Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of mothers and infants included in the study
| Characteristics | Mothers at delivery (n = 84) | Infants at birth (n = 101) | Infants at 4–12 weeks (n = 69) | Infants at 20–28 weeks (n = 36) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at which specimens were collected, median (IQR) | 25.3 (21.9–31.24) years | 12.4 (4.2–24.6) h | 7.8 (6.9–9.3) weeks | 24.1 (23.9–26.4) weeks |
| Residential area: | ||||
| Mbekweni, n (%) | 37 (44.0) | 54 (53.5) | 39 (56.5) | 20 (55.6) |
| TC Newman n (%) | 47 (56.0) | 47 (46.5) | 30 (43.5) | 16 (44.4) |
| Maternal education: | ||||
| Primary level, n (%) | 8 (9.5) | 11 (10.9) | 8 (11.6) | 7 (19.4) |
| Secondary level, n (%) | 70 (83.4) | 82 (81.2) | 57 (82.6) | 26 (72.2) |
| Tertiary level, n (%) | 6 (7.1) | 8 (7.9) | 4 (5.8) | 3 (8.3) |
| Maternal prenatal distress | ||||
| SRQ-20, median (IQR) | 4.0 (2–6) | 4.0 (1–7) | 5 (1–8) | 4.5 (1.3–8) |
| BDI, median (IQR) | 10 (6–18) | 13 (7–22) | 13 (7–23) | 13 (7–22.5) |
| PTSD | ||||
| Trauma-exposed, n (%) | 3 (3.6) | 3 (3.0) | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0) |
| Suspected PTSD, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.8) |
| No exposure, n (%) | 81 (96.4) | 97 (96.0) | 66 (95.7) | 35 (97. 2) |
| IPV | ||||
| IPV emotional, n (%) | 29 (34.5) | 34 (33.7) | 24 (34.8) | 13 (36.1) |
| IPV physical, n (%) | 26 (31.0) | 31 (30.7) | 23 (33.3) | 10 (27.8) |
| IPV sexual, n (%) | 10 (11.9) | 14 (13.9) | 11 (15.9) | 7 (19.4) |
| IPV any, n (%) | 36 (42.9) | 45 (44.6) | 32 (46.4) | 18 (50. 0) |
| IPV any recent, n (%) | 27 (32.1) | 32 (31.7) | 25 (36.2) | 15 (41.7) |
| IPV any lifetime, n (%) | 36 (42.9) | 45 (44.6) | 32 (46.4) | 18 (50.0) |
| Maternal HIV status: | ||||
| HIV infected, n (%) | 18 (21.4) | 26 (25.7) | 19 (27.5) | 10 (27.8) |
| Maternal BMI at 6–10 weeks postnatal, median (IQR) | 25.4 (23.2–29.2)† | 25.1 (23.0–28.8)† | 25.8 (22.9–29.7)† | 25.1 (22.4–30.4)† |
| Maternal smoking status:* | ||||
| Active smoker (cotinine levels > 500), n (%) | 28 (33.3) | 28 (27.7) | 21 (30.4) | 13 (36.1) |
| Passive smoker (cotinine levels > 10 < 500), n (%) | 36 (42.9) | 36 (35.6) | 19 (27.5) | 9 (25.0) |
| Non-smoker (cotinine levels < 10), n (%) | 20 (23.8) | 20 (19.8) | 12 (17.4) | 6 (16.7) |
| Mode of delivery: | ||||
| Vaginal delivery, n (%) | 69 (82.1) | 81 (80.2) | 57 (82.6) | 29 (80.6) |
| Elective caesarean section delivery, n (%) | 3 (3.6) | 5 (5.0) | 4 (5.8) | 3 (8.3) |
| Emergency caesarean section delivery, n (%) | 12 (14.3) | 15 (14.9) | 8 (11.6) | 4 (11.1) |
| Gestational age (weeks), median (IQR) | 39 (37.3–40.0) | 39.0 (38.0–40.0) | 39.0 (38.0–40.0) | 39.0 (38.3–40.0) |
| Birth weight (kg), median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.7–3.3) | 3.0 (2.7–3.4) | 3.1 (2.7–3.5) | 3.0 (2.6–3.4) |
| Birth length (cm), median (IQR) | 50.5 (48.0– 52.8) | 50 (48.0–53.0) | 51 (48.5–53.0) | 50.5 (49–53) |
| Sex: | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 36 (42.9) | 43 (42.6) | 30 (43.5) | 18 (50) |
| Milk feeding: | ||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding, n (%) | 71 (84.5)‡$ | 81 (80.2)‡$ | 32 (46.4)‡‖ | 6 (16.7)‡¶ |
| Exclusive formula feeding, n (%) | 9 (10.7)‡$ | 16 (15.8)‡$ | 11 (15.9)‡‖ | 7 (19.4)‡¶ |
| Mixed feeding**, n (%) | – | – | 25 (36.2)‡‖ | 23 (63.9)‡¶ |
| Antibiotic use, n (%) | 9 (10.7) | 15 (14.9) | 9 (13.0) | 3 (8.3) |
| Household members, median (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) |
IQR, Interquartile range; SRQ-20, psychological distress; BDI, Beck depression inventory; PTSD, Posttraumatic stress disorder; IPV, Intimate partner violence; BMI, Body mass index.
Number of observations recorded: Mothers at delivery: 84; Infants at birth: 84; Infants at 4–12 weeks: 52; Infants at 20–28 weeks: 28.
Number of observations recorded: Mothers at delivery: 52; Infants at birth: 65; Infants at 4–12 weeks: 51; Infants at 20–28 weeks: 27.
Number of observations recorded: Mothers at birth: 86; Infants at birth: 103; Infants at 4–12 weeks: 71; Infants at 20–28 weeks: 36.
Feeding recorded prior to discharge from hospital.
Feeding recorded at 4–12 weeks.
Feeding recorded at 20–28 weeks.
Breast milk, formula milk and/or solids.