Extended Data Fig. 3. Characterization of sea cucumber saponins.

a, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of P. parvimenis sea cucumber crude extract and its semi-pure fractions (Fr1-Fr7). b, 96 well yeast growth inhibition (YGI) assay. c, Effect of sea cucumber crude extract and its semi-pure fractions on yeast growth (1-100 μg/ml). Optical density (OD600) was shown as mean ± SD (error bar) with n = 2 replicates. Fr, fraction (see Source Extended Data Fig. 3). d, LC-MS (-) total (TIC) and extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of fractions Fr5 and Fr6. Saponin peaks of Fr5 and Fr6 are marked with their masses. Fr5; (M-H)- m/z 1391 and m/z 1393, Fr6; (M-H)- m/z 1377 and m/z 1379. e, Q Exactive high resolution LC-MS² mass fragmentation spectra of saponins observed in fr5 (1391 and 1393) and fr6 (1377 and 1379), their deduced saponin structures showing nature of fragmentation (blue lines and red numbers) and high-resolution masses of parent and product ions etc. Glc; glucose, MeGlc; methyl glucose, Qui; quinovose, Xyl; xylose, Ag; aglycone. Aglycone mass is without the δ lactone moiety because it is lost as CO2 (M-H-CO₂). Structural details on saponin sugar chains are given in Supplementary Fig. 4.