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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Pharmacol. 2022 Mar 27;179(14):3651–3674. doi: 10.1111/bph.15811

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Ligand, system and observational bias. Ligand and system bias together determine the functional selectivity (see terminology subsection for definitions). Each type of bias is measured relative to a reference. Observational bias is not of biological origin, but a consequence of assay sensitivity/non-linearity and the experimental set-up