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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Pharmacol. 2022 Mar 27;179(14):3651–3674. doi: 10.1111/bph.15811

Table 3. Experimental parameters critical to the unambiguous description of ligand bias.

Parameter Pathway 1 Pathway 2 Pathway 3
Transducer (‘pathway’) β-Arrestin 2 Gi Gq
Cell line CHO CHO CHO
Receptor expression levels (fmol·mg–1 protein) 300 300 300
Time point for data collection (min) (for time-resolved, a span) 15–60 30 30
Temperature (°C) 20 20 20
Reference ligand for bias CP55,940 CP55,940 CP55,940
Reference ligand for Emax CP55,940 CP55,940 CP55,940
Measured process Recruitment Accumulation Accumulation
Measured molecule 1a CB1 receptor cAMP Inositol 1-phosphate
Measured molecule 2a (if any) β-Arrestin 2 - -
Signal detection technique FRET HTRF HTRF

Note: Table entries are examples only.

a

A measured molecule is a GPCR, transducer, effector or second messenger.