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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 3.
Published in final edited form as: Prenat Diagn. 2021 Jan 11;41(3):283–300. doi: 10.1002/pd.5887

Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.

Stem cells Animal models Stem cell application Results of stem cell application
Study Donor Type Source Animal Lesion Induction Timing of lesion induction Dosage Timing of transplantation Vehicle Timing of evaluation Animal survival Defect coverage Spinal cord changes
Lee, 2004(30) Human ESCs Blastocyst Chicken embryo Surgical creation HH18-19 2 × 104 cells/amniotic cavity HH18-19; immediately after surgical creation Intra-amniotic injection HH 28, 30 and 35 Yes Yes No
Lee, 2006(31) Human ESCs Blastocyst Chicken embryo Surgical creation HH18-19 4 × 104 cells/amniotic cavity HH18-19; immediately after surgical creation Intra-amniotic injection HH 30, 35 and 40 Yes Yes No
Lee, 2010(32) Human NSCs and MSCs Fetal NCSCs, telencephalon (GA 14-18w); fetal MSCs, spinal BM (GA 12-l5w) Chicken embryo Surgical creation HH18-19 2 × 104 cells/amniotic cavity HH18-19; immediately after surgical creation Intra-amniotic injection HH 28, 30 and 35 Yes Yes No
Li. 2012(33) Adult Wistar rat MSCs Bone marrow Wistar rat Retinoic acid(140 mg/kg) E10 1.4-7 ×103 cells/spinal cord E16-18 Direct spinal cord injection E20 Yes No No
Li. 2014(34) Adult Wistar rat MSCs Bone marrow Wistar rat Retinoic acid(140 mg/kg) E10 6-10 × 103 cells/spinal cord E16 Direct spinal cord injection E20 No No Yes
Ma. 2015(35) Adult Wistar rat MSCs Bone marrow Wistar rat Retinoic acid(140 mg/kg) E10 6-10 × 103 cells/spinal cord E16 Direct spinal cord injection E20 Yes No Yes
Li. 2016(30) Adult Wistar rat MSCs Bone marrow Wistar rat Retinoic acid (140 mg/kg) E10 2 × 107 cells/spinal cord E16 Chitosan-gelatin scaffold E20 Yes Yes No
Wei. 2020a(37) Adult Wistar rat MSCs Bone marrow Wistar rat Retinoic acid(140 mg/kg) E10 4 - 6 x 106 cells/uterine cavity E16 Intra-amniotic injection and E2l Yes Yes No
Wei. 2020b(38) Adult Wistar rat MSCs Bone marrow Wistar rat Retinoic acid(140 mg/kg) E10 5 × 106 cells/uterine cavity E15 Ex vivo intra-amniotic injection E20 Yes Yes Yes
Dionigi. 2015a(39) Normal Lewis ratfetus MSCs Amniotic fluid(E21) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 1 × 105 cells/uterine cavity E17 Intra-amniotic injection E21 Yes Yes No
Dionigi. 2015b(40) Normal Lewis rat fetus MSCs Amniotic fluid (E21) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 1 × 105 cells/uterine cavity E17 Intra-amniotic injection E21 No Yes No
Feng. 2016(41) Normal Lewis rat fetus MSCs Amniotic fluid and placenta (E21) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 1 × 105 cells/uterine cavity E17 Intra-amniotic injection E21 Yes Yes No
Shieh. 2018(42) Normal Lewis rat fetus MSCs Amniotic fluid (E21) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 1 × 105 cells/uterine cavity E17 Intra-amniotic injection E22 Yes No No
Lazow. 2020(43) Normal Lewis rat fetus MSCs Amniotic fluid (E21) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 1 × 105 cells/uterine cavity E17 Intra-amniotic injection E21 Yes Yes No
Shieh. 2019(40) Fetal New Zealand rabbit MSCs Amniotic fluid New Zealand rabbit Surgical creation E22-23 6 × 106 cells/uterine cavity E22-23; immediately after surgical creation Intra-amniotic injection E30-32 Yes Yes No
Abe. 2019(44) Human MSCs Amniotic fluid (GA 15-17 weeks) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 1 × 105 cells/uterine cavity E17 Intra-amniotic injection E21 Yes Yes Yes
Kajiwa ra,2017(45) Human, trisomy 21/TTTS Skin derived from iPSCs Amniotic fluid (GA 29 weeks) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 3D skin trans plantation E20 Collagen type I scaffold E22 Yes Yes No
Fauza. 2008(47) Mice NSCs Cerebellum Ovine Surgical creation GA 97-112 days 2 × 108 cells/spinal cord 14-25 days after surgical creation Direct spinal cord injection GA 145 days Yes No Yes
Turner. 2013(48) Lewis rat fetuses with NTDs NSCs Amniotic fluid (E19-E21) Lewis rat Retinoic acid (60 mg/kg) E10 1.5 × 104 cells/uterine cavity E17 Intra-amniotic injection E21 Yes No No
Saadai. 2013(49) Human NCSCs iPSCs Ovine Surgical creation GA 75 days 2-3 × 107 cells/spinal cord GA 100 days Hydrogel on nanofibrous scaffold* with GA 135 days Yes No No
Wang. 2015(50) Human MSCs Placenta (11-17 weeks) Ovine Surgical creation GA 77 days 5 × 105 cells/spinal cord GA 104 days 2 mg/ml rat tail collagen GA 146 days Yes No Yes
Brown. 2016(51) Human MSCs Placenta (17 and 40 weeks) Ovine Surgical creation GA 75 days 17 weeks; 5 × 105 cells/spinal cord 40 weeks; 1 × 106 cells/spinal cord GA 100 days; 25 days after surgical creation 2 mg/ml rat tail collagen GA 145 days Yes No Yes
Kabagambe,2017(52) Human MSCs Placenta (2nd trimester) Ovine Surgical creation GA 78 days 5 × 105 cells/spinal cord GA 103 days; 25 days after surgical creation SIS-ECM GA 145 days No No Yes
Chen. 2017(53) Human MSCs Placenta (15 weeks) Sprague-Dawley rat Retinoic acid (40 mg/kg) E10 1.6×, 3.1×, 6.3,9.4 × 105 cells/spinal cord E19 SIS-ECM E21 No No Yes
Vanover,2019(54) Human MSCs Placenta (2nd trimester) Ovine Surgical creation GA 77 days 5 × 105, 2 × 106 or3 × 106 cells/spinal cord GA 102 days; 25 days after surgical creation SIS-ECM GA 145 days Yes No Yes
Galganski,2019(55) Human MSCs Placenta (14-21 weeks) Ovine Surgical creation GA 76 days 3.6 × 106 cells/spinal cord GA 102 days SIS-ECM GA 146 days No No Yes

Abbreviations: BM, bone marrow; E, embryo; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; GA, gestational age in days using data from the study or calculated from study methods; HH, Hamburger and Hamilton stage;62 iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; MMC, myE10meningocele; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; NTDs, neural tube defects including exencephaly and/or myE10meningocele; NCSCs, neural crest stem cells; SIS-ECM, small intestinal submucosa-derived extracellular matrix; w, weeks of gestation; TTTS, twin to twin transfusion syndrome.

a

Volume ratio of NCSCs/hydrogel = 2:1 spread on nanoĥbrous scaffold comprising poly(L-lactide-co) caprolactone, polypropylene glycol and sodium acetate fabricated by electrospinning process.