Table 2.
Geometric mean difference and percentage difference of IGF-I concentrations comparing the highest category to the lowest category of food group intake using the baseline IGF-I measurement and in sensitivity analyses using the follow-up IGF-I measurement ~ 4 years after recruitment
| Food groups (categories) | Baseline IGF-I measurement (n = 438,453) | Follow-up IGF-I measurement (n = 16,689) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute geometric mean difference (nmol/L; 95% CI)1 | Percentage geometric mean difference (95% CI)1 | Absolute geometric mean difference (nmol/L; 95% CI) 2 | Percentage geometric mean difference (95% CI) 2 | |
| Total vegetables (≥ 4 ser/day vs. < 2 ser/day) | 0.44 (0.39 to 0.50) | 2.17% (1.92% to 2.42%) | 0.17 (– 0.09 to 0.43) | 0.84% (– 0.47% to 2.16%) |
| Fresh fruit (≥ 3 ser/day vs. < 1 ser/day) | 0.66 (0.60 to 0.72) | 3.26%(2.97% to 3.55%) | 0.31 (0.00 to 0.63) | 1.57% (0.00% to 3.15%) |
| Total red meat (≥ 3 times/week vs. < once/week) | 0.31 (0.25 to 0.37) | 1.50% (1.21% to 1.80%) | 0.26 (– 0.05 to 0.56) | 1.29% (– 0.23% to 2.81%) |
| Processed meat (≥ 2 times/week vs. never) | 0.13 (0.07 to 0.19) | 0.66% (0.36% to 0.95%) | 0.08 (– 0.22 to 0.38) | 0.40% (– 1.08% to 1.89%) |
| Poultry (≥ 2 times/week vs. never) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.94) | 4.34% (3.98% to 4.70%) | 0.71 (0.38 to 1.05) | 3.62% (1.91% to 5.34%) |
| Oily fish (≥ 2 times/week vs. never) | 1.25 (1.19 to 1.31) | 6.26% (5.95% to 6.56%) | 1.04 (0.73 to 1.36) | 5.35% (3.72% to 6.99%) |
| Non-oily fish (≥ 2 times/week vs. never) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.24) | 5.85% (5.44% to 6.26%) | 0.92 (0.49 to 1.34) | 4.73% (2.54% to 6.91%) |
| Cheese (≥ 5 times/week vs. < once/week) | – 0.12 (– 0.18 to – 0.06) | – 0.59% (– 0.86% to – 0.31%) | – 0.38 (– 0.67 to – 0.09) | – 1.84% (– 3.27% to – 0.42%) |
All models are adjusted for sex, age at recruitment, region of recruitment, body mass index, height, physical activity, Townsend deprivation index, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, ethnicity, diabetes, and women-specific covariates: hormone replacement therapy use, oral contraceptive use, and menopausal status. See main text for covariate categories. Bolded values for food groups indicate a ≥ 5% difference in IGF-I concentrations comparing the highest category to the lowest category
CI confidence interval, IGF-I insulin-like growth factor-I, ser servings
Baseline IGF-I measurement represents difference in highest category of consumption to the lowest category of consumption by food group in Fig. 1
Follow-up IGF-I measurement represents difference in highest category of consumption to the lowest category of consumption by food group reported at the baseline touchscreen questionnaire (see Supplementary Figure S4)