Table 2. Summary of Findings.

Authors	Study	Social Stratifiers Included	Systems and Structures Involved
Dhatt et al4	The role of women’s leadership and gender equity in leadership and health system strengthening	Gender, Cadre, Race	Sexism, patriarchy, governance, professional elitism, racism
Hay et al5	Disrupting gender norms in health systems: making the case for change	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
George14	Human resources for health: a gender analysis background paper	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
Weber et al16	Gender norms and health: insights from global survey data	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
Larson et al17	10 Best resources on... intersectionality with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries	Gender, Race, Financial status	Sexism, patriarchy, racism
Thackwell et al19	Race trouble: experiences of Black medical specialist trainees in South Africa	Gender, Race	Sexism, patriarchy, racism, colonialism
van Rensburg20	South Africa’s protracted struggle for equal distribution and equitable access – still not there	Gender, Cadre, Race	Sexism, patriarchy, racism, colonization, professional elitism
Filby et al21	What prevents quality midwifery care? A Systematic mapping of barriers in low and middle income countries from the provider perspective	Gender, Cadre, Race	Sexism, patriarchy, professional elitism, racism
Newman22	Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce	Gender, Age	Sexism, patriarchy, ageism
Muraya et al25	‘Gender is not even a side issue...it’s a non-issue’: career trajectories and experiences from the perspective of male and female healthcare managers in Kenya	Gender, Cadre, Race/ Ethnicity, Financial status	Sexism, patriarchy, governance, professional elitism, racism/ xenophobia
Shung-King et al26	Leadership experiences and practices of South African health managers: what is the influence of gender? - a qualitative, exploratory study	Gender, Cadre, Race	Sexism, patriarchy, governance, professional elitism, racism, historical forces and colonization
Tominc et al27	Perceived gender equality in managerial positions in organizations	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
Acosta et al28	Achieving gender equity is our responsibility: leadership matters	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
Vong et al29	Why are fewer women rising to the top? A life history gender analysis of Cambodia’s health workforce	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy, governance
Kodagoda30	Working long hours and its impact on family life: experiences of women professionals and managers in Sri Lanka	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
Zeinali et al31	Intersectionality and global health leadership: parity is not enough	Gender, Cadre	Sexism, patriarchy, political institutions, governance, professional elitism
Alwazzan and Rees32	Women in medical education: views and experiences from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	Gender, Culture, Generation/Age, Religion	Sexism, patriarchy, ageism, religion
Ioannidou et al33	Empowering women researchers in the new century: IADR’s strategic direction	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
Tlaiss34	Women in healthcare: barriers and enablers from a developing country perspective	Gender, Culture, Religion	Sexism, patriarchy, religion
Williams35	The Glass Escalator, Revisited	Gender, Cadre, Race	Sexism, patriarchy, racism, professional elitism
George36	Nurses, community health workers, and home carers: gendered human resources compensating for skewed health systems	Gender, Cadre, Race	Sexism, patriarchy, professional elitism, racism
Chua et al37	Social capital in Singapore: gender differences, ethnic hierarchies, and their intersection	Gender, Ethnicity	Sexism, ethnic discrimination, Historical factors
Percival et al38	Are health systems interventions gender blind? Examining health system reconstruction in conflict affected states	Gender	Sexism
Morgan et al39	The foundation and consequences of gender bias in grant peer review processes	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy
Gupta et al40	Gender equality and gender norms: framing the opportunities for health	Gender	Sexism, patriarchy

Abbreviation: IADR, International Association for Dental Research.