Table 3. Estimated percent differences in IMRs for city and country-level predictors by country’s GDP/capita.

	Countries below median GDP^g			Countries above median GDP^h
	n = 168 cities			N = 118 cities			Test for interaction^*
	% difference	95% CI		% difference	95% CI		p-value
Women’s labor force participation score^a	−5.8	−10.0	−1.4	−14.6	−17.6	−11.5	0.26
Educational attainment among women score^b	−3.6	−6.3	−0.9	7.8	−3.1	20.0	0.02
CLE score 2015^c	34.0	−13.9	108.5	13.7	−29.0	82.0	0.32
Living conditions score^d	−15.1	−22.0	−7.4	−12.9	−16.7	−9.0	0.03
Services provision score^e	−12.6	−13.5	−11.7	4.9	−5.1	16.0	<0.0001
MMR1 coverage^f	−0.1	−0.1	0.01	−0.2	−0.9	0.6	0.91

Note:Bold numbers are indicating statistically significant results for alpha level <0.05. Estimates corresponds to percent differences in IMRs for 1 SD higher scores of women’s labor force participation, women’s educational attainment, living conditions, and services provision; and for 1% higher MMR1 coverage and 1 point-higher CLE scale.

Each interaction was tested separately along with the full model.

Women’s labor force participation score includes the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed high school or above; the female to the male proportion of the population aged 25 or above who completed university degree or above; % of women ≥15 years who are part of the labor force among all women ≥15 years (employed or unemployed); ratio between female labor force participation rate and male labor force participation rate in population older than 15 years of age.

Educational attainment among women score includes % female population with high school level or above among female population aged 25 years or above, % of female population with complete university degree or above among female population aged 25 years or above.

Country law enforcement (CLE) scale is defined as the degree to which countries have and enforce laws supporting women’s rights, including education, family, and physical security. Scale ranges 0–4: Scale reference: (0) The laws are well enforced by the government; and is a high priority of the government; (1) laws are mostly enforced, and the government appears to be fairly proactive; (2) spotty enforcement of laws; the government may or may not signal its interest; (3) little effective enforcement; improving the situation of women appears to be a low priority for the government; (4) virtually no enforcement of laws, or such laws do not even exist.

Living conditions Score includes % of households with piped water in the dwelling, % of households with overcrowding (3+ per room) in the house, and % of population 15–17 attending school.

Services provision Score includes: % of households with water connected to municipal network, and % of households with sewage system connected to municipal network.

MMR1 coverage represents the percentage of children at age 1 who received the first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine among overall population at age of 1.

Countries with GDP/capita below the median (15,530.7 US$) are Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru.

Countries with GDP/capita above the median (15,530.7 US$) are Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Panama.