575733;6603638597;36338641200;16244433300;56216788500;","Risk analysis and bovine tuberculosis, a re-emerging zoonosis",2006,"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","1081",,,"61","73",,62,"10.1196/annals.1373.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845685236&doi=10.1196%2fannals.1373.006&partnerID=40&md5=914b0600cfc313f486c2a713f0c540e2","CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier, France; University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; CIRAD, EMVT Department, Integrated Wildlife Management Unit, 34398 Montpellier, France; CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier Cedex 5, France","Etter, E., CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier, France; Donado, P., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Jori, F., CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier, France; Caron, A., CIRAD, EMVT Department, Integrated Wildlife Management Unit, 34398 Montpellier, France; Goutard, F., CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier, France; Roger, F., CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier, France, CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier Cedex 5, France","The widespread of immunodeficiency with AIDS, the consequence of poverty on sanitary protection and information at both individual and state levels lead control of tuberculosis (TB) to be one of the priorities of World Health Organization programs. The impact of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) on humans is poorly documented. However, BTB remains a major problem for livestock in developing countries particularly in Africa and wildlife is responsible for the failure of TB eradication programs. In Africa, the consumption of raw milk and raw meat, and the development of bushmeat consumption as a cheap source of proteins, represent one of the principal routes for human contaminations with BTB. The exploration of these different pathways using tools as participatory epidemiology allows the risk analysis of the impact of BTB on human health in Africa. This analysis represents a management support and decision tool in the study and the control of zoonotic BTB. © 2006 New York Academy of Sciences.","Bovine tuberculosis; Bushmeat; Participatory epidemiology; Risk analysis; Zoonosis","Africa; bacterial transmission; cattle disease; clinical decision making; conference paper; domestic animal; ecology; food contamination; food intake; health promotion; human; infection control; infection risk; meat; methodology; milk; mortality; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; public health; questionnaire; risk assessment; tuberculosis; wildlife; world health organization; zoonosis; Bos taurus","Roger, F.; CIRAD, EMVT Department, Epidemiology and Ecology Unit, 34098 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; email: francois.roger@cirad.fr",,"Blackwell Publishing Inc.",00778923,1573316377; 9781573316378,ANYAA,"17135495","English","Ann. New York Acad. Sci.",Conference Paper,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-33845685236
"Morgan D., Sanz C., Onononga J.R., Strindberg S.","16064629200;16048109600;13407867600;6508171334;","Ape abundance and habitat use in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo",2006,"International Journal of Primatology","27","1",,"147","179",,61,"10.1007/s10764-005-9013-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33646477254&doi=10.1007%2fs10764-005-9013-0&partnerID=40&md5=65043ed00b4fe8a41ad97b8087087bac","Cambridge University, Wildlife Conservation Society, United Kingdom; Max Planck, Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo; Living Landscapes Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States","Morgan, D., Cambridge University, Wildlife Conservation Society, United Kingdom; Sanz, C., Max Planck, Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Onononga, J.R., Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo; Strindberg, S., Living Landscapes Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States","Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) populations in central Africa are rapidly declining as a result of disease epidemics, commercial bushmeat hunting, and habitat destruction. Our main objective was to estimate the absolute abundance and habitat utilization of chimpanzees and gorillas in the intact forests of the Goualougo Triangle in the Republic of Congo, and in an adjacent area in which selective logging will take place in the near future. The estimates provide a unique baseline for apes inhabiting an undisturbed environment. A second objective was to compare estimates of abundance and patterns of habitat utilization generated by different techniques: 1) distance sampling of individual ape nests and nest sites along line transects, 2) direct observations of apes during reconnaissance surveys, and 3) observations of ape traces during reconnaissance surveys. We completed a total of 222 km of line transect surveys in 4 sampling areas, resulting in overall density estimates of 1.53 chimpanzees/km2 and 2.34 gorillas/km2 from nest sites. We generated a density estimate of 2.23 chimpanzees/km2 from direct observations during reconnaissance surveys of a semihabituated community in 1 of the 4 sampling areas. Habitat use profiles that nest surveys depicted on transects differed from those of direct observations and traces we encountered on reconnaissance surveys. We found the highest overall abundance of chimpanzee nests in monodominant Gilbertiodendron forest, whereas our direct observations showed that chimpanzees preferred mixed species forest. Transects that traversed the core area of the community range had the highest encounter rates of chimpanzee nests and nest sites. Gorilla nests on transects showed a preference only for mixed species forest with an open canopy, but direct observations and traces on reconnaissance surveys clearly indicated that gorillas use several habitat types. We conclude by evaluating the precision of these nest surveys and our ability to detect future trends in ape densities in the Goualougo Triangle. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","Abundance; Ape; Chimpanzee; Density; Direct observation; Distance sampling; Gorilla; Habitat utilization; Line transect surveys; Reconnaissance surveys","disease; epidemic; forest; habitat; mammal; population density; Africa; Central Africa; Congo; Goualougo Triangle; Sub-Saharan Africa; Gilbertiodendron; Gorilla gorilla gorilla; Pan; Pan troglodytes; Pan troglodytes troglodytes","Strindberg, S.; Living Landscapes Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States; email: sstrindberg@wcs.org",,"Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",01640291,,IJPRD,,"English","Int. J. Primatol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-33646477254
"Albrechtsen L., Fa J.E., Barry B., Macdonald D.W.","12780269400;7003936013;13612538000;7401463172;","Contrasts in availability and consumption of animal protein in Bioko Island, West Africa: The role of bushmeat",2005,"Environmental Conservation","32","4",,"340","348",,45,"10.1017/S0376892906002694","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33646891954&doi=10.1017%2fS0376892906002694&partnerID=40&md5=d35063e90342707f9a42a57dbc5b1a30","Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Tropical Biology Association (TBA), Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3 EJ, United Kingdom","Albrechtsen, L., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Barry, B., Tropical Biology Association (TBA), Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3 EJ, United Kingdom; Macdonald, D.W., Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom","Most protein in sub-Saharan Africa comes from animal sources, a significant proportion of this from wild species or bushmeat. Availability of protein sources to human populations in Africa has not been studied before, perhaps because most population centres are too large for data collection to be practicable. Assessment of the availability and consumption of animal protein within the city of Malabo (c. 60 000 inhabitants), Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, included estimation of the annual animal protein supply to the city from daily counts of small livestock meats (goat, pork, lamb, duck, chicken), beef, fish and bushmeat (December 2003-March 2004) in the city's central market and other selling points, and the animal protein consumption per adult male equivalent (AME) derived from a sample of around 200 households to explore influence of household income on consumption of different protein sources. Current animal protein production (bushmeat, small livestock meats, beef and fish) in Bioko, and potential production needed to supply adequate amounts of protein to the people of Malabo in the future were calculated. Annually around 2100 t of meat/fish (460 t of animal protein) was available, of which only 7% was produced on the island. Consumption patterns indicated that larger-sized households purchased more meat, but protein intake per AME fell significantly with household size. Income was positively correlated with volume of small livestock meats consumed per household, but negatively related with bushmeat eaten. Income did not influence beef or fish consumption per household. Although the island is capable of producing more alternative meats, it cannot sustain itself on local production and will therefore continue to be dependent on importing a large proportion of meat (and protein). There is no dependency on bushmeat species, but current rates of wild species use can still have a dramatic impact on wildlife populations on the island if left unabated. Alternative ways of ensuring sufficient protein supply for the Malabo population are crucial for wildlife conservation, and curbing consumption of bushmeat species is of highest conservation priority now. © 2006 Foundation for Environmental Conservation.","Animal protein; Bushmeat; Equatorial Guinea; Household income; Livestock rearing; Meat consumption","Biodiversity; Environmental impact; Fisheries; Meats; Sales; Animal protein; Bushmeat; Equatorial Guinea; Household income; Livestock rearing; Meat consumption; Proteins; protein; animal; bushmeat; consumption behavior; island; livestock; market; nature conservation; protein; trade; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; calculation; child; correlation analysis; female; fish; food intake; household; human; income; livestock; male; meat; normal human; protein intake; statistical significance; wild species; wildlife conservation; Africa; Bioko; Central Africa; Equatorial Guinea; Sub-Saharan Africa; Animalia; Capra hircus","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,,03768929,,EVCNA,,"English","Environ. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-33646891954
"Rao M., Myint T., Zaw T., Htun S.","7404631266;13007137800;57211464600;13005197500;","Hunting patterns in tropical forests adjoining the Hkakaborazi National Park, north Myanmar",2005,"ORYX","39","3",,"292","300",,43,"10.1017/S0030605305000724","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-29544440558&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605305000724&partnerID=40&md5=334fc8d27439fde4f547b8ab5c3a8381","Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar; Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th Street and S. Blvd., New York, NY 10460, United States","Rao, M., Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th Street and S. Blvd., New York, NY 10460, United States; Myint, T., Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar; Zaw, T., Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar; Htun, S., Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar","Hunting for subsistence and trade constitute a major threat to wildlife populations within and outside protected areas in Myanmar. We examined hunting patterns in a forested landscape adjoining the Hkakaborazi National Park in north Myanmar with the aim of generating recommendations to manage hunting. The results described here focus on two issues: the significance of proximity to settlements and markets for prey abundance, and the influence of relative abundance and intrinsic preference on prey offtake. We used strip transect and camera trap surveys to generate relative abundance indices and overall encounter/capture rates for commonly hunted species at four sites that differed in their proximity to settlements and large trading towns. Questionnaires were used to obtain meal records and information on hunting. Encounter and capture rates for hunted species appear to be inversely related to proximity to villages as well as to large, commercial towns. Hunting is indiscriminate, with offtake determined largely by relative abundance rather than intrinsic preference or legislation. Specific management and policy recommendations include the need to monitor the impacts of hunting on vulnerable species, the demarcation of no-take areas, and modification of the legal framework for wildlife conservation. © 2005 FFI.","Bushmeat; Hunting; Myanmar; Wild meat; Wildlife trade","hunting; landscape; nature conservation; policy implementation; settlement pattern; tropical forest; Asia; Eurasia; Hkakaborazi National Park; Kachin; Myanmar; Southeast Asia","Rao, M.; Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th Street and S. Blvd., New York, NY 10460, United States; email: mrao@wcs.org",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-29544440558
"East T., Kümpel N.F., Milner-Gulland E.J., Rowcliffe J.M.","8537812200;8537811800;7003731704;6701682562;","Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea",2005,"Biological Conservation","126","2",,"206","215",,87,"10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-23444438508&doi=10.1016%2fj.biocon.2005.05.012&partnerID=40&md5=27e7d66d731c85608cc33174ab4c07fb","Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","East, T., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Kümpel, N.F., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, J.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Understanding the factors driving demand for wild meat and its substitutes is crucial for predicting the effects of changing socio-economic conditions on consumption, and managing supplies sustainably. However urban demand for wild meat remains relatively understudied, particularly in West/Central Africa. We use interviews with consumers in households, markets and restaurants and a market survey to examine patterns of consumption of bushmeat, domestic meat and fish in Bata, Equatorial Guinea, a country currently undergoing a period of strong economic and population growth. Consumers make a much clearer distinction between fresh and frozen foods than between bushmeat, domestic meat and fish. Fresh foods are greatly preferred over frozen but are more expensive and less consumed. Consumption of all fresh foods increases with income. Controlling for income, native Equatoguineans consume more bushmeat than other nationalities, while of the two dominant Equatoguinean tribes, the continental Fang consume more bushmeat than the coastal Ndowe. Our findings indicate that increasing wealth of a growing urban population will greatly increase future demand for all fresh foods, including bushmeat. There is no evidence of a luxury bushmeat market based on rare species, thus controlled demand for bushmeat could be met from common, highly productive species that are relatively robust to exploitation. Improving the supply of under-developed commodities, particularly domestic livestock, could also offset demand for bushmeat. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Bushmeat; Consumption; Equatorial Guinea; Income; Preference","bushmeat; consumption behavior; food supply; socioeconomic conditions; Africa; Central Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Equatorial Guinea; Sub-Saharan Africa; World","Kümpel, N.F.; Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; email: noelle.kumpel@ioz.ac.uk",,,00063207,,BICOB,,"English","Biol. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-23444438508
"Cowlishaw G., Mendelson S., Rowcliffe J.M.","7004446420;7006150988;6701682562;","Evidence for post-depletion sustainability in a mature bushmeat market",2005,"Journal of Applied Ecology","42","3",,"460","468",,115,"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01046.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21244452396&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2664.2005.01046.x&partnerID=40&md5=5c8def656b5515e4a4f47534545b730d","Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Cowlishaw, G., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Mendelson, S., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, J.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","1. The trade in wild animals for meat, or 'bushmeat', is perceived as one of the most important threats to wildlife in the tropics. Unsustainable bushmeat extraction also threatens the loss of livelihoods. However, the long-term persistence of the bushmeat trade, documented in Africa over several centuries, suggests that the trade can be sustainable. In this study, we investigate sustainability in a mature bushmeat market in West Africa (Takoradi, Ghana). 2. Our study, conducted over January and February 2000, combined biological and socio-economic approaches. Offtake data, including information on species identity, capture location and sales price, were collected in a market survey. Species biological data, and the historical price of bushmeat and its substitutes (fish and domestic meat), were taken from the literature. The theoretical sustainable yield for each species was estimated using standard algorithms. 3. We tested the hypothesis that the current trade is unsustainable with four predictions: that (1) the number of animals extracted exceeds a theoretical sustainable yield, (2) larger taxa are depleted more heavily close to the city, (3) the price of bushmeat has outstripped inflation and (4) the price of alternatives, such as domestic meat and fish, has fallen relative to the price of bushmeat. None of these predictions were supported. There was therefore no evidence of unsustainability. 4. Analysis of market profiles and hunter reports suggest that the present pattern of sustainability is the result of a series of non-random extinctions from historical hunting. Vulnerable taxa (slow reproducers) have been depleted heavily in the past, so that only robust taxa (fast reproducers), such as rodents and small antelope, are now traded. These robust taxa are supplied from a predominantly agricultural landscape around the city. 5. Synthesis and applications. The bushmeat trade can have a severe impact on species that are vulnerable to overexploitation. However, once these species have disappeared, the remaining species may be harvested sustainably. Bushmeat management policy might therefore be improved by adopting a two-pronged approach in which vulnerable species are protected from hunting, but robust species are allowed to supply a sustainable trade. The productivity of agricultural landscapes for many bushmeat species indicates that these areas may play an important role in supporting a sustainable bushmeat trade. © 2005 British Ecological Society.","Bushmeat; Extinction; Ghana; Hunting; Sustainable use","bushmeat; conservation management; hunting; resource management; sustainability; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Animalia; Antelope; Rodentia","Cowlishaw, G.; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; email: guy.cowlishaw@ioz.ac.uk",,,00218901,,JAPEA,,"English","J. Appl. Ecol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-21244452396
"Refisch J., Koné I.","8346843700;6507671063;","Market hunting in the Taï region, Côte d'Ivoire and implications for monkey populations",2005,"International Journal of Primatology","26","3",,"621","629",,13,"10.1007/s10764-005-4369-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20744452085&doi=10.1007%2fs10764-005-4369-8&partnerID=40&md5=871e6f3085be6b5f9577c5d8a34d0cac","Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Taï Monkey Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, B.P. 1303, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire","Refisch, J., Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Koné, I., Taï Monkey Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, B.P. 1303, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire","We studied the effect of market hunting on primate species in the Taï National Park and adjacent forests in Côte d'Ivoire. We assessed the impact of hunting by comparing the calculated maximal reproduction rate with the current off-take rate. We assessed the average bushmeat consumption per capita/per year from weekly investigations on bushmeat available in 88 bushmeat restaurants and markets over a 12-mo period in 1999. We derived data on preferences for particular game species from interviews of 162 bushmeat consumers, 25 subsistence hunters and 3 groups of professional hunters. Hunting pressure was highest on the larger primate species such red colobus (Procolobus badius), black- and- white colobus (Colobus polykomos) and sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). The amount of primate bushmeat extracted from the Taï National Park and surrounding forests was 249,229 kg in 1999. We estimated population densities using line transect surveys. By referring to current population densities we calculated the maximum production of each species using the Robinson Redford model (2001) and assuming unhunted conditions. A comparison of current harvest levels with maximum production suggests that harvest of Procolobus badius is sustainable, whereas current off-take of Colobus polykomos, Cercocebus atys, Cercopithecus diana (diana monkey) and C. campbelli (Campbell's monkeys) exceeds sustainability by ≤3 times. We recommend that wildlife managers promote programs that encourage the production of domestic animals as a substitute for wild meat. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","Bushmeat; Côte d'Ivoire; Primates; Sustainability","bushmeat; hunting; primate; Africa; Cote d'Ivoire; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tai National Park; West Africa; World; Animalia; Cercocebus; Cercocebus torquatus atys; Cercopithecus; Cercopithecus campbelli; Cercopithecus diana; Colobinae; Colobus; Colobus polykomos; Primates; Procolobus badius","Refisch, J.; Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; email: johannes.refisch@gmx.de",,,01640291,,IJPRD,,"English","Int. J. Primatol.",Conference Paper,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-20744452085
"Wolfe N.D., Heneine W., Carr J.K., Garcia A.D., Shanmugam V., Tamoufe U., Torimiro J.N., Prosser A.T., LeBreton M., Mpoudi-Ngole E., McCutchan F.E., Birx D.L., Folks T.M., Burke D.S., Switzer W.M.","7005047509;7005552777;56761498300;36985785600;7003959545;6506407424;6506398667;7006097926;55905668100;6603409342;7004583326;7005804954;7004868113;7403247471;7006277806;","Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters",2005,"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","102","22",,"7994","7999",,309,"10.1073/pnas.0501734102","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20344375476&doi=10.1073%2fpnas.0501734102&partnerID=40&md5=7327367904115c38365bdfa3d2a20dcb","Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Army Health Research Center, Yaounde, Cameroon; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States","Wolfe, N.D., Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Heneine, W., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Carr, J.K., Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Garcia, A.D., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Shanmugam, V., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Tamoufe, U., Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Army Health Research Center, Yaounde, Cameroon; Torimiro, J.N., Army Health Research Center, Yaounde, Cameroon; Prosser, A.T., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; LeBreton, M., Army Health Research Center, Yaounde, Cameroon; Mpoudi-Ngole, E., Army Health Research Center, Yaounde, Cameroon; McCutchan, F.E., Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Birx, D.L., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Folks, T.M., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Burke, D.S., Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Switzer, W.M., Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States","The human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) types 1 and 2 originated independently and are related to distinct lineages of simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLV-1 and STLV-2, respectively). These facts, along with the finding that HTLV-1 diversity appears to have resulted from multiple cross-species transmissions of STLV-1, suggest that contact between humans and infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) may result in HTLV emergence. We investigated the diversity of HTLV among central Africans reporting contact with NHP blood and body fluids through hunting, butchering, and keeping primate pets. We show that this population is infected with a wide variety of HTLVs, including two previously unknown retroviruses: HTLV-4 is a member of a phylogenetic lineage that is distinct from all known HTLVs and STLVs; HTLV-3 falls within the phylogenetic diversity of STLV-3, a group not previously seen in humans. We also document human infection with multiple STLV-1-like viruses. These results demonstrate greater HTLV diversity than previously recognized and suggest that NHP exposure contributes to HTLV emergence. Our discovery of unique and divergent HTLVs has implications for HTLV diagnosis, blood screening, and potential disease development in infected persons. The findings also indicate that cross-species transmission is not the rate-limiting step in pandemic retrovirus emergence and suggest that it may be possible to predict and prevent disease emergence by surveillance of populations exposed to animal reservoirs and interventions to decrease risk factors, such as primate hunting. © 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.","Diversity; Exposures; Retrovirus; Simian; Zoonosis","adult; Africa; aged; animal hunting; article; blood; body fluid; clinical article; controlled study; exposure; female; genetic variability; human; human cell; Human T cell leukemia virus 1; Human T cell leukemia virus 2; Human T cell leukemia virus infection; male; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; primate; priority journal; Retrovirus; risk factor; screening test; virus transmission; zoonosis; Base Sequence; Blotting, Western; Cameroon; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Deltaretrovirus; Deltaretrovirus Infections; DNA Primers; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Models, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Rural Population; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Animalia; HTLV; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Primates; Simiae; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1; Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3","Switzer, W.M.; Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; email: bis3@cdc.gov",,,00278424,,PNASA,"15911757","English","Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-20344375476
"Bassett T.J.","55906734300;","Card-carrying hunters, rural poverty, and wildlife decline in northen Côte d'Ivoire",2005,"Geographical Journal","171","1",,"24","35",,31,"10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00147.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17744364055&doi=10.1111%2fj.1475-4959.2005.00147.x&partnerID=40&md5=a7f9035fbdf0d174d103b1bfaaf6647d","Department of Geography, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States","Bassett, T.J., Department of Geography, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States","This paper examines wildlife decline in northern Côte d'Ivoire with emphasis on the political-economic and cultural dimensions of market hunting. Hunting and the trade in wild animal meat are situated within the economic diversification strategies of impoverished farmers and the flourishing of hunter associations. The role of hunter associations is critical in the rise in the number of hunters and firearms in the case study area of Kakoli. Initiation into the national hunters' association, Binkadi, allows card-carrying members to bear arms without legal repercussions. Higher quality arms and rural poverty motivate many of these recruits to engage in market hunting. Game market surveys for 1981-82 and 1997-99 in Kakoli show tremendous pressure on both vulnerable and robust species alike. Game depletion is conceptualized as the outcome of interacting social and biophysical processes that produce hunting pressure and habitat change. By drawing attention to the political-economic, ecological, and cultural dimensions of wildlife decline, this study implicates a diversity of actors and institutions in the dynamics of game depletion. © 2005 The Royal Geographical Society.","Bushmeat; Côte d'Ivoire; Game depletion; Hunter associations; Market hunting; Political ecology","bushmeat; hunting; rural economy; wildlife management; Africa; Cote d'Ivoire; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World","Bassett, T.J.; Department of Geography, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; email: bassett@uiuc.edu",,,00167398,,GGJOA,,"English","Geogr. J.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-17744364055
"Damania R., Milner-Gulland E.J., Crookes D.J.","6701328910;7003731704;8596152400;","A bioeconomic analysis of bushmeat hunting",2005,"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","272","1560",,"259","266",,84,"10.1098/rspb.2004.2945","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16244365201&doi=10.1098%2frspb.2004.2945&partnerID=40&md5=d690e221cbb6c8ad43a93952b80a09de","School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","Damania, R., School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Crookes, D.J., Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","Unsustainable bushmeat hunting is a major threat to mammal species, particularly in West/Central Africa. We developed a multispecies dynamic simulation model of hunter behaviour, parameterized using data from the Ashanti region, Ghana. The model distinguishes between two hunting techniques, snaring and gun hunting. We analyse the impact of key economic parameters on off-takes. Economic incentives determine the effort devoted to hunting, the choice of hunting technique, and the species that are consumed domestically or traded in markets. These factors, together with the growth rates and catchabilities of hunted species, determine the ecological impact of hunting. The results suggest that increased bushmeat prices are likely to lead to a switch from snaring, which is cheaper but less efficient, to gun hunting, with a consequent impact on vulnerable species. Increases in agricultural prices have an ambiguous effect on hunter behaviour, depending on the balance between incentives to invest in agriculture and increased consumption as incomes improve. Penalties are more effective if they target bushmeat sales, rather than the act of hunting. This model represents a step forward because it explicitly considers bushmeat as a component of the household economy. This has important implications as regards the development of policies to conserve species hunted for bushmeat. © 2005 The Royal Society.","Agriculture; Ashanti; Ghana; Gun hunting; Household economy; Snaring","bushmeat; ecological impact; household income; hunting; incentive; sustainability; agriculture; animal hunting; article; behavior; bioeconomic analysis; Central Africa; conservation biology; ecology; economic aspect; environmental sustainability; Ghana; harvesting; household; income; market; policy; priority journal; simulation; animal; biological model; catering service; commercial phenomena; comparative study; computer simulation; economics; environmental protection; human; meat; wild animal; Africa; Ashanti; Central Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Mammalia; Animals; Animals, Wild; Commerce; Computer Simulation; Conservation of Natural Resources; Food Supply; Ghana; Humans; Meat; Models, Biological","Damania, R.; School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; email: richard.damania@adelaide.edu.au",,"Royal Society",09628452,,PRLBA,"15705550","English","Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-16244365201
"Refisch J., Koné I.","8346843700;6507671063;","Impact of commercial hunting on monkey populations in the Taï region, Côte d'Ivoire",2005,"Biotropica","37","1",,"136","144",,40,"10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.03174.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17644414990&doi=10.1111%2fj.1744-7429.2005.03174.x&partnerID=40&md5=0827210f7c9acceecbb51a799ef4dcfe","Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Taï Monkey Project, Ctr. Suisse de Rech. Scientifiques, B.P. 1303, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire","Refisch, J., Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Taï Monkey Project, Ctr. Suisse de Rech. Scientifiques, B.P. 1303, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Koné, I., Taï Monkey Project, Ctr. Suisse de Rech. Scientifiques, B.P. 1303, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire","We studied the impact of hunting on monkey species in the Taï National Park and adjacent forests in Côte d'Ivoire. The average wild meat consumption per capita per year was assessed from market surveys and interviews. We determined that the amount of primate wild meat being extracted in the Taï National Park and surrounding forests was 249 t in 1999. Hunting pressure was the highest on the larger primate species such as red colobus, Procolobus badius, black and white colobus, Colobus polykomos, and the sooty mangabey, Cercocebus torquatus atys. Estimates of population densities were based on line transect surveys. The maximum annual production of each species was calculated using the Robinson and Redford model (1991) and assuming unhunted conditions. Comparing current harvest levels with the maximum sustainable yield suggests that harvest of red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) is sustainable, whereas current off-take of the black and white colobus (Colobus polykomos), the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana), and Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli) exceeds sustainability by up to three times.","Côte d'Ivoire; Population density; Primates; Sustainability; Wild meat","bushmeat; ecological impact; hunting; maximum sustainable yield; primate; Africa; Cote d'Ivoire; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tai National Park; West Africa; World; Atys; Cercocebus; Cercocebus torquatus atys; Cercopithecus; Cercopithecus campbelli; Cercopithecus diana; Colobinae; Colobus; Colobus polykomos; Colobus sp.; Primates; Procolobus badius","Refisch, J.; Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany",,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",00063606,,BTROA,,"English","Biotropica",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-17644414990
"Wolfe N.D., Daszak P., Kilpatrick A.M., Burke D.S.","7005047509;7003646071;7003746164;7403247471;","Bushmeat hunting, deforestation, and prediction of zoonotic disease emergence",2005,"Emerging Infectious Diseases","11","12",,"1822","1827",,288,"10.3201/eid1112.040789","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33644828207&doi=10.3201%2feid1112.040789&partnerID=40&md5=b6f6e2e9f218b0d08f6c1ab384b7761e","Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, G15 N Wolfe St/E5038, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States","Wolfe, N.D., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, G15 N Wolfe St/E5038, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Daszak, P., Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Kilpatrick, A.M., Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Burke, D.S., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States","Understanding the emergence of new zoonotic agents requires knowledge of pathogen biodiversity in wildlife, human-wildlife interactions, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife populations, and changes in society and human behavior. We discuss an interdisciplinary approach combining virology, wildlife biology, disease ecology, and anthropology that enables better understanding of how deforestation and associated hunting leads to the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens.",,"animal hunting; anthrax; anthropology; Arbovirus; biodiversity; Cameroon; chromomycosis; Congo; deforestation; Dengue virus; Ebola virus; Herpes virus; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Loa loa; Monkeypox virus; nonhuman; review; salmonellosis; SARS coronavirus; skin leishmaniasis; virus transmission; wildlife; Yellow fever flavivirus; zoonosis","Wolfe, N.D.; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, G15 N Wolfe St/E5038, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; email: nwolfe@jhsph.edu",,"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)",10806040,,EIDIF,,"English","Emerg. Infect. Dis.",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-33644828207
"Brashares J.S., Arcese P., Sam M.K., Coppolillo P.B., Sinclair A.R.E., Balmford A.","6602913857;56108547400;7003879710;6602998989;7202756245;57207509047;","Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa",2004,"Science","306","5699",,"1180","1183",,362,"10.1126/science.1102425","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-8444227815&doi=10.1126%2fscience.1102425&partnerID=40&md5=2b7cfd6d55255c9c087f85879f89d754","Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Dept. Environ. Sci., Plcy. and Mgmt., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Ctr. for Appl. Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Ghana Wildlife Division, Accra, Ghana; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Centre for Biodiversity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Percy Fitz Patrick Inst. African O., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa","Brashares, J.S., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Dept. Environ. Sci., Plcy. and Mgmt., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Arcese, P., Ctr. for Appl. Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Sam, M.K., Ghana Wildlife Division, Accra, Ghana; Coppolillo, P.B., Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Sinclair, A.R.E., Centre for Biodiversity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Balmford, A., Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, Percy Fitz Patrick Inst. African O., University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa","The multibillion-dollar trade in bushmeat is among the most immediate threats to the persistence of tropical vertebrates, but our understanding of its underlying drivers and effects on human welfare is limited by a lack of empirical data. We used 30 years of data from Ghana to link mammal declines to the bushmeat trade and to spatial and temporal changes in the availability of fish. We show that years of poor fish supply coincided with increased hunting in nature reserves and sharp declines in biomass of 41 wildlife species. Local market data provide evidence of a direct link between fish supply and subsequent bushmeat demand in villages and show bushmeat's role as a dietary staple in the region. Our results emphasize the urgent need to develop cheap protein alternatives to bushmeat and to improve fisheries management by foreign and domestic fleets to avert extinctions of tropical wildlife.",,"Biomass; Data acquisition; Fisheries; Proteins; Human welfare; Tropical vertebrates; Wildlife; Biodiversity; bushmeat; fish; food supply; wildlife management; Africa; animal hunting; article; biomass; fish; fishery management; food availability; meat; meat industry; priority journal; wildlife conservation; Agriculture; Animals; Animals, Wild; Biodiversity; Biomass; Commerce; Conservation of Natural Resources; Fisheries; Fishes; Food Supply; Ghana; Humans; Mammals; Meat; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Animalia; Mammalia; Vertebrata","Brashares, J.S.; Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; email: brashares@nature.berkeley.edu",,,00368075,,SCIEA,"15539602","English","Science",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-8444227815
"Robinson J.G., Bennett E.L.","7405866845;7201460355;","Having your wildlife and eating it too: An analysis of hunting sustainability across tropical ecosystems",2004,"Animal Conservation","7","4",,"397","408",,112,"10.1017/S1367943004001532","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14044264034&doi=10.1017%2fS1367943004001532&partnerID=40&md5=60be23ea3dc1145844f04128922f095d","Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, United States","Robinson, J.G., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Bennett, E.L., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, United States","Unsustainable hunting of wildlife or bushmeat for human consumption across the tropics threatens both wildlife populations and the livelihoods of people who depend on these resources. The probability that hunting can be sustainable depends in part on ecological conditions that affect the 'supply' of and 'demand' for wildlife resources. In this study, supply is estimated across a number of tropical ecosystem types by calculating the theoretical 'maximum sustainable offlake' in kg/km2 for harvestable wildlife. Demand is estimated from observed harvests in kg/km2. We examine how supply and demand vary across relatively undisturbed ecosystems, indexed by annual rainfall. Supply is potentially highest in dry forests and wetter savannah grasslands and decreases in moist forests and more xeric grasslands. Demand tends to exceed supply in moist forests and xeric grasslands. Analogous to this ecological variation along the rainfall gradient is the gradient created by the conversion of tropical forests by humans. We hypothesise that the wild meat supply is greater in secondary forests and forest-farm-fallow mosaics than in undisturbed forests and test this with available data. We conclude that the probability that hunting will be sustainable varies with ecosystem type and degree of human disturbance and should influence where land is zoned for protected areas and where for wildlife harvests. © 2004 The Zoological Society of London.",,,"Robinson, J.G.; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, United States",,,13679430,,,,"English","Anim. Conserv.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-14044264034
"Shackleton C., Shackleton S.","57218466672;55880129100;","The importance of non-timber forest products in rural livelihood security and as safety nets: A review of evidence from South Africa",2004,"South African Journal of Science","100","11-12",,"658","664",,333,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18244406040&partnerID=40&md5=a52b1761e9e6f7ef894c7eed1f8767ac","Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa","Shackleton, C., Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Shackleton, S., Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa","We review and synthesize recent South African work that examines the role and importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the daily lives of rural people in South Africa. The most commonly used such products are wild spinaches, fuelwood, wooden utensils edible fruits, grass hand-brushes, and twig hand-brushes, used by 85% or more of households. More than half the households investigated also make use of edible insects, wood for construction, bushmeat, wild honey and reeds for weaving. Individual households may exploit dozens of animal and plant species. The range in annual, direct-use values is large, from less than R1000 per household per year to over R12 000. The value to rural households is manifest through a daily net function which represents a cost saving to the families involved and to the state, as well as through an emergency net, which serves as an insurance in times of misfortune, such as drought, disease, and unexpected economic hardship. The emergency net function has hardly been quantified in South Africa and internationally. Ad hoc trade in NTFPs is a common emergency net, which in some instances evolves into a permanent way of life. Financial returns from trade are variable, depending on resource type and hours worked, but are typically low. Despite the small cash incomes from trade, they provide an important contribution that complement the diverse livelihood strategies within a household, especially for the poorer sectors of rural society. Moreover, there are non-financial benefits of NTFP trade that are commonly overlooked.",,"household income; natural resource; nontimber forest product; rural economy; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; World; Animalia; Hexapoda; Insecta","Shackleton, C.; Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; email: c.shackleton@ru.ac.za",,,00382353,,SAJSA,,"English","S. Afr. J. Sci.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-18244406040
"Kaul R., Jandrotia H.J.S., McGowan P.J.K.","7103098186;11839564500;7004854418;","Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the Indian western Himalaya",2004,"ORYX","38","4",,"426","431",,16,"10.1017/S0030605304000808","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31144463931&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605304000808&partnerID=40&md5=92ad882f4c33d929cf9945b430278a86","World Pheasant Association, South Asia Field Office, K-5, Green Park, New Delhi - 16, India; District Institute of Education and Training, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India; World Pheasant Association, 7-9 Shaftesbury Street, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1RF, United Kingdom; District Institute of Education and Training, Himachal Pradesh, India; Pheasant Specialist Group","Kaul, R., World Pheasant Association, South Asia Field Office, K-5, Green Park, New Delhi - 16, India; Jandrotia, H.J.S., District Institute of Education and Training, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India, District Institute of Education and Training, Himachal Pradesh, India, Pheasant Specialist Group; McGowan, P.J.K., World Pheasant Association, 7-9 Shaftesbury Street, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1RF, United Kingdom","We conducted a survey in the western Himalaya of India to assess animal extraction patterns. Data on animal species and their extraction patterns, their importance to the respondents, and reasons and methods of hunting were collected using structured questionnaires. Twenty-three species of large mammals and Galliformes were present in the area, 18 of which were hunted around at least one village. Of special concern were several threatened species that were hunted around most villages were they occurred, although the impact of removal on wild populations is not clear. The main reason for hunting was to supplement animal protein, although some animals were also killed for sale of meat and their parts. The establishment of community-managed forests has not had an impact on extraction rates. Assessment of the impact of hunting on the threatened species in particular is urgently required. © 2004 FFI.","Bushmeat; Galliformes; Hunting; India; Mammals; Pheasants; Western Himalaya; Wildmeat","community resource management; ecological impact; gamebird; hunting; mammal; questionnaire survey; wildlife management; Asia; Eurasia; Himalayas; India; South Asia; Animalia; Galliformes; Mammalia; Phasianidae","Kaul, R.; World Pheasant Association, South Asia Field Office, K-5, Green Park, New Delhi - 16, India; email: rahulkaul101@sify.com",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Review,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-31144463931
"Leendertz F.H., Ellerbrok H., Boesch C., Couacy-Hymann E., Mätz-Rensing K., Hakenbeck R., Bergmann C., Abaza P., Junglen S., Moebius Y., Vigilant L., Formenty P., Pauli G.","6602340558;7004156760;26642873000;13003787900;55890650600;7006968881;18435948500;6506327204;6507952486;6503920683;7003677501;55908773800;55859838700;","Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rainforest",2004,"Nature","430","6998",,"451","452",,109,"10.1038/nature02722","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-3342910552&doi=10.1038%2fnature02722&partnerID=40&md5=94a806f2acfafdac56bdd90449125594","Max Planck Inst. Evol. Anthropol., Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Zentrum fur Biologische Sicherheit, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; Inst. Parasitol./Intl. Anim. Hlth., Free University of Berlin, Königsweg 67, D-14163 Berlin, Germany; Lanada/Lcpa, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire; German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Ebola Taï Forest Project, World Health Organisation, WHO Office, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire","Leendertz, F.H., Max Planck Inst. Evol. Anthropol., Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Zentrum fur Biologische Sicherheit, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany, Inst. Parasitol./Intl. Anim. Hlth., Free University of Berlin, Königsweg 67, D-14163 Berlin, Germany; Ellerbrok, H., Zentrum fur Biologische Sicherheit, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; Boesch, C., Max Planck Inst. Evol. Anthropol., Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Couacy-Hymann, E., Lanada/Lcpa, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire; Mätz-Rensing, K., German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; Hakenbeck, R., Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Bergmann, C., Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Abaza, P., Max Planck Inst. Evol. Anthropol., Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Zentrum fur Biologische Sicherheit, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; Junglen, S., Max Planck Inst. Evol. Anthropol., Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Zentrum fur Biologische Sicherheit, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; Moebius, Y., Max Planck Inst. Evol. Anthropol., Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Vigilant, L., Max Planck Inst. Evol. Anthropol., Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Formenty, P., Ebola Taï Forest Project, World Health Organisation, WHO Office, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Pauli, G., Zentrum fur Biologische Sicherheit, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany","Infectious disease has joined habitat loss and hunting as threats to the survival of the remaining wild populations of great apes. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the causative agents. We investigated an unusually high number of sudden deaths observed over nine months in three communities of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast. Here we report combined pathological, cytological and molecular investigations that identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of death for at least six individuals. We show that anthrax can be found in wild non-human primates living in a tropical rainforest, a habitat not previously known to harbour B. anthracis. Anthrax is an acute disease that infects ruminants, but other mammals, including humans, can be infected through contacting or inhaling high doses of spores or by consuming meat from infected animals. Respiratory and gastrointestinal anthrax are characterized by rapid onset, fever, septicaemia and a high fatality rate without early antibiotic treatment. Our results suggest that epidemic diseases represent substantial threats to wild ape populations, and through bushmeat consumption also pose a hazard to human health.",,"Disease control; Forestry; Hazards; Health; Antibiotic treatment; Chimpanzees; Biodiversity; infectious disease; primate; rainforest; tropical environment; acute disease; animal hunting; anthrax; ape; article; Bacillus anthracis; bacterial spore; bovids; cause of death; chimpanzee; Cote d'Ivoire; epidemic; fatality; fever; health hazard; infection; nonhuman; priority journal; septicemia; species habitat; survival; tropical rain forest; Animals; Animals, Wild; Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; Cause of Death; Cote d'Ivoire; Genes, Bacterial; Pan troglodytes; Rain; Trees; Tropical Climate; Alocasia macrorrhizos; Animalia; Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bovidae; Mammalia; Pan (ape); Pan troglodytes; Pan troglodytes verus; Posibacteria; Primates; Troglodytes","Ellerbrok, H.; Zentrum fur Biologische Sicherheit, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; email: ellerbrokh@rki.de",,,00280836,,NATUA,"15269768","English","Nature",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-3342910552
"Wolfe N.D., Switzer W.M., Carr J.K., Bhullar V.B., Shanmugam V., Tamoufe U., Prosser A.T., Torimiro J.N., Wright A., Mpoudi-Ngole E., McCutchan F.E., Birx D.L., Folks T.M., Burke D.S., Heneine W.","7005047509;7006277806;56761498300;6602683816;7003959545;6506407424;7006097926;6506398667;7403738547;6603409342;7004583326;7005804954;7004868113;7403247471;7005552777;","Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central African hunters",2004,"Lancet","363","9413",,"932","937",,301,"10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15787-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-12144290751&doi=10.1016%2fS0140-6736%2804%2915787-5&partnerID=40&md5=0572411f1233c22fd82528f06a9daab9","Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Dept. Molec. Microbiol. and Immunol., Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Div. AIDS, Sexually Transmitted D., Natl. Ctr. HIV/AIDS, Sexually T., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Atlanta, GA, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Army Health Research Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon; Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street E7132, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States","Wolfe, N.D., Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Dept. Molec. Microbiol. and Immunol., Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street E7132, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Switzer, W.M., Div. AIDS, Sexually Transmitted D., Natl. Ctr. HIV/AIDS, Sexually T., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Atlanta, GA, United States; Carr, J.K., Henry M Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Bhullar, V.B., Div. AIDS, Sexually Transmitted D., Natl. Ctr. HIV/AIDS, Sexually T., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Atlanta, GA, United States; Shanmugam, V., Div. AIDS, Sexually Transmitted D., Natl. Ctr. HIV/AIDS, Sexually T., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Atlanta, GA, United States; Tamoufe, U., Army Health Research Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon; Prosser, A.T., Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Torimiro, J.N., Army Health Research Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon; Wright, A., Div. AIDS, Sexually Transmitted D., Natl. Ctr. HIV/AIDS, Sexually T., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Atlanta, GA, United States; Mpoudi-Ngole, E., Army Health Research Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon; McCutchan, F.E., Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Henry M Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States; Birx, D.L., Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Folks, T.M., Div. AIDS, Sexually Transmitted D., Natl. Ctr. HIV/AIDS, Sexually T., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Atlanta, GA, United States; Burke, D.S., Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Heneine, W., Div. AIDS, Sexually Transmitted D., Natl. Ctr. HIV/AIDS, Sexually T., Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., Atlanta, GA, United States","Background Hunting and butchering of wild non-human primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is thought to have sparked the HIV pandemic. Although SIV and other primate retroviruses infect laboratory workers and zoo workers, zoonotic retrovirus transmission has not been documented in natural settings. We investigated zoonotic infection in individuals living in central Africa. Methods We obtained behavioural data, plasma samples, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from individuals living in rural villages in Cameroon. We did serological testing, PCR, and sequence analysis to obtain evidence of retrovirus infection. Findings Zoonotic infections with simian foamy virus (SFV), a retrovirus endemic in most Old World primates, were identified in people living in central African forests who reported direct contact with blood and body fluids of wild non-human primates. Ten (1%) of 1099 individuals had antibodies to SFV. Sequence analysis from these individuals revealed three geographically-independent human SFV infections, each of which was acquired from a distinct non-human primate lineage: De Brazza's guenon (Cercopithecus neglectus), mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx), and gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), two of which (De Brazza's guenon and mandrill) are naturally infected with SIV. Interpretation Our findings show that retroviruses are actively crossing into human populations, and demonstrate that people in central Africa are currently infected with SFV. Contact with non-human primates, such as happens during hunting and butchering, can play a part in the emergence of human retroviruses and the reduction of primate bushmeat hunting has the potential to decrease the frequency of disease emergence.",,"virus antibody; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; body fluid; Cameroon; Central Africa; Cercopithecus; controlled study; endemic disease; female; forest; geography; gorilla; human; male; nonhuman; peripheral lymphocyte; polymerase chain reaction; primate; priority journal; Retrovirus; Retrovirus infection; rural area; sequence analysis; serology; Simian virus; Spuma virus; virus transmission; Animals; Cameroon; Cercopithecus; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Gorilla gorilla; Humans; Papio; Primates; Retroviridae Infections; Retroviruses, Simian; Spumavirus; Zoonoses","Wolfe, N.D.; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street E7132, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; email: nwolfe@jhsph.edu",,,01406736,,LANCA,"15043960","English","Lancet",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-12144290751
"Mendelson S., Cowlishaw G., Rowcliffe J.M.","7006150988;7004446420;6701682562;","Anatomy of a bushmeat commodity chain in Takoradi, Ghana",2003,"Journal of Peasant Studies","31","1",,"73","100",,42,"10.1080/030661503100016934","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2042483051&doi=10.1080%2f030661503100016934&partnerID=40&md5=ad2385eeed99f2899d3784769b1ad3bd","Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Mendelson, S., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Cowlishaw, G., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Rowcliffe, J.M., Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom","Bushmeat, the meat of wild animals, is a highly valuable non-timber forest product in West and Central Africa. The trade in this commodity is currently of great interest to development and conservation agencies, due to concern over the sustainability of its use and the implications of its loss for poor rural households. In this study, we describe the bushmeat commodity chain that supplies the city of Sekondi-Takoradi in Ghana. There are five primary actors in the trade: commercial hunters and farmer hunters, all of whom are men based in local rural areas; and wholesalers, market traders and chopbar owners, all of whom are women based in the city. Bushmeat is freely traded between all actors and actor groups, but the main trade route is from commercial hunters to wholesalers to chopbars. Wholesalers are the smallest actor group but handle the largest per capita market share, whilst chopbars are the most numerous group and together account for 85 per cent of retail sales. The costs of participating in the trade appear to be lowest for hunters and highest for chopbar owners. Kin support networks play an important role in minimizing these costs, especially with respect to entry costs (nearly half of all bushmeat traders inherit their business) and labour costs (many employees are family members); kin also assist in other ways, especially through sharing knowledge and supplying credit. Amongst the urban actors, the bushmeat trade as a whole is perceived as a low-status occupation, although individual reputation remains important. In Takoradi, the bushmeat trade is largely unregulated by either state or local institutions, and there is no evidence of any individual actors or actor groups exerting control over the market. Hunters make significant profits, indicating that the bushmeat trade has the potential to make a substantial economic contribution to rural households. In contrast, urban actors appear to make relatively small profits. Comparison with the existing literature suggests that the structure and operation of the bushmeat trade in Takoradi is typical of the trade in many other parts of West Africa. © 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,"bushmeat; commodity market; nontimber forest product; profitability; Africa; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa","Cowlishaw, G.; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; email: guy.cowlishaw@ioz.ac.uk",,,03066150,,,,"English","J. Peasant Stud.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-2042483051
"Milner-Gulland E.J., Bennett E.L., Abernethy K., Bakarr M., Bennett E., Bodmer R., Brashares J., Cowlishaw G., Elkan P., Eves H., Fa J., Milner-Gulland E.J., Peres C., Roberts C., Robinson J., Rowcliffe M., Wilkie D.","7003731704;7201460355;7004267574;6507437034;36780506800;7004270272;6602913857;7004446420;15135505200;8556306100;7003936013;7003731704;7005085103;7404402365;7405866845;23475226000;57203197896;","Wild meat: The bigger picture",2003,"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","18","7",,"351","357",,422,"10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00123-X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038506356&doi=10.1016%2fS0169-5347%2803%2900123-X&partnerID=40&md5=54de80e8c43e233e556a579df134071b","Dept. of Environ. Sci./Technology, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; International Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States","Milner-Gulland, E.J., Dept. of Environ. Sci./Technology, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, ; Bennett, E.L., International Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Abernethy, K.; Bakarr, M.; Bennett, E.; Bodmer, R.; Brashares, J.; Cowlishaw, G.; Elkan, P.; Eves, H.; Fa, J.; Milner-Gulland, E.J., Dept. of Environ. Sci./Technology, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, ; Peres, C.; Roberts, C.; Robinson, J.; Rowcliffe, M.; Wilkie, D.","Massive overhunting of wildlife for meat across the humid tropics is now causing local extinctions of numerous species. Rural people often rely heavily on wild meat, but, in many areas, this important source of food and income is either already lost or is being rapidly depleted. The problem can only be tackled by looking at the wider economic and institutional context within which such hunting occurs, from household economics to global terms of trade. Conservation efforts must be placed within a landscape context; a mosaic of hunted and no-take areas might balance conservation with continued subsistence use. Successful conservation of hunted wildlife requires collaboration at all scales, involving local people, resource extraction companies, governments and scientists.",,"bushmeat; harvesting; nature conservation; resource management; sustainability","Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Dept. of Environ. Sci./Technology, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; email: e.j.milner-gulland@imperial.ac.uk",,"Elsevier Ltd",01695347,,TREEE,,"English","Trends Ecol. Evol.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0038506356
"Fa J.E., Currie D., Meeuwig J.","7003936013;7101792981;6603379568;","Bushmeat and food security in the Congo Basin: Linkages between wildlife and people's future",2003,"Environmental Conservation","30","1",,"71","78",,194,"10.1017/S0376892903000067","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037365209&doi=10.1017%2fS0376892903000067&partnerID=40&md5=ae2953b3f1c5370a41fd3478b929def3","Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Dr Penfield, Montreal, Que. H3A 1B1, Canada","Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Currie, D., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Meeuwig, J., Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Dr Penfield, Montreal, Que. H3A 1B1, Canada","Tropical moist forests in Africa are concentrated in the Congo Basin. A variety of animals in these forests, in particular mammals, are hunted for their meat, termed bushmeat. This paper investigates current and future trends of bushmeat protein, and non-bushmeat protein supply, for inhabitants of the main Congo Basin countries. Since most bushmeat is derived from forest mammals, published extraction (E) and production (P) estimates of mammal populations were used to calculate the per person protein supplied by these. Current bushmeat protein supply may range from 30 g person-1 day-1 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, to 180g person-1 day-1 in Gabon. Future bushmeat protein supplies were predicted for the next 50 years by employing current E:P ratios, and controlling for known deforestation and population growth rates. At current exploitation rates, bushmeat protein supply would drop 81% in all countries in less than 50 years; only three countries would be able to maintain a protein supply above the recommended daily requirement of 52g person-1 day-1. However, if bushmeat harvests were reduced to a sustainable level, all countries except Gabon would be dramatically affected by the loss of wild protein supply. The dependence on bushmeat protein is emphasized by the fact that four out of the five countries studied do not produce sufficient amounts of non-bushmeat protein to feed their populations. These findings imply that a significant number of forest mammals could become extinct relatively soon, and that protein malnutrition is likely to increase dramatically if food security in the region is not promptly resolved.","Agricultural statistics; Bushmeat; Long-term stability; Mass balance; Protein supply; Recommended daily amounts","Forestry; Proteins; Food security; Food products; protein; bushmeat; food security; protein; article; Congo; deforestation; extraction; food availability; food industry; Gabon; growth rate; mammal; meat; population growth; prediction; protein malnutrition; tropical rain forest; wildlife; Food; Forestry; Proteins; Democratic Republic Congo; Gabon; Animalia; Mammalia","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,,03768929,,EVCNA,,"English","Environ. Conserv.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0037365209
"Courgnaud V., Peeters M.","6601954889;7203079647;","Diversity and evolution of primate lentiviruses [Diversité et évolution des lentivirus de primates]",2003,"Virologie","7","2",,"97","109",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037861814&partnerID=40&md5=f032824d1a5a7e7954025b07ac2d7a6a","Laboratoire Retrovirus, UR36, IRD, 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France","Courgnaud, V., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UR36, IRD, 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Peeters, M., Laboratoire Retrovirus, UR36, IRD, 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France","African nonhuman primates are the natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) but these viruses do not appear to cause disease. To date, more than 30 different species have been found infected. Based on comparisons of their sequences and the functional similarity of their genes, SIV are classified into 6 major approximately equidistant lineages: SIVsm/HIV2 lineage, SIVcpz/HIV1 lineage, SIVagm lineage SIVsyk lineage, SIVlhoest lineage together with SIVmnd1 and SIVsun and, SIVcol lineage. In addition, SIVs from other African primates have been fully characterized but present discordant phylogenies depending of the region of their genome studied providing evidence that recombination between divergent SIV has occurred. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that some SIV lineages have co-evolved with their hosts but there are also multiple examples of cross-species transmissions between different simian species, and also from simians to humans. The human AIDS virus, HIV1 and HIV2, are of zoonotic origin with their closest simian relatives, SIVcpz in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and SIVsm in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), respectively. In central Africa, humans are still exposed to a plethora of primate lentiviruses through hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. Therefore, the characterization of all SIV infected nonhuman primate species are important to assess the potential risk for additional lentiviruses into the human population.","Africa; Lentivirus; Primate","Africa; Cercocebus; chimpanzee; gene sequence; host; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Lentivirinae; nonhuman; phylogeny; primate; review; risk assessment; Simian immunodeficiency virus; virus genome; virus recombination; zoonosis; Atys; Cercocebus; Cercocebus torquatus atys; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Lentivirus; Pan (ape); Pan troglodytes; Primates; Simiae; Simian immunodeficiency virus; Troglodytes","Courgnaud, V.; Laboratoire Retrovirus, UR36, IRD, 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; email: martine.peeters@mpl.ird.fr",,,12678694,,VIROF,,"French","Virologie",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0037861814
"Apaza L., Wilkie D., Byron E., Huanca T., Leonard W., Pérez E., Reyes-García V., Vadez V., Godoy R.","6507609111;57203197896;6603006694;57193485329;7102219583;57204578554;6507160889;6602808470;7005818358;","Meat prices influence the consumption of wildlife by the Tsimane' Amerindians of Bolivia",2002,"ORYX","36","4",,"382","388",,50,"10.1017/S003060530200073X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14044249760&doi=10.1017%2fS003060530200073X&partnerID=40&md5=e9d0f032d8e8347e4ff9b6b1cdb0a486","Departamento de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, C. 10077 - Correo Ctr. Camp. Univ., La Paz, Bolivia; Wildlife Conservation Society, 18 Clark Lane, Waltham, MA 02451-1823, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Instituto Cultural Aruwiyiri, Casilla 9628, La Paz, Bolivia; Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, United States; Agronomy Physiology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, United States","Apaza, L., Departamento de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, C. 10077 - Correo Ctr. Camp. Univ., La Paz, Bolivia; Wilkie, D., Wildlife Conservation Society, 18 Clark Lane, Waltham, MA 02451-1823, United States; Byron, E., Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Huanca, T., Instituto Cultural Aruwiyiri, Casilla 9628, La Paz, Bolivia; Leonard, W., Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, United States; Pérez, E., Departamento de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, C. 10077 - Correo Ctr. Camp. Univ., La Paz, Bolivia; Reyes-García, V., Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Vadez, V., Agronomy Physiology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Godoy, R., Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, United States","Wildlife (bushmeat or game) is the primary source of protein for most poor households in tropical forests, and its consumption is resulting in unsustainable hunting of large animals, even in isolated regions. As a result, loss of fauna is often a more immediate and significant threat to the conservation of biological diversity in tropical forests than is deforestation. Although the potential effects of the extirpation from tropical forests of large, seed predating and seed dispersing wild animals is poorly understood, it is likely that there will be irrevocable changes in the structure and function of these ecosystems. We carried out a survey of 510 households of Tsimane' Amerindians in the rainforest of Bolivia to investigate how the prices of game and meat from domesticated animals affect the consumption of game. The results indicated that the price of fish and meat from livestock is positively correlated with consumption of wildlife, suggesting that policy makers may be able to reduce the unsustainable hunting of wildlife for food by reducing the price of fish and the price of meat from domesticated animals relative to that of wildlife. Increasing the production of livestock without causing environmental degradation will require long-term public investment in agricultural research and extension, and substitution of fish for game meat in the absence of sustainable management regimes will result in over-exploitation of riverine and lacustrine fish stocks. © 2002 FFI.","Bolivia; Bushmeat; Game; Price elasticities; Tropical forests; Tsimane' Amerindians; Wildlife","bushmeat; cost; indigenous population; price determination; wildlife management; Bolivia; South America; Animalia","Wilkie, D.; Wildlife Conservation Society, 18 Clark Lane, Waltham, MA 02451-1823, United States; email: dwilkie@rcn.com",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-14044249760
"Fa J.E., Juste J., Burn R.W., Broad G.","7003936013;6604085227;7004214519;17339906700;","Bushmeat consumption and preferences of two ethnic groups in Bioko Island, West Africa",2002,"Human Ecology","30","3",,"397","416",,52,"10.1023/A:1016524703607","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036724786&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1016524703607&partnerID=40&md5=242f93eaa01f00b063a5218021a9268f","Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Pabellon del Péru, Apartado Postal 1056, 41080 Sevilla, Spain; Dpto. Bioquímica y Biol. Mol. IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Statistical Services Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6FN, United Kingdom","Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Juste, J., Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Pabellon del Péru, Apartado Postal 1056, 41080 Sevilla, Spain, Dpto. Bioquímica y Biol. Mol. IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Burn, R.W., Statistical Services Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6FN, United Kingdom; Broad, G., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands JE3 5BP, United Kingdom","We studied consumption and preference of meats of wild species (bushmeat) by inhabitants of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. The aim of the study was to quantify frequency of consumption and stated preferences of the two main ethnic groups (Bubi and Fang) in the island. Although members of both ethnic groups lived on the island, the Fang originated from the continent and maintained strong links with this area. Thus, preference and consumption of the Fang reflected exposure to animals found in the continent as well as on Bioko. A sample of 196 subjects (115 Bubi and 81 Fang) was interviewed using semistructured questionnaires. A total of 55 different bushmeat species was identified as preferred or consumed by interviewees. Principal component analyses of stated consumption and preference indicated differences between ethnic groups in their general responses. Further analyses of the effects of preference and other factors on consumption of the three main species mentioned (blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola), Emin's rat (Cricetomys emini), and brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) were undertaken. Proportional odds logistic regression models for ordered categorical response data were employed. Results indicated that age and sex of the respondent did not affect consumption, but ethnic group was statistically significant for the three-study species. Consumption and preference of the different meats (N = 11 species) in relation to their availability in the market and price was studied using multiple linear regressions. Consumption is driven predominantly by availability but there is some influence of preference; price of the meat did not have a significant influence.","Africa; Bioko; Bushmeat; Conservation; Diet; Preferences","ethnicity; food consumption; food supply; indigenous population; wild population; Equatorial Guinea; Animalia; Atherurus; Atherurus africanus; Cephalophus; Cephalophus monticola; Cricetomys; Cricetomys emini; Erethizon dorsatum; Monticola","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrell.org",,,03007839,,,,"English","Hum. Ecol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0036724786
"Barnes R.F.W.","7402034322;","The bushmeat boom and bust in West and Central Africa",2002,"ORYX","36","3",,"236","242",,72,"10.1017/S0030605302000443","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1642522342&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605302000443&partnerID=40&md5=70b453e85239323ee632431d1dd72871","Africa Program, Conservation International, Washington, DC, United States; Biology Division 0116, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0116, United States; Conservation International's Africa Program, United States; Biology Division, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States","Barnes, R.F.W., Africa Program, Conservation International, Washington, DC, United States, Biology Division 0116, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0116, United States, Conservation International's Africa Program, United States, Biology Division, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States","Poor soils and high rainfall mean that the high productivity of the forests, an assumption that drives the development of the forest zone, is an illusion. The potential of the forests to produce meat, from wild or domestic herbivores, is limited. Growing human populations and shrinking forests accelerate pressures on forest resources faster than national statistics indicate. A simulation model demonstrates the effects of growing hunting pressure on one monkey and two duiker species. A version of this model that includes random variation shows that large harvests can be obtained for many years, but that a population collapse can happen suddenly; there is no period of gradually declining harvests. The accelerating hunting pressure in a zone of low productivity, shrinking habitat for monkeys and antelopes, the dynamics of non-linear systems, and natural environmental variation that affects reproduction and survival will lead to a collapse of hunted populations across the forest zone. We are now seeing the bushmeat boom and soon we will see the bushmeat bust. © 2002 FFI.","Bushmeat; Forests; Harvests; Hunting; Model; West and Central Appfrica","bushmeat; forest resource; hunting; modeling; nontimber forest product; Africa; Central Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; antelopes sensu lato","Barnes, R.F.W.; Biology Division 0116, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0116, United States; email: rfbarnes@ucsd.edu",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-1642522342
"Rao M., McGowan P.J.K.","7404631266;7004854418;","Wild-meat use, food security, livelihoods, and conservation",2002,"Conservation Biology","16","3",,"580","583",,32,"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01634.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036268912&doi=10.1046%2fj.1523-1739.2002.01634.x&partnerID=40&md5=e821e71487f281d406bef86e34067420","Wildlife Conservation Society, Asia Program, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States","Rao, M., Wildlife Conservation Society, Asia Program, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; McGowan, P.J.K., Wildlife Conservation Society, Asia Program, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States",[No abstract available],,"bushmeat; food security; nature conservation","Rao, M.; Wildlife Conservation Society, Asia Program, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; email: mrao@wcs.org",,,08888892,,CBIOE,,"English","Conserv. Biol.",Review,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0036268912
"Bennett E.L.","7201460355;","Is there a link between wild meat and food security?",2002,"Conservation Biology","16","3",,"590","592",,89,"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01637.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036268486&doi=10.1046%2fj.1523-1739.2002.01637.x&partnerID=40&md5=048a8f5d77a6d0b6aba8a9bcc5c74dd5","Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States","Bennett, E.L., Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States",[No abstract available],,"bushmeat; food security; nature conservation","Bennett, E.L.; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, United States",,,08888892,,CBIOE,,"English","Conserv. Biol.",Short Survey,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0036268486
"Fa J.E., Peres C.A., Meeuwig J.","7003936013;7005085103;6603379568;","Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests: An intercontinental comparison [Explotación de carne silvestre en bosques tropicales: Una comparación intercontinental]",2002,"Conservation Biology","16","1",,"232","237",,281,"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00275.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17644434298&doi=10.1046%2fj.1523-1739.2002.00275.x&partnerID=40&md5=2a2c54651a64aa0db8789983b1826876","Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Project Seahorse, Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, Montreal, Que. H3A 1B1, Canada","Fa, J.E., Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; Peres, C.A., School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Meeuwig, J., Project Seahorse, Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, Montreal, Que. H3A 1B1, Canada","We calculated extraction and production rates of bushmeat species in two main tropical, moist-forest regions, the Amazon and Congo basins. Extraction was estimated from the average number of animals consumed per person per year from anthropological studies that reported animal kills brought into settlements in the regions. We calculated extraction rates (kg/km2/year) for 57 and 31 mammalian taxa in the Congo and Amazon, respectively. We then examined the sustainability of these extraction rates by basin and by taxa, using extraction-to-production (E:P) mass-balance equations. Production (tonnes/year) was calculated as the product of rmax (the intrinsic rate of natural increase), mammal biomass, and total area of forest in each region. Species exploitation rates at specific body masses were significantly greater in the Congo than in the Amazon. The E:P ratio for the Congo was 2.4, 30 times the Amazon's ratio of 0.081. Thus, Congo Basin mammals must annually produce approximately 93% of their body mass to balance current extraction rates, whereas Amazonian mammals must produce only 4% of their body mass. We calculated sustainability levels derived from Robinson and Redford's harvest model for each taxa. On a basin-wide level, 60% and none of the mammal taxa in the Congo and Amazon basins, respectively, were exploited unsustainably. To evaluate the effect of error on the estimates of E:P, we conducted a sensitivity analysis, which suggests that the massbalance was most sensitive to error in standing stock but that our results are robust. We estimated that over 5 million tons of wild mammal meat feed millions in Neotropical (0.15 million) and Afrotropical (4.9 milion) forests annually. Our Congo basin estimates are four times higher than those calculated for the region by other workers, and we conclude that the current situation of bushmeat extraction in African rain forests is more precarious than previously thought.",,"mammal; nontimber forest product; rainforest; resource use; sustainability; Africa; South America; Animalia; Mammalia","Fa, J.E.; Durrell Wildlife, Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP, United Kingdom; email: jfa@durrel.org",,,08888892,,CBIOE,,"English; Spanish","Conserv. Biol.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-17644434298
"Woodford M.H., Butynski T.M., Karesh W.B.","57191946425;55970798500;55990995700;","Habituating the great apes: The disease risks",2002,"ORYX","36","2",,"153","160",,123,"10.1017/S0030605302000224","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000721997&doi=10.1017%2fS0030605302000224&partnerID=40&md5=36d0c9909d76e08e46aba5e2e7f430e6","Quinta Margarida, Apartado 215, 8101 Loule, Algarve, Portugal; Zoo Atlanta's Africa Biodiversity Conservation Program, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 24434, Nairobi, Kenya; Wildlife Conservation Society, 185 and Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; Office International des Epizooties (OIE), Working Group on Wildlife Diseases; Zoo Atlanta's Africa Biodiversity Conservation Program, Kenya; African Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group; Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, United States; Primate Conservation and Welfare Society; AZA's Field Conservation Committee; Field Veterinary Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, United States; IUCN/SSC Veterinary Specialist Group, United States; Advisory Board for the Mountain Gorilla Conservation Fund, United States","Woodford, M.H., Quinta Margarida, Apartado 215, 8101 Loule, Algarve, Portugal, Office International des Epizooties (OIE), Working Group on Wildlife Diseases; Butynski, T.M., Zoo Atlanta's Africa Biodiversity Conservation Program, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 24434, Nairobi, Kenya, Zoo Atlanta's Africa Biodiversity Conservation Program, Kenya, African Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, United States, Primate Conservation and Welfare Society, AZA's Field Conservation Committee; Karesh, W.B., Wildlife Conservation Society, 185 and Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, United States, Field Veterinary Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, United States, IUCN/SSC Veterinary Specialist Group, United States, Advisory Board for the Mountain Gorilla Conservation Fund, United States","All six great apes, gorillas Gorilla gorilla and G. beringei, chimpanzees Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus, and orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus and P. abelii, are categorized as Endangered on the 2000 IUCN Red List and face many threats to their continued existence in the wild. These threats include loss of habitat to settlement, logging and agriculture, illegal hunting for bushmeat and traditional medicine, the live ape trade, civil unrest and infectious diseases. The great apes are highly susceptible to many human diseases, some of which can be fatal while others can cause marked morbidity. There is increasing evidence that diseases can be transmitted from humans to free-living habituated apes, sometimes with serious consequences. If protective measures are not improved, ape populations that are frequently in close contact with people will eventually be affected by the inadvertent transmission of human diseases. This paper describes the risks, sources and circumstances of infectious disease transmission from humans to great apes during and consequent upon habituation for tourism and research. A major problem is that the regulations that protect habituated apes from the transmission of disease from people are often poorly enforced. Suggestions are made for improving the enforcement of existing regulations governing ape-based tourism, and for minimizing the risk of disease transmission between humans, both local people and international visitors, and the great apes. © 2002 FFI.","Chimpanzees; Disease; Gorillas; Great apes; Habituation; Orang-utans; Tourism","extinction risk; infectious disease; primate; Red List; tourism; Gorilla beringei; Gorilla gorilla; Pan; Pan troglodytes; Pongo pygmaeus; Simiiformes","Karesh, W.B.; Wildlife Conservation Society, 185 and Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, United States; email: wkaresh@wcs.org",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",Open Access,Scopus,2-s2.0-0000721997
"Maisels, Keming, Kemei, Toh","18935833400;18935159800;18935362900;18937844200;","The extirpation of large mammals and implications for montane forest conservation: The case of the Kilum-Ijim Forest, North-west Province, Cameroon",2001,"ORYX","35","4",,"322","331",,55,"10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00204.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035157292&doi=10.1046%2fj.1365-3008.2001.00204.x&partnerID=40&md5=ed0dbd0c02eb5144ac3362aa629bc181","Kilum-Ijim Forest Project, BirdLife International, PO Box 119, Kumbo, Cameroon; International Office, Africa Section, Wildlife Conservation Society/New York Zoological Society, 185th Street, Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, United States","Maisels, Kilum-Ijim Forest Project, BirdLife International, PO Box 119, Kumbo, Cameroon, International Office, Africa Section, Wildlife Conservation Society/New York Zoological Society, 185th Street, Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, United States; Keming, Kilum-Ijim Forest Project, BirdLife International, PO Box 119, Kumbo, Cameroon; Kemei, Kilum-Ijim Forest Project, BirdLife International, PO Box 119, Kumbo, Cameroon; Toh, Kilum-Ijim Forest Project, BirdLife International, PO Box 119, Kumbo, Cameroon","A review was carried out of the mammalian fauna of the Kilum-Ijim forest in the mountains of northwest Cameroon. The purpose was to examine the loss of species, particularly of larger mammals, and the implications of this for forest ecology. Information was collected by direct observation, hunter interviews and a literature review. The forest is the largest remaining representative fragment of the West African montane forest habitat. Seventy-seven species of mammal have been recorded in the forest over the last 50 years. Most are small, especially rodents, bats and insectivores. Seven species are endemic to the Kilum-Ijim area. The process of species extirpation probably began over 100 years ago with the loss of the mega-fauna, possibly beginning with elephant Loxodonta africana (several generations ago), and certainly with buffalo Syncerus caffer (at least 20 years ago), and other large mammals. Remaining large mammal population densities are very low and many species are close to regional extinction. The long-term consequences of these extinctions is uncertain but, as many tree species are monkey- or ruminant-dispersed, severe ecosystem damage has probably already occurred. Human population density in the area is around 300 people per sq km, and no sustainable offtake of wild animals will ever be possible that would provide more than a few grams of meat per person per year from the forest. The protein requirements of the communities of the area will have to continue to be supplied from domesticated stock. Since 1987 the Kilum-Ijim Forest Project of BirdLife International has been working to conserve the remaining forest, using a community forestry approach in collaboration with traditional and local authorities and the government of Cameroon. The project is investigating ways to improve the production of domestic animals outside the forest boundary.","Bushmeat; Cameroon; Extirpation; Kilum-Ijim Forest; Mammals; Montane forest; Seed dispersal","community resource management; ecosystem function; local extinction; mammal; montane forest; nature conservation; seed dispersal; Cameroon","Maisels, F.; International Office, Africa Section, Wildlife Conserv. Soc./NY Zool. Soc., 185th Street, Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, United States; email: bomassa@uuplus.com",,,00306053,,ORYXA,,"English","ORYX",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0035157292
"Moore P.D.","7403684781;","The rising cost of bushmeat",2001,"Nature","409","6822",,"775","777",,2,"10.1038/35057418","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035865098&doi=10.1038%2f35057418&partnerID=40&md5=9d596c2532ba7309daf6c590e6bf6d76","Division of Life Sciences, King's College, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom","Moore, P.D., Division of Life Sciences, King's College, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom","Some plants depend on specific animal vectors for the dispersal of their seeds. If the vector comes under threat, there are likely to be adverse consequences for the plant.",,"biodiversity; cost; fruit; genetic variability; meat; plant; plant seed; priority journal; short survey; tree; Animals; Animals, Wild; Bolivia; Cebidae; Ecosystem; Fabaceae; Fruit; Genetics, Population; Plants, Medicinal; Reproduction; Seeds; Trees; Variation (Genetics); Animalia; Spermatophyta","Moore, P.D.; Division of Life Sciences, King's College, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom; email: peter.moore@kcl.ac.uk",,,00280836,,NATUA,"11236980","English","Nature",Short Survey,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0035865098
"Witkie D.S., Godoy R.A.","6506520771;7005818358;","Economics of bushmeat [6]",2000,"Science","287","5455",,"975","976",,13,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034635225&partnerID=40&md5=0a0aa1db007d3129ada73ed3bfb0761d","Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States","Witkie, D.S., Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States; Godoy, R.A., Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States",[No abstract available],,"Bolivia; commercial phenomena; economic aspect; environmental protection; food; forest; Honduras; law enforcement; letter; priority journal; wildlife; animal; economics; meat; wild animal; Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Meat","Witkie, D.S.; Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States; email: dwilkie@rcn.com",,,00368075,,SCIEA,"10691571","English","Science",Letter,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0034635225
"Chitnis A., Rawls D., Moore J.","7006298236;6602776983;8243759500;","Origin of HIV type 1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa?",2000,"AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses","16","1",,"5","8",,50,"10.1089/088922200309548","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033987868&doi=10.1089%2f088922200309548&partnerID=40&md5=c5a4aa44f6e5899b53b3b9e0e89f77c0","Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0532, United States","Chitnis, A., Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Rawls, D., Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Moore, J., Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States, Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0532, United States","Sociocultural factors during the postcolonial period have been implicated as paramount in generating conditions that promoted both the origin and subsequent epidemic spread of HIV-1 in Africa. We suggest, however, that the origin of the disease may lie in the interaction between colonial practices (e.g., labor camps, nonsterile vaccination campaigns) and traditional bushmeat hunting in French Equatorial Africa. Both the epidemiology of HIV-2 and the colonial history of West Africa appear more complex, but similar conditions existed there and may have contributed to the origin of HIV-2. Focusing the search for the origins of HIV-1 and HIV-2 on this earlier time period may contribute to understanding the evolution of the HIV viruses and the dynamics of emerging diseases.",,"acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa; article; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; nonhuman; priority journal; virus transmission; Adaptation, Physiological; Africa, Central; Africa, Western; Animals; Colonialism; France; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Risk Factors","Moore, J.; Department of Anthropology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0532, United States; email: jjmoore@ucsd.edu",,,08892229,,ARHRE,"10628811","English","AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0033987868
"Njiforti H.L.","7801450192;","Preferences and present demand for bushmeat in north Cameroon: Some implications for wildlife conservation",1996,"Environmental Conservation","23","2",,"149","155",,45,"10.1017/s0376892900038534","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029786879&doi=10.1017%2fs0376892900038534&partnerID=40&md5=0ebb445dd272503cc763bf8afdf54ca1","Inst. of Anim./Vet. Research (IRZI), Post Box 77, Maroua, Cameroon; Ctr. Environ. Studs./Devmt. Cameroon, Post Box 410, Maroua, Cameroon","Njiforti, H.L., Inst. of Anim./Vet. Research (IRZI), Post Box 77, Maroua, Cameroon, Ctr. Environ. Studs./Devmt. Cameroon, Post Box 410, Maroua, Cameroon","Although bushmeat is known locally to be an important source of protein, large-scale patterns of demand are poorly defined. One area for which infomation is especially lacking is northern Cameroon, and this study therefore conducted a survey of 345 households in this region. Information sought from questionnaire interviews included the frequency of consumption, species preferences, and prices of bushmeat, together with people's perceptions of trends in the wildlife population involved. Bushmeat was estimated to represent c. 24% of the animal protein intake in the region and respondents generally preferred bushmeat to meat from domestic livestock. North African porcupine (Hystrix cristata) was the most preferred species, closely followed by guinea fowl (Numidac meleagris), and Buffon's kob (Kobus kob). There was a tendency for the price of a kilogramme of bushmeat to decrease with the weight of the animal. A majority of the respondents said they perceived declines in some wild animal species within the last 10 years. For those who eat bushmeat one or more times a week, there was a tendency for villagers to eat more bushmeat than for people in towns. A number of measures should be taken, including wildlife farming and domestication and anti-poaching measures in national parks.","biodiversity; bushmeat; Cameroon; conservation; national park; wildlife","article; biodiversity; Cameroon; environmental impact assessment; environmental protection; human; nonhuman; wildlife; Animalia; Erethizon dorsatum; Galliformes; Hystrix cristata; Kobus kob; Meleagris","Njiforti, H.L.; Ctr. for Environm. Studies/Developm., Post Box 410, Maroua, Cameroon",,"Cambridge University Press",03768929,,EVCNA,,"English","ENVIRON. CONSERV.",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0029786879
"Martin G.H.G.","7404679235;","Bushmeat in Nigeria as a Natural Resource with Environmental Implications",1983,"Environmental Conservation","10","2",,"125","132",,39,"10.1017/S0376892900012212","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021028615&doi=10.1017%2fS0376892900012212&partnerID=40&md5=d48851bcee6a4119a7d4463898cfc126","Department of Biological Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria","Martin, G.H.G., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria","The value of protein from wild animals (‘bushmeat’) in Nigeria was examined, especially with respect to the consumer market. Surveys were made of roadside sales, meat prices in markets, and bushmeat consumption by the general public. The results showed that, in the 1970s, over 50% of the population ate bushmeat regularly, and that bushmeat was popular with all income-groups. The results have wide environmental implications. The case is made for investigating in more detail than hitherto the potential for domestication and game-cropping. In addition to economic advantages resulting from careful management of animal wildlife as a renewable resource, there appear to be others—including major environmental ones through the maintenance of large-scale reserves. © 1983, Foundation for Environmental Conservation. All rights reserved.",,"domestication; meat; reserves; wildlife","Martin, G.H.G.; Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya",,,03768929,,,,"English","Environ Conserv",Article,"Final",,Scopus,2-s2.0-0021028615